Circuit Analysis 1

Chapter # 1
Basic Concepts
Dr S.A. Bazaz
HEC Foreign Professor
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences
and Technologies, Topi, Pakistan

Lecture # 1

My Introduction
Education
B.: NED University, Electrical
Engineering
M.Sc.: National Superior School of
Mechanics and Microtechniques,
Universite deFranche Compte, Besancon,
France, Controls and Computer Sciences
Ph.D.: Institut National des Sciences
Appliquees, Robotics & Controls, France
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My Introduction
Work Experience
1999-2000: Assistant Professor, Denmark
Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
2000-2006: Senior Staff Scientist, CMC
Microsystems, Kingston, Canada
2006-Present: HECs Foreign Professor

My Introduction
Academic Interests
Under-Graduate Courses (Microelectronics)
Circuit Analysis
VLSI Design

Graduate Courses (Microsystems-Chip design)

Micorelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Design and
Micromachining

My Introduction:
MEMS Research IN GIKI
Since July 2006

Ph.D Students

Development of MicroMicro-Gyroscope (Mr

(Mr Rana
Iqtidar,
Iqtidar, joint collaboration with PIEAS)

Masters Students

Device Development:
Force and Displacement Sensors to be
integrated with Microgrippers for biomedical
application (Mr
(Mr Kinnan AmjadAmjad-NESCOM)

MEMS based neural probes for brain

implants to study the brain disorder (Mr

(Mr

Gripper with two-stage

amplifier driven by
chevron thermal
actuators, Courtery of
Yongjun Lai, Queens
University, Canada

NajamuddinNajamuddin-NESCOM)

Modeling:
Reduced order modeling for MEMS (Mr
(Mr

Mohummad YasinYasin-NESCOM)

MEMS Design and Test Lab

In March, 2007
MEMS Design graduate Course
Location: Room f1

Total Cost: Rs 1.3 Million

($22K)
HEC Funding: Rs 730K
(~$12K)
GIKI Funding: Rs 570 K
(~$10K)

CAD Tool: MEMSPro from

SoftMEMS
Access to Intellisense from
PIEAS
Access to Fabrication: Poly
and Metal-MUMPs,
Micragem

Image courtesy of MEMSCAP.

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MEMS Design and Test Lab

Future Extension (1-2 years):

More CAD tools-HEC Rs. 5.5 Million (Coventor, COMSOL, Cadence)

Chip Testing Equipment- National ICT R&D Fund Rs. 20-30 Million

Electrical characterization (PM5 Probe-station, network analyzer, I-V testing,

C-V testing)
Mechanical Characterization (Micro-Motion Analyzer at Queens University,
Kingston, Canada

Image courtesy of MEMSCAP.

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Our Collaborator
Queens University, Mechanical Engineering Department

Device Development: Development of integrated Microgrippers for Biomedical

applications
Testing: Electrical and Mechanical Characterization with joint efforts of CMC
Microsystems)

Michigan State University

Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory (MANTL),
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Access to fabrication: Diamond
MEMS Process, Neural Probes

Image courtesy of MEMSCAP.

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Your Introduction

Team work
Ability and willingness to learn
Enthusiastic (Be Positive)
Respect
Grades

Then you are GREAT

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Objective of Circuit Analysis

Course

Obtain a thorough understanding of the

analysis of electric circuits and an
introductory to their design
At the end of course, you should be able to
model (mathematical) and analyze
(simulate) useful circuits from daily life
application (stereo amplifier, understand of
car electrical circuitry, voltage regulators,
controllers, communication circuitry)
First step towards Analog Design Engineer
For others: to control your respective systems10

Pre-Requisite
Calculus
Physics

Simple and common sense

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Some important guidelines

Learning by doing: Solve as many as possible
the problems given in the homework
Problem solving Strategies: Develop
strategies to solve the problems both in class, at
home and in exams. Make notes with colored
pencils
Computer Aided Design Labs: PSPICE is Key.
If you dont know this then forget about modern
circuit analysis
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Some Rules of the class

Rule 1, Sharing: Whatever we speak in class,
we shall share it with everyone here (except
exams)
Rule 2, Cell phones: Cell phones must be off,
otherwise rule 1 will apply
Rule 3, Raise hands for question
Rule 4, Cheating is killer, zero tolerance.
Rather help each other
Rule 5, for class work and Quiz, keep always
writing material and calculator
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Why Circuit Analysis

First Step in Analog Design

Electrical Technology: Power and

Information
Effects almost all engineering disciplines
Circuit analysis provides the following
information
Cause and effect
Amplification and attenuation
Feedback and control
Stability and oscillation
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Why Circuit Analysis

DEVELOP TOOLS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
BASIC LINEAR ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

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Applications
Pressure Sensor
Its a sensor to measure force and convert it in to
electrical signal
l
p
h

Membrane
R2
R1

R3
R4

Rim

a
Vb
R1

R4

+ V0 R3

R2

d
c

Model of a piezoresistor pressure sensor

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Temperature Sensor
Senses the temperature of the environment
Makes use of the change of resistivity in a
metal wire with temperature.
As electrons move through a metal, they are
impeded by the thermal vibrations of the
atoms in the crystal lattice. The higher the
temperature the greater the impedance and
the higher the resistivity.
Accuracy upto 0.001 C.
Usually platinum wire is used, since it is a
noble metal which is un-reactive over a wide
range of temperatures. But copper, nickel and
rhodium alloy may also be used in various
temperature ranges.
Usually a coil of the pure wire is wound onto
an alumina former or placed in the bores of an
alumina tube, and this assembly is mounted
in a steel tube.

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Airbag Sensors
Accelerometers
Senses the impact on the front and sides of the car and
actuates the airbag systems

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Lets Start the Business

What is Circuit Analysis
BASIC STRATEGY USED IN ANALYSIS

Device/
System
Manufac
turing

Idea??

Device/
System
Test

ANALYSIS USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS with ALGEBRAIC AND

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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Circuit Design Methodology

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
DEVELOP A SET OF MATHEMATICAL
EQUATIONS THAT REPRESENT THE CIRCUIT
- A MATEMATICAL MODEL LEARN HOW TO SOLVE THE MODEL TO
DETERMINE HOW THE CIRCUIT WILL BEHAVE
IN A GIVEN SITUATION
THIS COURSE TEACHES THE BASIC
TECHNIQUES
TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
THE MODELS THAT WILL BE DEVELOPED HAVE
NICE MATHEMATICAL PROPERTIES.
IN PARTICULAR THEY WILL BE LINEAR WHICH
MEANS THAT THEY SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF
SUPERPOSITION

Model
y = Tu
Principle of Superposition
T ( 1 u1 + 2 u2 ) = 1T ( u1 ) + 2T ( u2 )

THE MATHEMATICS CLASSES - LINEAR ALGEBRA,

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS- PROVIDE THE TOOLS
TO SOLVE THE MATHEMATICAL MODELS
FOR THE FIRST PART WE WILL BE EXPECTED
TO SOLVE SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

12V1 9V2 4V3 = 8

4V1 + 16V2 + V3 = 0
2V1 4V2 + 6V3 = 20
LATER THE MODELS WILL BE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

dy
+y= f
dt
d2y
df
dy
+ 4 +8y = 3 + 4 f
dt
dt
dt 2

20

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ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS AN INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

The concept of node is extremely

important. Node where the
terminals of two or more electrical
components are connected.
We must learn to identify a node
in any shape or form

2 TERMINALS COMPONENT

b
NODE

characterized by the
current through it and
the voltage difference
between terminals
NODE

L
R1
R2
vS

TYPICAL LINEAR
CIRCUIT

vO

+
-

C
LOW DISTORTION POWER AMPLIFIER 21

BASIC CONCEPTS
LEARNING GOALS for next two lectures
System of Units: The SI standard system; prefixes
Basic Quantities: Charge, current, voltage, power and energy
Circuit Elements: Active and Passive

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Systems of Units
Systeme International Des Unites (International systems
of units): Meter (m), Kilogram (kg), Second (s), Ampere
(A), degrees Kelvin (K), amount of substance (mole),
luminous intensity (cd-candela)
Standard Prefixes in SI
pico (10-12), nano (10-9), micro (10-6), milli (10-3), Unit, Kilo (103),
mega, (106), giga (109), tera (1012)

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SI DERIVED BASIC ELECTRICAL UNITS

24

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Homework
P: 1.1 1.4

25

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