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PSYCH 1560
Chapter 1

Slide 1

Visualizing
Psychology
by Siri Carpenter &

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Karen Huffman

Chapter 1: Introduction
and Research Methods
PSYC 1560
Dr. Giorgetti

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Slide 2

Lecture Overview

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Introducing Psychology
Origins of Psychology

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The Science of Psychology

Research Methods

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Getting the Most from Your Study

of Psychology

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Slide 3

Introducing Psychology

What is psychology?
The scientific study of
behavior and mental
processes.
Psychology focuses on
critical thinking and is
scientific.
Pseudopsychologies
(e.g., psychics, mediums)
are nonscientific.

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Slide 4

Pause and Reflect:

Why Study Psychology?

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Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate

common beliefs and misconceptions about
behavior and mental processes.

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Slide 5

True or False?
Answers to These (and Other Common Beliefs) are Found

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Throughout Visualizing Psychology

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In general, we only use about 10% of our
brain.
Most brain activity stops during sleep.

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Slide 6

More Answers

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Police often use psychics to help solve crimes.

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Similarity is the best predictor of long-term

relationships.

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Slide 7

Introducing Psychology:
Psychologys Four Goals
1.
2.
3.
4.

Description
Explanation
Prediction
Change

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Slide 8

Introducing Psychology: Applying

Psychology to Work (Sample Specialties)
Biopsychology/
Neuroscience
Clinical and
Counseling
Psychology

Cognitive Psychology
Developmental
Psychology
Educational and
School Psychology
Experimental
Psychology

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Slide 9

Applying Psychology to Work (Sample

Specialties Continued)

Forensic Psychology
Gender/Cultural Psychology
Health Psychology
Industrial/Organizational
Psychology
Social Psychology

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Slide 10

Careers in Psychology: Percentage of

Psychology Degrees by Specialty

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Slide 11

Origins of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt: father of psychology
Structuralism
(Wundt and Titchener key leaders)

Functionalism

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(James key leader)

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Slide 12

Origins of Psychology (Continued)

Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic
Perspective
(Freud was the founder)

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Slide 13

Origins of Psychology (Continued)

Gestalt Psychology
Founder: Max Wertheimer
Goals: To describe organization of mental processes.

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Slide 14

Origins of Psychology (Continued)

Behaviorist Perspective
(Watson, Pavlov, and
Skinner were key figures)

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Slide 15

Origins of Psychology (Continued)

Humanist Perspective
(Rogers and Maslow were key figures)

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=
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Slide 16

Origins of Psychology (Continued)

Cognitive
Perspective

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Slide 17

Origins of Psychology (Continued)

Neuroscientific/
Biopsychological
Perspective

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Slide 18

Origins of Psychology (Continued)

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Evolutionary
Perspective

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Sociocultural
Perspective

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Slide 19

Origins of Psychology: One Unifying

Theme of Modern Psychology

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Biopsychosocial
model

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Slide 20

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Who is missing from the history

of psychology?

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Slide 21

Women in Psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins
First woman president of APA (1905)
Completed graduate work at Harvard
Established psychology lab at Wellesley
College
Studied self-psychology

Margaret F. Washburn
First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology
(1894)

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Leta Stetter Hollingsworth

Contributions to psychology of women,
clinical psychology, and educational
psychology
tested variability hypothesis of male
superiority

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Slide 22

Women in Psychology
Inez Prossor
First African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in
psychology (1933)
Studied development of black children in
segregated and integrated schools

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Anne Anastasi
Authority on psychological testing;
Most prominent woman psychologist in the
English-speaking world (1987)

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Slide 23

African Americans in the History of

Psychology
Francis C. Sumner
First African American to earn a Ph.D. in
psychology (1920)

Kenneth B. Clark
Studied the effects of segregation and racial
awareness of children
First African American psychologist to serve as
president of APA

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Slide 24

African Americans in the History of

Psychology
Mamie Phipps Clark
Research on self-concept and social identification
in Black children using dolls

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Slide 25

Latinos in the History of Psychology

Martha Bernal
First Latina to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the
United States
Contributed significantly to the advancement of
ethnic minority psychology

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Slide 26

Introducing Psychology: Ethnicities of

Doctorate Recipients in Psychology

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Slide 27

Pause and Reflect:

Critical Thinking

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Why do psychologists and other scientists

need multiple perspectives?

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Slide 28

Do You See Both a Vase and Two Faces?

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Slide 29

The Science of Psychology

Basic Research

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Applied Research

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Slide 30

Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

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Is this an
example of
basic or applied
research?

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Slide 31

The Science of Psychology:

The Scientific Method

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Slide 32

The Science of Psychology: Ethical

Guidelines
Human research
participants need:

Informed consent
Voluntary
participation
Restricted use of
deception
Debriefing
Confidentiality
Alternative activities

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Slide 33

The Science of Psychology:

Ethical Guidelines (Continued)
Advocates believe nonhuman research offers
significant scientific benefits. Opponents
question these benefits and suggest
nonhuman animals cannot give informed

consent.

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Slide 34

Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

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1. What are the four major goals of

psychology?
2. The _____ perspective focuses on
natural selection, adaptation, and
evolution.

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Slide 35

The Science of Psychology:

Research Methods

Four key research methods:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Experimental
Descriptive
Correlational
Biological

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Slide 36

The Science of Psychology:

Four Key Research Methods (Continued)

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Slide 37

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research Methods (Continued)

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1. Experimental
Research
cause and effect

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Slide 38

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

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Research MethodsExperiment (Continued)

Key features of an experiment:
Independent variable versus dependent variable
Experimental group versus control group

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Slide 39

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

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Research MethodsExperiment (Continued)

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Does TV increase
aggression?

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Slide 40

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsExperiment
(Continued)
Potential researcher problems:

Experimenter bias
Ethnocentrism

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Slide 41

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsExperiment
(Continued)
Potential participant problems:
Sample bias
Participant bias

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Slide 42

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsExperiment
(Continued)

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Slide 43

Variables
A biopsychologist injects several monkeys with
male hormones and notes that by comparison
to control animals they display more
aggressive acts in a testing situation.
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variables

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Slide 44

Variables
After being deprived of food for varying
amounts of time, subjects show a progressive
decline in hand dexterity and steadiness.
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variables

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Slide 45

Variables
An educational psychologist finds no
differences in the math achievement scores of
elementary school students who have, or have
not, been assigned to a special matheducation program.
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variables

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Chapter 1

Slide 46

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsDescriptive Research
2. Descriptive
Research: observes
and records behavior

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Slide 47

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsDescriptive Research
Three types of descriptive
research:
Naturalistic Observation
Survey
Case Study

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Slide 48

Pause and Reflect:

Why Study Psychology?

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What is the advantage of studying

psychological research methods like naturalistic
observation?

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Slide 49

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsCorrelational
Research

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3. Correlational Research: relationships between

two or more variables

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Slide 50

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsCorrelational
Research (Continued)

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Positive Correlation

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Slide 51

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsCorrelational
Research (Continued)

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Negative Correlation

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Slide 52

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsCorrelational
Research (Continued)

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Zero Correlation

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Slide 53

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsCorrelational
Research (Continued)

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Slide 54

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsCorrelational
Research (Continued)

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Can you see why

correlation can
never show
cause and effect?

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Slide 55

The Science of Psychology: Four Key

Research MethodsBiological Research
4. Biological Research

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Slide 56

Tools for Studying the Brain

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Slide 57

Pause and Reflect:

Check & Review

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1. Why is an experiment the only way we can

determine cause and effect?

2. What is the difference between a positive

correlation and a negative correlation?

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Slide 58

Five Questions for Critical Thinking

What am I being asked to believe or accept?
Is there evidence to support the claim?
Can that evidence be interpreted another
way?
What evidence would help to evaluate the
alternatives?
What conclusions are most reasonable?

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Slide 59

Getting the Most from Your Study of

Psychology

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Slide 60

Getting the Most from Your Study of

Psychology (Continued)
Four major tools:
Active Reading (SQ4R)
Time Management (setting up a realistic
study, social, and work schedule)
Grade Improvement (note taking, study
habits, test taking tips)
Additional Resources (instructors,
classmates, study groups, etc.)

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Slide 61

Using the SQ4R Method

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Slide 62

Getting the Most from Your Study of Psychology:

The Importance of Time Management

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Slide 63

Pause and Reflect:

Critical Thinking

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Can you see how the lack of active reading or

studying helps explain why most people cannot
easily identify the actual U.S. penny despite
having seen it thousands of times?
Which of the four major Tools for Student
Success do you plan to work on to improve your
academic performance?

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Dr. Giorgetti

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Dr. Giorgetti