Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Technology is one thing that keeps on changing to make life simpler. But, lets take
the case of charging a device, for decades, we still confine to the old traditional style of wire
system. Think of a device or a system that can charge up multiple systems without all those
snake-look-alike wires. The solution is to go with wireless power transfer using inductive
coupling.
Wireless Power Transmission using inductive coupling, is one of the effective ways to
transfer power between points without the use of conventional wire system. Wireless power
transmission is effective in areas where wire system is unreachable or impossible. The power
is transferred using inductive coupling, resonant induction or electromagnetic wave
transmission depending on whether its short range, mid-range or high range.
The goal of this project Wireless power transmission mobile charger circuit using
inductive coupling is to charge a low power device using wireless power transmission. This
is done using charging a resonant coil from AC and then transmitting subsequent power to
the resistive load. The project is meant to charge a low power device quickly and efficiently
by inductive coupling without the help of wires.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Inductive charging (also known as "wireless charging") uses an electromagnetic
field to transfer energy between two objects. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy
is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to
charge batteries or run the device.
Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic
field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes
power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the
battery. The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer. Greater
distances between sender and receiver coils can be achieved when the inductive charging system
uses resonant inductive coupling. Recent improvements to this resonant system include using a
movable transmission coil ie mounted on an elevating platform or arm, and the use of advanced
materials for the receiver coil made of silver plated copper or sometimes aluminium to minimize
weight and decrease resistance due to the skin effect.
Chapter 2
TRANSFORMER
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF THE TRANSFORMER:Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The two
coils are known as the primary and secondary windings.
In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling between the coils is source of
making a path for the magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core as in fig.2 is used and the
coils are wound on the limbs of the core. Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path
for the flux is only in the iron and hence the flux links both windings. Hence there is very
little leakage flux. This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux, which does not link
both the coils, i.e., when coupling is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers, ferrite
core is used. The transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency matching, sound output,
amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the transformers are same.
Chapter 3
POWER SUPPLY
In alternating current the electron flow is alternate, i.e. the electron flow increases to
maximum in one direction, decreases back to zero. It then increases in the other direction and
then decreases to zero again. Direct current flows in one direction only. Rectifier converts
alternating current to flow in one direction only. When the anode of the diode is positive with
respect to its cathode, it is forward biased, allowing current to flow. But when its anode is
negative with respect to the cathode, it is reverse biased and does not allow current to flow.
This unidirectional property of the diode is useful for rectification. A single diode
arranged back-to-back might allow the electrons to flow during positive half cycles only and
suppress the negative half cycles. Double diodes arranged back-to-back might act as full
wave rectifiers as they may allow the electron flow during both positive and negative half
cycles. Four diodes can be arranged to make a full wave bridge rectifier. Different types of
filter circuits are used to smooth out the pulsations in amplitude of the output voltage from a
rectifier.
The property of capacitor to oppose any change in the voltage applied across them by
storing energy in the electric field of the capacitor and of inductors to oppose any change in
the current flowing through them by storing energy in the magnetic field of coil may be
utilized. To remove pulsation of the direct current obtained from the rectifier, different types
of combination of capacitor, inductors and resistors may be also be used to increase to action
of filtering.
3.1 NEED OF POWER SUPPLY
Perhaps all of you are aware that a power supply is a primary requirement for the
Test Bench of a home experimenters mini lab. A battery eliminator can eliminate or replace
the batteries of solid-state electronic equipment and the equipment thus can be operated by
230v A.C. mains instead of the batteries or dry cells. Nowadays, the use of commercial
battery eliminator or power supply unit has become increasingly popular as power source for
household appliances like transreceivers, record player, cassette players, digital clock etc.
Though the full wave rectifier fills in the conduction gaps, it delivers less than half
the peak output voltage that results from half-wave rectification.
3.5 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A more widely used full-wave rectifier circuit is the bridge rectifier. It requires four
diodes instead of two, but avoids the need for a centre-tapped transformer. During the
positive half-cycle of the secondary voltage, diodes D2 and D4 are conducting and diodes D1
and D3 are non-conducting. Therefore, current flows through the secondary winding, diode
D2, load resistor RL and diode D4. During negative half-cycles of the secondary voltage,
diodes D1 and D3 conduct, and the diodes D2 and D4 do not conduct. The current therefore
flows through the secondary winding, diode D1, load resistor RL and diode D3. In both
cases, the current passes through the load resistor in the same direction. Therefore, a
fluctuating, unidirectional voltage is developed across the load.
3.6 FILTRATION
The rectifier circuits we have discussed above deliver an output voltage that always
has the same polarity: but however, this output is not suitable as DC power supply for solidstate circuits. This is due to the pulsation or ripples of the output voltage. This should be
removed out before the output voltage can be supplied to any circuit. This smoothing is done
by incorporating filter networks. The filter network consists of inductors and capacitors. The
inductors or choke coils are generally connected in series with the rectifier output and the
load. The inductors oppose any change in the magnitude of a current flowing through them
by storing up energy in a magnetic field. An inductor offers very low resistance for DC
whereas; it offers very high resistance to AC. Thus, a series connected choke coil in a
rectifier circuit helps to reduce the pulsations or ripples to a great extent in the output
voltage. The fitter capacitors are usually connected in parallel with the rectifier output and
the load. As, AC can pass through a capacitor but DC cannot, the ripples are thus limited and
the output becomes smoothed. When the voltage across its plates tends to rise, it stores up
energy back into voltage and current. Thus, the fluctuations in the output voltage are reduced
considerable. Filter network circuits may be of two types in general:
8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10
Chapter 4
RESISTANCE
Resistance is the opposition of a material to the current. It is measured in Ohms. All
conductors represent a certain amount of resistance, since no conductor is 100% efficient. To
control the electron flow (current) in a predictable manner, we use resistors. Electronic
circuits use calibrated lumped resistance to control the flow of current. Broadly speaking,
resistor can be divided into two groups viz. fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In fixed
resistors, the value is fixed & cannot be varied. In variable resistors, the resistance value can
be varied by an adjuster knob. It can be divided into (a) Carbon composition (b) Wire wound
(c) Special type. The most common type of resistors used in our projects is carbon type. The
resistance value is normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance has four colours, one
of the band on either side will be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and indicates the
tolerance, others three band will give the value of resistance (see table). For example if a
resistor has the following marking on it say red, violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings
with the colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms and its tolerance is 5%.
Resistor comes in various sizes (Power rating). The bigger, the size, the more power rating of
1/4 watts. The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of resistor value as given below.
COLOURS
CODE
Black-----------------------------------------------------0
Brown----------------------------------------------------1
Red-------------------------------------------------------2
Orange---------------------------------------------------3
Yellow----------------------------------------------------4
Green-----------------------------------------------------5
Blue-------------------------------------------------------6
Violet-----------------------------------------------------7
Grey------------------------------------------------------8
White-----------------------------------------------------9
11
Fig.4.1-Resistance
The first rings give the first digit. The second ring gives the second digit. The third
ring indicates the number of zeroes to be placed after the digits. The fourth ring gives
tolerance (gold 5%, silver 10%, No colour 20%).
In variable resistors, we have the dial type of resistance boxes. There is a knob with a
metal pointer. This presses over brass pieces placed along a circle with some space b/w each
of them.
Resistance coils of different values are connected b/w the gaps. When the knob is
rotated, the pointer also moves over the brass pieces. If a gap is skipped over, its resistance is
included in the circuit. If two gaps are skipped over, the resistances of both together are
included in the circuit and so on.
A dial type of resistance box contains many dials depending upon the range, which it
has to cover. If a resistance box has to read upto 10,000, it will have three dials each having
ten gaps i.e. ten resistance coils each of resistance 10. The third dial will have ten resistances
each of 100.
The dial type of resistance boxes is better because the contact resistance in this case is
small & constant.
Chapter 5
12
CAPACITORS
Fig.5.1-Capacitors
To understand the concept of capacitance, consider a pair of metal plates which all are
placed near to each other without touching. If a battery is connected to these plates the
positive pole to one and the negative pole to the other, electrons from the battery will be
attracted from the plate connected to the positive terminal of the battery. If the battery is then
disconnected, one plate will be left with an excess of electrons, the other with a shortage, and
a potential or voltage difference will exists between them. These plates will be acting as
capacitors. Capacitors are of two types: (1) fixed type like ceramic, polyester, electrolytic capacitors-these names refer to the
material they are made of aluminium foil.
Fig.5.2-Types of Capacitors
(2) Variable type like gang condenser in radio or trimmer. In fixed type capacitors, it has
two leads and its value is written over its body and variable type has three leads. Unit of
measurement of a capacitor is farad denoted by the symbol F. It is a very big unit of
13
Chapter 6
14
TRANSISTOR
The name is transistor derived from transfer resistors indicating a solid state
Semiconductor device. In addition to conductor and insulators, there is a third class of
material that exhibits proportion of both. Under some conditions, it acts as an insulator, and
under other conditions its a conductor. This phenomenon is called Semi-conducting and
allows a variable control over electron flow. So, the transistor is semi conductor device used
in electronics for amplitude. Transistor has three terminals, one is the collector, one is the
base and other is the emitter, (each lead must be connected in the circuit correctly and only
then the transistor will function). Electrons are emitted via one terminal and collected on
another terminal, while the third terminal acts as a control element. Each transistor has a
number marked on its body. Every number has its own specifications.
There are mainly two types of transistor (i) NPN & (ii) PNP
NPN Transistors:
When a positive voltage is applied to the base, the transistor begins to conduct by
allowing current to flow through the collector to emitter circuit. The relatively small current
flowing through the base circuit causes a much greater current to pass through the emitter /
collector circuit. The phenomenon is called current gain and it is measure in beta.
PNP Transistor:
It also does exactly same thing as above except that it has a negative voltage on its
collector and a positive voltage on its emitter.
15
Fig.6.1-Transistors
Junction
P
Fig.6.2-PNP Junction
Transistor
16
Both types are shown in figure, with their symbols for representation. The centre
section is called the base, one of the outside sections-the emitter and the other outside
section-the collector. The direction of the arrowhead gives the direction of the conventional
current with the forward bias on the emitter. The conventional flow is opposite in direction to
the electron flow.
OPERATION OF PNP TRANSISTOR:A PNP transistor is made by sand witching two PN germanium or silicon diodes,
placed back to back. The centre of N-type portion is extremely thin in comparison to P
region. The P region of the left is connected to the positive terminal and N-region to the
negative terminal i.e. PN is biased in the forward direction while P region of right is biased
negatively i.e. in the reverse direction as shown in Fig. The P region in the forward biased
circuit is called the emitter and P region on the right, biased negatively is called collector.
The centre is called base.
Fig.6.4:NPN Transistor
The majority carriers (holes) of P region (known as emitter) move to N region as they
are repelled by the positive terminal of battery while the electrons of N region are attracted
by the positive terminal. The holes overcome the barrier and cross the emitter junction into N
17
region. As the width of base region is extremely thin, two to five percent of holes recombine
with the free electrons of N-region which result in a small base current while the remaining
holes (95% to 98%) reach the collector junction. The collector is biased negatively and the
negative collector voltage aids in sweeping the hole into collector region.
As the P region at the right is biased negatively, a very small current should flow but
the following facts are observed:
The current flowing across the collector is slightly less than that of the emitter.
The collector current is a function of emitter current i.e. with the decreaseor
increase in the emitter current a corresponding change in the collector current is
observed.
As already discussed that 2 to 5% of the holes are lost in recombination with the
2.
The collector current increases as the holes reaching the collector junction are
When the emitter current increases, most holes are injected into
which is attracted by the negative potential of the collector and hence results in increasing
the collector current. In this way emitter is analogous to the control of plate current by small
grid voltage in a vacuum triode.
Hence we can say that when the emitter is forward biased and collector is negatively
biased, a substantial current flows in both the circuits. Since a small emitter voltage of about
0.1 to 0.5 volts permits the flow of an appreciable emitter current the input power is very
small. The collector voltage can be as high as 45 volts.
18
Chapter 7
19
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Making a Printed Circuit Board is the first step towards building electronic equipment
by any electronic industry. A number of methods are available for making P.C.B., the
simplest method is of drawing pattern on a copper clad board with acid resistant (etchants)
ink or paint or simple nail polish on a copper clad board and do the etching process for
dissolving the rest of copper pattern in acid liquid.
Fig-7.1-PCB
7.2MATERIAL REQUIRED
The apparatus needs for making a P.C.B. is:
Plastic Tray
7.3 PROCEDURE
20
The first and foremost in the process is to clean all dirt from copper sheet with say
spirit or tri chloro ethylene to remove traces grease or oil etc. and then wash the board under
running tap water. Dry the surface with forced warm air or just leave the board to dry
naturally for some time.
Making of the P.C.B. drawing involves some preliminary consideration such as
thickness of lines/ holes according to the components. Now draw the sketch of P.C.B. design
(tracks, rows, square) as per circuit diagram with the help of nail polish or enamel paint or
any other acid resistant liquid. Dry the point surface in open air, when it is completely dried,
the marked holes in P.C.B. may be drilled using 1Mm drill bits. In case there is any shorting
of lines due to spilling of paint, these may be removed by scraping with a blade or a knife,
after the paint has dried.
After drying, 22-30 grams of ferric chloride in 75 ml of water may be heated to about
60 degree and poured over the P.C.B. , placed with its copper side upwards in a plastic tray of
about 15*20 cm. Stirring the solution helps speedy etching. The dissolution of unwanted
copper would take about 45 minutes. If etching takes longer, the solution may be heated
again and the process repeated. The paint on the pattern can be removed P.C.B. may then be
washed and dried. Put a coat of varnish to retain the shine. Your P.C.B. is ready.
7.4 REACTION
Fecl
Fecl
3
3
+ Cu ----- CuCl
+ Fe
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
3.
Try not to breathe the vapours. Stir the solution by giving see-saw motion to
21
4.
time the unshaded parts change their colour continue to etch. Gradually the base
material will become visible. Etch for two minutes more to get a neat pattern.
5.
Don't throw away the remaining Fecl3 solution. It can be used again for next
Removing the copper in places which are not needed, by the process of etching
(chemical process)
22
Printed circuit boards are used for housing components to make a circuit, for
compactness, simplicity of servicing and ease of interconnection. Single sided, double sided
and double sided with plated-through-hold (PYH) types of p.c boards are common today.
Boards are of two types of material (1) phenolic paper based material (2) Glass epoxy
material. Both materials are available as laminate sheets with copper cladding.
Printed circuit boards have a copper cladding on one or both sides. In both boards,
pasting thin copper foil on the board during curing does this. Boards are prepared in sizes of
1 to 5 meter wide and up to 2 meters long. The thickness of the boards is 1.42 to 1.8mm. The
copper on the boards is about 0.2 thick and weighs and ounce per square foot.
23
Chapter 8
MOUNTING & SOLDERING: Soldering is process of joining together two metallic parts.
It is actually a process of function in which an alloy, the solder, with a comparatively low
melting point penetrates the surface of the metal being joined & makes a firm joint between
them on cooling & solidifying.
24
Fig.8.2-Soldering
25
HOW TO SOLDER?
Mount components at their appropriate place; bend the leads slightly outwards to
prevent them from falling out when the board is turned over for soldering. No cut the leads so
that you may solder them easily. Apply a small amount of flux at these components leads
with the help of a screwdriver. Now fix the bit or iron with a small amount of solder and flow
freely at the point and the P.C.B copper track at the same time. A good solder joint will
appear smooth & shiny. If all appear well, you may continue to the next solder connections.
26
PRECAUTIONS
1. Mount the components at the appropriate places before soldering. Follow the circuit
description and components details, leads identification etc. Do not start soldering before
making it confirm that all the components are mounted at the right place.
2. Do not use a spread solder on the board, it may cause short circuit.
3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering.
4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where you want it.
5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may damage the components or
board.
6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have a dry or a cold joint.
7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure about the voltage either dc or ac
while operating the gadget.
8. Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it may short circuit with the
other components. To prevent this use sleeves at the component leads or use sleeved wire for
connections.
9. Do not use old dark color solder. It may give dry joint. Be sure that all the joints are clean
and well shiny.
10. Do make loose wire connections especially with cell holder, speaker, probes etc. Put
knots while connections to the circuit board, otherwise it may get loose.
27
Chapter 9
DIODE
The simplest semiconductor device is made up of a sandwich of P-type
semiconducting material, with contacts provided to connect the p-and n-type layers to an
external circuit. This is a junction Diode. If the positive terminal of the battery is connected
to the p-type material (cathode) and the negative terminal to the N-type material (Anode), a
large current will flow. This is called forward current or forward biased.
If the connections are reversed, a very little current will flow. This is because under this
condition, the p-type material will accept the electrons from the negative terminal of the
battery and the N-type material will give up its free electrons to the battery, resulting in the
state of electrical equilibrium since the N-type material has no more electrons. Thus there
will be a small current to flow and the diode is called Reverse biased.
Thus the Diode allows direct current to pass only in one direction while blocking it in the
other direction. Power diodes are used in concerting AC into DC. In this, current will flow
freely during the first half cycle (forward biased) and practically not at all during the other
half cycle (reverse biased). This makes the diode an effective rectifier, which convert ac into
pulsating dc. Signal diodes are used in radio circuits for detection. Zener diodes are used in
the circuit to control the voltage.
Fig.9.1-Types of diodes
28
29
Chapter 10
30
One can get a constant high-voltage power supply using inexpensive 3-terminal voltage
regulators through some simple techniques described below. Depending upon the current
requirement, a reasonable load regulation can be achieved. Line regulation in all cases is
equal to that of the voltage regulator used.
Though high voltage can be obtained with suitable voltage boost circuitry using ICs
like LM 723, some advantages of the circuits presented below are: simplicity, low cost, and
practically reasonable regulation characteristics. For currents of the order of 1A or less, only
one zener and some resistors and capacitors are needed. For higher currents, one pass
transistor such as ECP055 is needed.
Before developing the final circuits, let us first understand the 3-terminal type
constant voltage regulators. Let us see the schematic in Fig. where 78XX is a 3-terminal
voltage regulator.
Schema
tic
for
obtaining low-voltage regulated output using 3-terminal voltage regulators. Rectified and
filtered unregulated voltage is applied at VIN and a constant voltage appears between
pins 2 and 2 of the voltage regulator. *The distribution of two currents in the circuit
(IBIAS and ILOAD) is as shown.
These voltage regulators have a typical bias current of 5 mA, which is reasonably
constant. By inserting a small resistor Rx between pin 2 and ground, the output
voltage in many cases. By this method voltage increment of 5 to 10 per cent is
practically feasible. However, if a high-value resistance is used to obtain a higher
output voltage, a slight variation in bias current will result in wide variation of the
output voltage.
Now let us see that what can be done to get a higher but constant output voltage.
If to the circuit of Fig. resistor RY and zener Vz are added as shown in Fig., the
output voltage is now given by
VOUT=VR+VZ + IBIAS RX
A constant current flows through RY** because VOUT is constant, and small
variations in IBIAS do not change practically the operating point of Vz. This
situation is like constant current biasing of zener, which results in a very accurate
setting of the zener voltage.
of Fig,
IBIAS
5 x 10-3
It should be noted here that the maximum input voltage allowed for 78XX regulators
is 35V between pins 1 and 2. We see that the actual voltage betweens pin 1 and 2 of the
regulator in this circuit is
VIN - VZ - IBIAS RX
It is therefore necessary that VIN be so chosen that voltage between pins 1 and 2 of
the IC does not exceed the maximum rating. Also, a high input-output differential voltage
VIN-VOUT means more power dissipation in the series-pass element, the regulator. Thus,
with proper selection of the input transformer voltage and capacitor, this should be
minimized.
For example, if 7805 is used, VR equals + 5V and VZ is 40V, so VOUT=45 volts. For
7805, the maximum input voltage is 35 V and the minimum 7V. Therefore,
VIN MAX = 45 + 35 - 5 = 75 VOLTS
VIN MIN
= 45 + 7 - 5 = 47 VOLTS
33
The capacitor's value can be determined from the full load unregulated voltage
chosen. Roughly, per 100mA current, 100mf capacitor gives 1-volt peak-to-peak ripple.
Hence, capacitor's value can be determined for the desired current.
This circuit will have an excellent load and line regulation. For shot-circuit
protection, it is recommended to use a fast-blow fuse of suitable value. Although the
regulator has inherent short-circuit protection, the maximum current differs from device to
device. Adequate heat sink should be used with the regulator.
Fig10.3-Schematic for constant high-voltage power supplies providing currents in excess of one ampere
Now if currents in excess of 1A are needed, the circuit shown in fig. is useful. This
circuit is similar to that in Fig. except that a pass transistor ECP055 is added besides a 0.5ohm or more resistor. This transistor bypasses the excessive current. By selecting proper Rz
the ratio of two currents passing through the regulator and transistor can be altered.
This circuit will show load and live regulation within 1% and will function properly
for VIN-VOUT as low as 4 volt. For short-circuit protection, a fast blow fuse is
recommended as this circuit does not have inherent short-circuit protection. Adequate heat
sink is to be used for the pass transistors.
For
negative
voltages,
use
79XX
series
regulators and ECN055 as the pass transistor. Some advantages of the circuits described
above are: the lowest cost among comparable performance circuits, ability to work at low
input-output differential, and flexibility in design for various applications.
So audio enthusiasts, if you are troubled by hum emanating from your power
amplifier, try this inexpensive alternative for power supply.
34
CHAPTE
R 11
BATTERY CHARGER
Fig.11.1-Battery charger
This unit charges the batteries until they reach a specific voltage and then it trickle
charges the batteries until it is disconnected.
Fig.11.2-Adapter
A simple charger equivalent to a AC-DC wall adapter. It applies 300mA to the battery
at all times, which will damage the battery if left connected too long, a battery charger is a
device used to put energy into a secondary cell or (rechargeable) battery by forcing an
electric current through it.
35
The charge current depends upon the technology and capacity of the battery being
charged. For example, the current that should be applied to recharge a 12 V car battery will
be very different from the current for a mobile phone battery.
10.1 Mobile phone charger
Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only adapters that provide a
power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile
phone. Mobile phones can usually accept relatively wide range of voltages, as long as it is
sufficiently above the phone battery's voltage. However, if the voltage is too high, it can
damage the phone. Mostly, the voltage is 5 volts or slightly higher, but it can sometimes vary
up to 12 volts when the power source is not loaded.
Battery chargers for mobile phones and other devices are notable in that they come in a wide
variety of DC connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other
manufactures' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.
Users of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross-reference connectors with
device brands/models and individual charge parameters and thus ensure delivery of the
correct charge for their mobile device. A database-driven system is one solution, and is being
incorporated into some of the latest designs of charging kiosks.
36
The Ion hub charger can simultaneously charge several electronic devices: iPod
Nano, Razr, Nintendo DS Lite, BlackBerry, portable DVD player, and electric shaver.
There are also human-powered chargers sold on the market, which typically consists
of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and extension cords. There are also solar chargers.
China and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers
using the USB standard.
37
REFERENCES
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. http://www.google.com
3. http://www.ablabs.co.in
4. http://www.electronics.com
5. http://www.atmel.com
38