Chapter 8 Practice Test #3

1. Conditioning refers to the

A. tendency for learned behavior to drift toward instinctual behavior over time
B. process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of another
C. weakening of an association in the absence of a reinforcer
D. way in which events and behavior become associated with one another
2. John Watson founded the school of psychology known as _____.
A. Behaviorism
B. Radical behaviorism
C. Behaviorism
D. Radical behaviorism
3. B.F. Skinner formulated the perspective called ______.
A. behaviorism
B. radical behaviorism
C. behaviorism
D. radical behaviorism
4. Which of the following behaviors was acquired through the process of classical
conditioning?
A. blinking when a light shines in your eyes
B. falling off your bicycle
C. wincing when you hear the dentists drill
D. sneezing when an irritant enters your nose cavity
5. In one of Pavlovs experiments, a dog is placed in a harness, what is most likely to
happen?
A. A tone will be presented, followed by a bell
B. If the dog makes n orienting response, he will be given some food
C. A tone will be presented and dog will be given some food
D. The dog will be given electric shock whenever he barks
6. Reflex responses, are
A. learned responses to specific stimuli
B. naturally elicited, unlearned responses
C. conditioned behaviors
D. naturally occurring associations between stimuli
7. In Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after
books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud
noise is a(n):
A. unconditioned stimulus
B. conditioned stimulus
C. unconditioned response
D. conditioned response
8. A child is bitten by a dog while delivering a flyer to a house. The next day when

he sees the house he feels anxious, even though the dog is nowhere in sight. The
CS in this case is the
A. barking
B. pain the child feels when bitten by the dog
C. pain the child feels when remembering being bitten by the dog
D. sight of the house
9. A new dog owner is trying to train her dog to blink whenever she says blink.
She blows into his eyes, and then says blink, but the dog is not learning to blink at
her command. To improve her training technique, she should
A. not say blink until after the dog has blinked
B. say blink before blowing into the dogs eyes
C. say blink without blowing into the dogs eyes
D. give the dog a treat whenever it blinks
10. A behavior is extinguished in a laboratory animal. After a few days, the animal is
brought back into the laboratory and the CR reappears to the CS. This sudden
reappearance of the CR is known as
A. Extinction
B. Stimulus generalization
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Stimulus discrimination
11. Generalization demonstrates that
A. human behavior is not very adaptive
B. the most important attribute of a CS is its intensity
C. less time is necessary to reacquire a response than it originally
D. the more similar a stimulus is to the original CS, the stronger a CR will be.
12. After Watson and Rayner established conditioned fear in Little Albert, they found
that
A. his fear generalized to other furry objects
B. he had developed strong masochistic tendencies
C. it was fairly easy to remove the experimentally conditioned fear
D. he had only been pretending to be afraid
13. A cat finds its way out of a locked cage, If Thorndike is correct, the cat
accomplished this escape because
A. it had instincts designed to allow it to know what to do
B. of trial and error learning
C. suddenly, in a singe trial, the cat just knew what to do
D. it used problem solving, thought and reason
14. B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with
A. connectionist models of learning
B. cognitive influences on learning
C. observational learning
D. operant conditioning

15. All of the following are primary reinforcers EXCEPT

A. food when you are hungry
B. a glass of water when you are thirsty
C. a good nights sleep when you are tired
D. money when you are broke
16. You are told that gamblers are often under the control of this schedule. This
describes a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed-interval
B. fixed-ratio
C. variable-interval
D. variable-ratio
17. A boy is teaching his younger sister how to make her bed. At first, he tells her
she did a good job if she gets the bedspread pulled up, even if the sheets are still
rumpled. Each following day, he encourages her to be a little neater before telling
her she did a good job. They boy way not know it, but he is using
A. the Premack principle
B. primary reinforcement
C. a fixed-interval schedule
D. shaping by successive approximations
18. One important difference between observational learning and operant
conditioning is that in observational learning.
A. expectations do not really play a role
B. the learning that takes place is not as effective as in conditioning
C. the learner makes no active response and receives no tangible reinforcer
D. only vicarious reinforcement is involved and not vicarious punishment
19. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
A. playing jump rope
B. shivering in cold weather
C. running through a maze to get a food reward
D. clapping after a thrilling concert
20. For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented:
A. shortly after the CR
B. shortly after the UCS
C. shortly before the UCS
D. at the same time as the UCS
21. Bills mother gave him an ice cream cone after he had played quietly for 10
minutes. The next day, she required 20 minutes of this quite play before treat time,
and on the next day, ice cream came only after a full half hour of quiet play. Bill was
taught to play quietly for extended periods through;
A. classical conditioning
B. secondary reinforcement
C. partial reinforcement
D. shaping

22. Stimuli that are innately or automatically reinforcing are called _______
reinforcers.
A. fixed
B. primary
C. positive
D. continuous
23. In Pavlovs experiments, the dogs salivation triggered by the taste of food was
a(n):
A. conditioned response
B. unconditioned stimulus
C. unconditioned response
D. conditioned stimulus
24. Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Dan found that his fear of dogs seemed
to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by
a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best
illustrates:
A. delayed reinforcement
B. latent learning
C. spontaneous recovery
D. Premacks principle
25. Which of the following is the best example of a secondary reinforcer?
A. applause for an excellent piano recital
B. a spanking for eating cookies before dinner
C. a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day
D. termination of shock after removing ones finger from a live electric wire
26. Mr. Allen has improved worker productivity at his can manufacturing plant by
occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hardworking employees. Mr. Allen
has improved productivity by means of:
A. latent learning
B. classical conditioning
C. modeling
D. operant conditioning
27. A real estate agent showed Bb several pictures of lakeshore property while they
were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Bob was given a tour of
the property, he drooled with delight. For Henry, the lakeshore property was a(n):
A. Unconditioned stimulus
B. Unconditioned response
C. Conditioned stimulus
D. Conditioned response
28. Floyd is not nearly so fearful of bees today as he was two years ago, shortly
after he had been stung by one. Floyds fear of bees has undergone:

A. spontaneous recovery
B. generalization
C. extinction
D. discrimination
29. The more often Jim is scolded following a temper tantrum the more frequently
he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ______ for Jims temper
tantrums.
A. negative reinforcer
B. conditioned stimulus
C. positive reinforcer
D. punishment
30. Glenn was hit with a baseball bat last week during practice and now refuses to
play. This behavior illustrates the effects of:
A. latent learning
B. punishment
C. shaping
D. delayed reinforcement
31. How does the human capacity to learn, from an evolutionary perspective?
A. The capacity for learning is virtually identical across species
B. Only humans have an inherited capacity to learn
C. Like other organisms, humans inherit a particular capacity for learning
D. Unlike other organisms, only humans posses genes that determine the extent to
which the capacity to learn is realized.
32. Learning includes changes in behavior that come about from
A. experience
B. physical maturation
C. brain development
D. readiness
33. John Watsons view was that psychologists should study
A. observable behavior
B. participants verbal reports of sensations, images, and feelings
C. learning directly, rather than performance.
D. States of consciousness
34. Which of the following behaviors was acquired through the process of classical
conditioning?
A. blinking when a light shines in your eyes
B. falling off your bicycle
C. wincing when you hear the dentists drill
D. sneezing when an irritant enters your nose cavity
35. In Pavlovs experiments, the dogs salvation trigged by the taste of food was
a(n):
A. conditioned response

B. unconditioned stimulus
C. unconditioned response
D. conditioned stimulus
36. In Pavlovs experiments, when he first began to condition a dog,
A. food was not given to the dog unless the dog responded by salivating to the
sound of a tone.
B. The dogs first reaction to the sound of a tone was to salivate
C. The dogs first reaction to the tone was to move its head to locate the source of
the sound.
D. The dog did not salivate when the food was presented
37. In a classical conditioning experiment, a neutral stimulus is
A. repeated paired with the UCR
B. repeatedly paired with the CS
C. not paired with any other stimulus
D. repeatedly paired with the UCS
38. As soon as the teacher announced a surprise quiz the student felt his pulse
quicken and sensed a queasy feeling in his stomach. The reaction to the teachers
announcement is most likely a(n)
A. conditioned response
B. unconditioned response
C. orienting response
D. unconditioned stimulus
39. In general, for a conditioned response to be acquired, the _______ must be paired
several times.
A. CS and UCS
B. CS and CR
C. UCS and UCR
D. UCR and CR
40. In classical conditioning, extinction of a response is most likely to occur if the
A. CS is presented without the UCS
B. UCS is presented without the CS
C. CS is presented before the CR
D. CS is presented after the CR
41. Once a CR has been conditioned to a particular CS, similar stimuli may also elicit
the response. This phenomenon is know as
A. instinctual drift
B. spontaneous recovery
C. stimulus discrimination
D. stimulus generalization
42. In order to condition fear Little Albert, Watson and Rayner used a _____ as a UCS.
A. white rat
B. white rat
C. loud noise

D. loud noise
43. Which of the following is out of place/
A. classical conditioning
B. Edward L. Thorndike
C. Cats in puzzle boxes
D. Stimulus-response connections
44. Thorndikes law of effect demonstrates the relationship between
A. the CS and the UCS
B. stimuli and responses
C. behavior and its consequences
D. stamping in and stamping out
45. In positive punishment, the probability of a response ____ over time when a
stimulus is _____.
A. decreases; presented
B. decreases; removed
C. increases; removed
D. increases; presented
46. A man and woman are farm workers. The man is paid every week for work,
while the woman is paid for every two bushels of fruit she picks. The man is under a
______ schedule of reinforcement and the woman is under a ______ schedule of
reinforcement.
A. variable ratio; fixed interval
B. fixed interval; variable ratio
C. fixed ratio; fixed interval
D. fixed interval; fixed ratio
47. A teacher gives five occasional, irregularly scheduled pop quizzes during the
semester. This describes a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
A. FI
B. FR-1
C. VI
D. FR-5
48. Biological constraints on learning
A. are any limitations on learning imposed by a species genetic endowment.
B. Are more likely to be found in humans than in non-human animals
C. Support the view that a single set of learning principles is common to all human
and nonhuman animals
D. Have not yet been discovered, after three decades of study.
49. Last year, Dr. Smith used rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series
of painful rabies vaccination shots. Later, the patient becomes fearful every time
she smells rubbing alcohol. Why?
A. Observational learning

B. Classical conditioning
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Operant conditioning
50. Baby Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud
noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the:
A. UCS
B. UCR
C. CS
D. CR
51. After learning to fear a white rat, little Albert responded with fear to the sight of
a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:
A. secondary reinforcement
B. latent learning
C. shaping
D. generalization
52. A negative reinforcer tends to ______ the behavior it follows.
A. strengthen
B. eliminate
C. suppress but not eliminate
D. have unpredictable effects on
53. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is
reinforced only after a(n):
A. specified time period has elapsed
B. unpredictable time period has elapsed
C. specified number of responses has been made
D. unpredictable number of responses has been made
54. If a bell causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with
the presentation of food, the bell is called a(n):
A. unconditioned stimulus
B. conditioned stimulus
C. primary reinforcer
D. immediate reinforcer
55. The process of reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior is
called:
A. shaping
B. partial reinforcement
C. generalization
D. secondary reinforcement
56. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is
reinforced only after a(n):
A. specified time period has elapsed
B. unpredictable time period has elapsed
C. specified number of responses has been made

D. unpredictable number of responses has been made

57. In a well-known experiment, nursery school children pounded and kicked a large
inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to
illustrate the importance of:
A. Premacks principle
B. Operant conditioning
C. Classical conditioning
D. Observational learning
58. The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral
stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:
A. acquisition
B. association
C. observational learning
D. shaping
59. After receiving painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old
Kelli experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Kellis reaction best
illustrates:
A. latent learning
B. extinction
C. Premacks principle
D. Generalization.
60. Which of the following behavior is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio
schedule?
A. studying for unexpected quizzes
B. inserting coins into a slot machine
C. paying a cashier for a candy bar
D. checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived

1. d
2. c
3. d
4. c
5. c
6. b
7. c
8. d
9. b
10. c
11. d
12. a
13. b

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.

d
d
d
d
c
b
d
d
a
a
b
a
d
d
a
d
b
c
a
a
c
a
c
d
a
a
a
d
c

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.

a
c
a
d
c
a
b
b
c
d
b
c
c
a
d
c
c
c