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Why was the soup sample in Worked Example 2.1 heated to 110C?
Why was it necessary to weigh the sample four times?
A1.
a
b
The soup was heated above 100C to evaporate water from the sample.
By repeatedly heating the sample until the mass remained unchanged, the analyst
could be sure that all the water had been removed.
Q2.
Some laboratories use microwave ovens in place of conventional ovens to dry
samples. What advantage could this have?
A2.
Microwave ovens dry samples more rapidly than conventional ovens.
Q3.
Soy sauce weighing 74.6 g was heated in an oven to constant mass. The final mass
was 14.2 g. What percentage of water did the sauce contain?
A3.
Mass water = 74.6 14.2 = 60.4 g
100 60.4 100
mass of water
=
= 80.97 = 81.0%
%Water =
mass of sample
1
74.6
1
(three significant figures)
Q4.
Three brands of dog food were heated and dried to constant mass. The data recorded
are shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Determination of water content of dog food
Dog food tested
Phydeaux Deluxe
K9 Budget
Fresh meat buffalo mince
a
b
19.8
1
7.4 1.9 100
K9 Budget
% water =
= 74%
7.4
1
15.0 3.8 100
Fresh meat buffalo mince % water =
= 75%
15.0
1
Water would not be a good guide to the nutritional value of the dog food. The
amount of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals need to be
considered.
Phydeaux Deluxe
% water =
Q5.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
b
= 0.10009 mol
Express the answer with the correct number of significant figures.
n(NaCl) = 0.100 mol
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Q7.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Q8.
Step 2 Convert pressure, temperature and volume into the appropriate units for use in
the general gas equation.
V = 1.42 L
P = 15 000 kPa
T = 15.0C = (15.0 + 273) K = 288 K
Step 3 Calculate the mass of O2, using M(O2) = 32 g mol1.
15 000 1.42 32
m(O2) =
8.31 288
= 284.797 g
Step 4 Express the answer with the correct number of significant figures.
m(O2) = 285 g
Step 1
Write the formula for the mass of a gas at SLC, where the molar
volume is 24.5 L mol1.
V
n =
24.5
V
m
=
M 24.5
V M
m =
24.5
Step 2
Calculate the m(Ar) where M(Ar) = 39.948 g mol1.
3.5 L 39.948 g mo l 1
m(Ar)
=
24.5 L mol 1
= 5.707 g
Step 3
Express the answer with the correct number of significant figures.
m(Ar) = 5.7 g
Step 1
n
m
M
m
Step 2
Step 3
Write the formula for the mass of a gas at STP, where the molar
volume is 22.4 L mol1.
V
=
22.4
V
=
22.4
V M
=
22.4
Calculate the m(NH3) where M(NH3) = 17.0 g mol1.
0.250 L 17.0 g mo l 1
m(NH3)
=
22.4 L mol 1
= 0.1897 g
Express the answer with the correct number of significant figures.
m(NH3) = 0.190 g
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
A gaseous hydrocarbon that is used as a fuel for high-temperature cutting and welding
of metals contains 92.3% carbon.
a Determine its empirical formula.
b If the molar mass of the hydrocarbon is 26 g mol1, find its molecular formula.
A11.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
As the empirical formula is CH, the molecule must contain a whole number of
CH units.
The molar mass of one of these units is (12.0 + 1.01) = 13.01 g mol1.
molar mass of the compound
The number of units in a molecule =
molar mass of one unit
26 g mol 1
=
13.10 g mol 1
=2
The molecular formula of the compound is C2H2. (This is ethyne, commonly
called acetylene.)
When 1.66 g of tungsten (W) is heated in excess chlorine gas, 3.58 g of tungsten
chloride is produced. Find the empirical formula of tungsten chloride.
A12.
10
11
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
12
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
13
Iron metal is extracted in a blast furnace by a reaction between iron(III) oxide and
carbon monoxide:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
To produce 1000 kg of iron, calculate:
a the mass of iron(III) oxide required
b the volume of carbon dioxide produced at SLC (25C and 101.3 kPa)
A15.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Convert to kg.
1 430 949.8 g
mass in kg =
1000
= 1430.9 kg
Step 6
14
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
15
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
16
A chemist determined the salt content of a sausage roll by precipitating chloride ions
as silver chloride. If an 8.45 g sample of sausage roll yielded 0.636 g of precipitate,
calculate the percentage of salt in the food. Assume that all the chloride is present as
sodium chloride.
A17.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
17
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Convert to percentage.
0.2203
% Fe
=
100
1.545
= 14.260%
Step 7
18
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
19
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Q20.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
c
Step 1
Step 2
20
A brand of toothpaste contains 0.22% by mass sodium fluoride (NaF). Calculate the
mass of fluoride ions in a tube containing 120 g of the paste.
A21.
21
6.00 g of helium gas was blown into a fairground balloon. On the day, the temperature
was 28.0C and the pressure inside the balloon was 103.4 kPa. Assuming it is
infinitely elastic, to what volume did the balloon inflate?
A22.
22
Step 1
Write the formula for the volume of a gas at STP, where the molar
volume is 22.4 L mol1.
V
n=
22.4
V = n 22.4
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Write the formula for the volume of a gas at STP, where the molar
volume is 22.4 L mol1.
V
n
=
22.4
V
m
=
M
22.4
m 22.4
V
=
M
Step 2
Step 3
23
Step 1
Write the formula for the volume of a gas at SLC, where the molar
volume is 24.5 L mol1.
V
n
=
24.5
V
m
=
M
24.5
m 24.5
V
=
M
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Write the formula for the volume of a gas at SLC, where the molar
volume is 24.5 L mol1.
V
n=
24.5
number of particles
V
=
NA
24.5
24.5
V = number of particles
NA
Step 2
Step 3
24
A 1.22 g sample of pure gas extracted from the gases from a car exhaust occupied
991 mL at 24.0C and 1.00 atmosphere pressure.
a Calculate the amount of gas, in mol, present in the sample.
b What is the molar mass of the gas?
c Suggest the identity of the gas.
A24.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
b
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
25
Solutions of silver nitrate and potassium chromate react to produce a red precipitate of
silver chromate:
2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) Ag2CrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
If 0.778 g of precipitate is formed in a reaction, find:
a the mass of potassium chromate that reacted
b the mass of silver nitrate that reacted.
A25.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
26
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
27
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Convert to mass.
m(MgO) = n M
= 0.4114 mol 40.31 g mol1
= 16.58 g
Step 5
28
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Convert to mass.
m(O2) = 0.2057 mol 32.0 g mol1
= 6.5824 g
Step 5
29
Lithium peroxide may be used as a portable oxygen source for astronauts. Calculate
the volume of oxygen gas, measured at 25C and pressure of 101.3 kPa, that is
available from the reaction of 0.500 kg of lithium peroxide with carbon dioxide
according to the equation:
2Li2O2(s) + 2CO2(g) 2Li2CO3(s) + O2(g)
A27.
30
A power station burns coal at 45.5 tonnes per hour (1 tonne = 106 g). Assuming the
coal is pure carbon and that all the coal is oxidised completely to carbon dioxide gas
on combustion, what volume of carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere per hour
when the atmospheric pressure is 758 mmHg and the temperature is 19.0C?
A28.
V(CO2)=
31
Silicon steel is an alloy of the elements iron, carbon and silicon. An alloy sample was
reacted with excess hydrochloric acid and the following reaction occurred:
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
The carbon and silicon in the alloy did not react with the acid. If an alloy sample with
a mass of 0.160 g produced 62.0 mL of hydrogen gas, measured at SLC, calculate the:
a amount of hydrogen evolved in the reaction
b mass of iron that reacted to produce this amount of hydrogen
c percentage of iron in the alloy.
A29.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 1
Step 2
32
Relative atomic massthe weighted mean of the relative masses of the isotopes
of an element on the 12C scale.
Relative molecular massthe relative mass of a molecule on the 12C scale.
Molethe amount of substance which contains the same number of specified
particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C.
Avogadros numberthe number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C
(approximately 6.02 1023).
Molar massmass in grams of a mole of a substance.
Precipitatesolid which is formed during a chemical reaction that occurs in
solution.
Gravimetric analysisanalysis of a sample using measurement of mass. One step
in the procedure usually involves the formation of a precipitate.
Ionic equationan equation for a reaction in which the ions that remain in
solution during the reaction (spectator ions) are omitted.
33
16.0 g of hydrogen sulfide is mixed with 20.0 g of sulfur dioxide and they react
according to the equation:
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 2H2O(l) + 3S(s)
a What mass of sulfur is produced?
b What mass of reactant is left after the reaction?
A31.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
34
Step 1
As SO2 was in excess, calculate the amount of SO2 that reacted with all
the H2S, using the mol ratio from the equation.
n(SO 2 )
1
=
n(H 2 S)
2
n(SO2)reacted
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
35
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced, at SLC, when 5.00 g of calcium
carbonate is added to a solution containing 5.00 g of nitric acid.
A32.
1 (5.00 g 63 g mol 1 )
2
= 0.03968 mol
Step 4 Calculate the volume of CO2 at SLC when the molar volume is 24.5 L mol1.
V (CO 2 )
=
n(CO2)
24.5 L mol 1
V(CO2)
= n(CO2) 24.5 L mol1
= 0.03968 mol 24.5 L mol1
= 0.9722 L
Step 5 Express the answer with the correct number of significant figures.
V(CO2) = 0.972 L
36
The following compounds are used in fertilisers as a source of nitrogen. Calculate the
percentage of nitrogen, by mass, in:
a ammonia (NH3)
b ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
c urea (CO(NH2)2).
A33.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
37
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Q34.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 5
38
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 1
Step 2
Cl
56.7 g
56.7 g
M (Cl)
56.7 g
35.5 g mol 1
1.597 mol
Step 3
Step 4
39
40
A 2.203 g sample of an organic compound, CxHyOz, was extracted from a plant. When
it was burned in oxygen, the hydrogen in the compound was converted to 1.32 g of
water and the carbon was oxidised to 3.23 g of carbon dioxide.
a Find the empirical formula of the compound.
b Another sample was analysed in a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum
produced showed that the molar mass of the compound was 60.0 g mol1. What is
its molecular formula?
A36.
1.32
= 0.15 mol
18
m(H) = 0.15 1 = 0.15 g
3.23
= 0.073 mol
n(C) = n(CO2) =
44
m(C) = 0.073 12 = 0.88g
m(O) = 2.203 m(C) m(H) = 2.203 0.88 0.15 = 1.173g
C
:
H
:
O
Mass
0.88 :
0.15 :
1.17
0.88
0.15
1.17
No mole
:
:
12
1
16
=
0.073 :
0.15 :
0.073
=
1
:
2
:
1
Empirical formula is CH2O
n(H) = 2n(H2O) =
Q37.
What mass of barium chloride (BaCl2) will remain after a 15.0 g sample of the
hydrated salt BaCl22H2O is heated to drive off all of the water?
A37.
41
Q39.
Design a flowchart to show how the salt content of a savoury spread could be
determined by gravimetric analysis.
A39.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
42
The iodide ions in a solution containing 0.300 g of sodium iodide were precipitated as
silver iodide. What mass of silver iodide was formed?
A40.
43
44
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
From the equation, 1 mol of Ag+ from the alloy is precipitated as 1 mol
of AgCl.
1
n(Ag + )
=
n(AgCl)
1
+
n(Ag )
= 0.001179 mol
Step 4
Step 5
Convert to percentage.
0.1272
100
% Ag =
0.693
= 18.355%
Step 6
45
The Na2SO4 and Al2(SO4)3 react independently with the BaCl2. Treat them as separate
reactions and write two balanced equations. Add the masses of BaSO4 from each to
find the total mass.
Step 1
For the Na2SO4 solution, write a balanced equation.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
46
Water pollution can result from the phosphates added to washing powders to improve
the stability of their suds. The phosphorus in a 2.0 g sample of washing powder is
precipitated as Mg2P2O7. The precipitate weighs 0.085 g.
a What is the percentage, by mass, of phosphorus in the washing powder?
b Suppose you were in charge of an advertising campaign to promote the washing
powder. Would you advertise the percentage of phosphorus or phosphate in the
product? Explain.
A45.
a
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
47
48
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
As the empirical formula is P2O5, the molecule must contain a whole number of
P2O5 units.
The molar mass of one of these units is ((2 30.974) + (5 16)) =
141.948 g mol1.
The number of units in a molecule = molar mass of the compound/molar mass of
one unit
284 g mol 1
=
141.948 g mol 1
=2
The molecular formula of the compound is P4O10.
49
Excessive salt intake in the diet can cause high blood pressure and heart disease. The
salt content of a 14.96 g sample of powdered chicken soup was determined by
dissolving it in water to make a volume of 250.0 mL. A 20.00 mL volume of this
stock solution was pipetted into a conical flask and excess silver nitrate was added.
The silver chloride precipitate that formed was then filtered, washed and dried. Its
mass was 0.246 g.
a Write an ionic equation for the formation of the silver chloride precipitate.
b Calculate the amount, in mol, of silver chloride that was produced.
Assume all the chloride in the powdered soup came from sodium chloride
(common salt).
c Determine the amount of sodium chloride in the 20.00 mL volume of stock
solution in the conical flask.
d Calculate the amount of sodium chloride in 250.0 mL of the stock solution.
e What mass of sodium chloride was in the sample?
A48.
a
b
From the equation for the reaction in the 20.00 mL of stock solution, 1 mol of Cl
ions produces 1 mol of AgCl.
1
n(Cl )
=
n(AgCl)
1
= 0.001716 mol
n(Cl ) in 20.00 mL
= 0.00172 mol
50