Académique Documents
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J S Muhammathu Fowze
BSc Eng (Hons), MPhil (Geotech)
Outline of Presentation
Part 1 : Description, Classification, & Phy. Properties
Part 2 : Soil Water
Part 3 : Stresses in the Ground
Weathering of Rock
, void space in b/w the particles containing water and/or air
Residual: Tropical Zones
products of weathering remain at their original location
Types of Soil
Residual
Sedimentary
Peat/Organic
heterogeneous
anisotropic
difficulties in sampling and testing
Field Identification
Sand (& coarser) :
Silt :
Clay :
Shape?
Clay Minerals
Weathering of Feldspars ( Orthoclase and plagioclase, and some micas)
Silica Tetrahedron
Al3+
Cations other than K+
Alumina Octahedron
Mg2+
Partial Substitution
Mg2+
Specific Surface
m/N
Quartz grain
0.0023
Quartz sand
0.0001 - 0.004
Kaolinite
Illite
Montmorillonite
80
Classification
BSCS (Grain wise)
Fine
Coarse
Very Coarse
Cohesive
Materials
Frictional
Materials
Occurrence
Most type of soils consists of a graded mixture
100%
75%
50%
25%
Phase Relationships
Soils can be of either 2-phase or 3-phase composition
Phase Relationships
Phase Diagrams
Gs
Density
M
V
1. Voids ratio,
e=
VV
VS
2. Moisture Content,
w=
MW
MS
3. Degree of Saturation, S r =
VW
VV
GS =
S
W
Specific Gravity
(2.64~2.72)
Phase Relationships
Soil Density
Sr =
(GS + wGS )
w
1+ e
(GS + eS r )
=
w
1+ e
sat = wet =
(GS + e)
w
1+ e
= (1 + m) dry
dry =
GS
w
1+ e
wG S
e
w g = 1000
kN
kg
2
9
.
81
=
9
.
81
ms
m3
m3
Average 17
kN
m3
kN
Wet Unit Weight of Soils wet g ~ (18 23) 3
m
Average 20
kN
m3
kN
w
r=
0.5
wet
End of Part 1
Stationary
Above WT
= 100%
ing
p
e
e
S
attractive forces
( SUCTION)
h
Still Water
Q
z
Datum
U X = h w g
Pressure head
Elevation head
PX =
UX
+ z = h+ z
g
P = PY PX = h
Y
hX
X
hY
P h
i=
=
L
L
Y
Darcy, 1856
zX
zY
X
V i
V = kS i
Permeability/Hydraulic Conductivity
(m/hr)
Hydraulic Conductivity
Stream/Flow Lines
to Equipotential Line
A simple problem
DW
UW = ?
Solution
w
Flo
Top
s
ow
foll
rad
G
o
DW
UX = ?
UX
W g
U X = DW Cos 2W g
ZERO
End of Part 2
FN
A
(kPa)
FS
A
(kPa)
V = ?
Area A
FN = W = ( DA) d g
V = D d g
X
X
X
V = ( D DW ) d g + DW sat g
sat
DW
u X = DW W g
V = V u X
X
= u
Strength of Soils
FRICTION
Intermolecular Bonds
Roots if present
f =
(cs + cr ) kPa
cs
cr
F = R
( u ) tan kPa
Mohr-Coulomb Model
Reasonably described
Mohr-Coulomb Model
(cs + cr )
= ( u )
If
mob < f
Resistive, Safe
If
mob > f
FAILURE !!!
f
FS =
mob
End of Part 3
fowze@ait.ac.th