Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Q2.
Prepare a simple flow chart showing the main steps involved in producing polyethene
from crude oil.
Crude oil
Addition
Gas oil or
Cracking
polymerisation
naphtha fraction Ethene Polyethene
Q3.
Write a balanced equation to represent the steam cracking of C14H30, from the gas-oil
fraction of a fractionating tower, to form ethene and hydrogen as the only products.
A3.
C14H30(g) 7C2H4(g) + H2(g)
Q4.
List the conditions used by industry for the steam cracking process:
C2H6(g) ) C2H4(g) + H2(g); H = +138 kJ mol1
Explain how each of these conditions helps to maximise the yield of ethene.
A4.
High temperatures increase the value of K, low pressures cause a net forward reaction,
short reaction time restricts the extent of secondary reactions.
E5.
a
b
Summarise the main reasons why the clustering of companies in the Altona
complex is commercially advantageous.
What compromises would be involved in a decision to organise a group of
industries in such a manner?
AE5.
a
Commercial reasons for clustering companies at the Altona site include the fact
that gaseous feedstock can be distributed by pipelines; by-products from a
particular process can be utilised by a neighbouring company; companies can
share some staff and some safety and environmental protection costs, such as the
cost of fire protection; and the fact that management of public relations can be
shared.
Unless properly managed and supervised, an accumulation of industries in the
one area could lead to increased fire risk, damage to local waterways and
localised air pollution. Companies would have to work cooperatively and might
have less independence when making decisions about issues such as output, rates
of consumption of raw materials, nature and quality of raw materials and
expansion of plant.
Practice
Unreacted ethane is recycled into
feedstock, byproducts utilised, e.g.
propene, coke used as fuel.
In order to obtain ethene from crude oil, the oil is treated by fractional distillation.
a Why is the fractional distillation of oil necessary?
b Name three fractions obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil and
describe one use for each fraction.
A7.
a
b
Refinery gas
Gasoline
Naptha
C1C4
C5C7
C6C10
Kerosesne
Gas oil
Residue
C10C16
C14C20
> C20
LPG
petrol
cracked to produced hydrocarbons
used in petrol
jet fuel, heating
diesel
fuel oil, lubricants. bitumen
Q8.
In 2005 a Dutch chemist reported he had developed a solid containing oxygen that
reacts with hydrogen gas to produce water. The solid is referred to as an oxygen
sponge.
By referring to reactions that occur during the cracking of ethane gas, explain why it
is thought that the oxygen sponge may allow higher yields to be obtained in ethene
production.
A9.
a
b
c
Explain why ethane, the feedstock used in the steam cracking process, is present
among the products, and suggest what would be done with this substance.
Name one of the other gases.
What physical property of the gases does fractional distillation depend on?
A10.
a
b
c
Explain, using a diagram of the energy changes that occur during the course of a
reaction (energy profile diagram), the difference between steam and catalytic
cracking.
A11.
Q12.
Under the title Crude oil: An important natural resource, write a paragraph that uses
correctly the words: fractional distillation, fraction, cracking, saturated, unsaturated,
alkane, ethene, polymer.
A12.
Sample of suitable response
Crude oil is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. A large proportion of these
are saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes. Fractional distillation is used to separate the
crude oil mixture into a number of fractions which can be used as fuels for specific
purposes. For instance, one fraction is used as aviation fuel, another for domestic
heating, and so on. The process of cracking enables greater amounts of the lighter
fractions to be produced, as well as producing unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as
ethene, which are used by the chemical industry to manufacture polymers, such as
polyethene. As a source of fuel and as the starting material for chemical products used
widely in the community, crude oil is an important natural resource.
Use the information in the text about waste management to construct a table that lists
the main by-products of steam cracking of ethane, and describe what becomes of each
one.
A13.
Unreacted
Recycled back to the reactor.
hydrocarbons
C2H2
Ethyne is converted to ethene by reacting it with hydrogen using a
transition metal catalyst
CO2 and H2S Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are both weakly acidic gases and
are removed by treatment with dilute sodium hydroxide solution:
Unreacted sodium hydroxide solution is then neutralised by treatment
with acid.
Propene
Extracted and used for making polypropene.
Butadiene
Extracted and used to make synthetic rubber.
H2 and CH4
Extracted and used as a fuel gas for furnaces.
Coke
Removed and used in the manufacture of dry cells and electrodes.
Q14.
a
b
c
A14.
a
b
c
When the present supplies of crude oil and natural gas are depleted, an alternative
source of ethene may be the production of ethanol by fermentation of plant material,
followed by the dehydration of ethanol:
C2H5OH(g)) C2H4(g) + H2O(g); H = +45 kJ mol1
You have been asked to design a pilot plant to test the feasibility of this process.
Describe how you might maximise the yield of ethene.
A15.
Use low pressure, high temperature, a suitable catalyst and employ a continuous flow
process so products are continually removed.
Q16.
a
b
c
d
e
f
A16.
a
b
c
d
e
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Most of them are alkanes, with formulae
ranging from CH4 to C70H142.
X: fractional distillation; Y: thermal cracking
Mixture Z contains saturated hydrocarbons of similar masses and similar boiling
temperatures.
natural gas
3PO4
A: ethanol; C2H4(g) + H2O(g) H
CH3CH2OH(g)
catalyst
B: polyethene; nC2H4(g) (CH2CH2)n(s)
C: carbon dioxide; C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
addition reactions
The world has become very dependent on the products of the petrochemical industry,
but the raw materials of crude oil and natural gas are likely to be virtually exhausted
by 2100. Assuming the current production process of ethene stays unchanged, suggest
the impact of the lack of raw materials on our lifestyle.
A17.
Almost all use of plastics, such as packaging, plastic goods and components, would be
affected by a lack of raw petrochemical materials. There would also be restrictions in
many other areas, including pharmaceuticals and solvents.
Q18.
A group calling itself the Concerned Residents Group has been formed in the suburb
next to a major petrochemical plant with the intention of lobbying the state
government to have the plant moved.
a Design a flyer advertising the first public meeting of the group to highlight the
main issues of concern.
b The public relations manager of the petrochemical company has been invited to
speak at the meeting. List the points that the manager might wish to make to the
concerned residents.
A18.
a
The flyer might mention safety issues, such as the risk of explosions from
flammable materials and concerns about emissions. It might also mention traffic
volume and visual pollution. (A flyer advertising a public meeting would also
give the date, time and venue.)
The public relations manager might describe the safety precautions in place,
operation to strict government guidelines, provision of employment, incentives
for associated industries with employment and trade spin-offs for local
community, ways traffic movement is minimised by supply of raw materials and
distribution of products to associated industries.
10
Construct a concept map that includes the following terms: addition polymerisation,
alkanes, alkenes, cracking, fractional distillation, fractionating tower, monomers,
petroleum and polymers.
A19.
11
Q2.
D. The reaction is endothermic, i.e. H > 0, since the energy of the products is greater
than the energy of reactants. The energy difference between products and reactants is
260 kJ mol1.
12
B. The activation energy for the reverse reaction is 390 kJ mol1 260 kJ mol1 =
130 kJ mol1.
Q4.
A. An activation energy of 960 kJ is quite high and will not occur spontaneously at
room temperature. The positive enthalpy shows that the reaction is endothermic and
so cannot be used as a source of energy.
Q6.
13
D. A catalyst has no effect on the enthalpy of the reactants and products. A catalyst is
not consumed in a reaction so it does not appear in the reaction equation.
Q7.
D. When an equation is reversed the new equilibrium constant is the inverse of the
original. When the coefficients are halved the new equilibrium constant is the square
root of the original. In this case the original equation has been both reversed and the
coefficients halved. The new equilibrium constant is thus the square root of the
inverse of the original constant.
i.e. K2 = 1/K1 = 1/4 104 = 50
Q8.
Consider the following equation: A + 3B 2C + 4D. The correct expression for the
equilibrium constant is:
[A][3B]3
A
[ 2C ] 2 [ 4 D ] 4
B
C
D
[C]2 [D]4
[A][B]3
[A][B]3
[ C ]2 [ D ]4
[2C][4D]
[A][3B]
A8.
14
A
B
C
D
AB
BA
2A B
A 2B
A9.
In a sealed vessel, nitrogen oxide, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide form the equilibrium
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g); H = 114 kJ mol1
Which one of the following sets of conditions is likely to lead to the highest yield of
nitrogen dioxide gas?
A 200oC and 1 atm pressure
B 200oC and 2 atm pressure
C 300oC and 1 atm pressure
D 300oC and 2 atm pressure
A10.
B. Since the reaction is exothermic a lower temperature would favour the forward
reaction. As there are fewer molecules on the product side of the equation, a high
pressure would favour the forward reaction.
15
C. The equilibrium shifts to the left, the side of the equation with fewer molecules, so
the amount of chlorine decreases. The concentration of chlorine is still higher than in
the first equilibrium due to the halving in volume.
Q12.
C. The equilibrium constant does not give information about the activation energy or
the rate of the reaction.
Q13.
Carbon dioxide gas dissolves to a small extent in water, forming carbonic acid in an
exothermic reaction:
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq); H negative
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) HCO3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
This is the reaction involved in forming fizzy drinks.
Which of the following strategies would not be effective at increasing the amount of
dissolved carbon dioxide?
A Decreasing the pH of the solution
B Decreasing the temperature of the solution
C Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas
D Increasing the pressure of the carbon dioxide gas
16
The pH of a tomato juice drink is 5.3 at 25C. The hydroxide ion concentration in the
drink, in mol L1, is
A 105.3
B 105.3
C 108.7
D 108.7
A14.
[OH ] = 5.3
10
= 108.7
Q15.
17
The dihydrogen phosphate ion, H2PO4(aq), is an amphiprotic ion formed after the
first dissociation step of phosphoric acid in water. The equilibrium constants of the
dihydrogen phosphate ion acting as an acid and as a base at 25C are:
H2PO4(aq) + H2O(l) HPO42(aq) + H3O+(aq) K = 6.3 108 M
H2PO4(aq) + H2O(l) H3PO4(aq) + OH(aq)
K = 1.6 107 M
From these data, dihydrogen phosphate will:
A form an acidic solution in water
B accept a proton and donate a proton to an equal extent in water
C more readily accept a proton than donate a proton in water
D readily lose two protons in water
A16.
C. The equilibrium constant for the second reaction, H2PO4 acting as a base, is larger
than for the reaction of H2PO4 as an acid. H2PO4 will accept rather than donate in
water, giving a slightly basic solution.
Short-answer questions
Q17.
A student investigated the factors affecting the rate of reaction between a solution of
sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid.
Na2S2O3(aq) +2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l)
The reaction was carried out in a conical flask placed on top of a piece of white paper
with a dark cross marked on it. The rate of reaction was determined by measuring the
time taken for the cross to be masked by the suspension of sulfur formed during the
reaction, as shown.
The rate was determined for different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate and for
different temperatures. The volume of each solution and the concentration of
hydrochloric acid were kept constant. The results are summarised in the table below.
Experiment [Na2S2O3(aq)]
no.
(M)
1
0.1M
2
0.2M
3
0.1M
18
Explain in terms of collision theory why the rate in Experiment 2 is faster than
the rate in Experiment 1.
Explain in terms of collision theory why the rate in Experiment 3 is faster than
the rate in Experiment 1 would be the effect on the rate of if the concentration of
hydrochloric is doubled?
What other factors, other than the two investigated in this experiment, may affect
the rate of a reaction?
A17.
a
b
c
Q18.
The activation energy for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen was
measured under two different conditions.
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
I The activation energy for the decomposition reaction when an enzyme was added
was found to be 36.4 kJ mol1. The temperature of the reaction mixture increased.
II When platinum was added to another sample of the hydrogen peroxide solution
the activation energy was 49.0 kJ mol1. The temperature of the reaction mixture
increased.
a What is the function of the enzyme and platinum in each these reactions?
b Sketch, on the same energy profile diagram, the energy profiles for the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with the enzyme and the decomposition
using the platinum.
c Which reaction system, I or II, would be faster? Explain your answer.
A18.
a
Both the enzyme and the platinum are catalysts, increasing the rate of the reaction
by lowering the activation energy.
19
Q19.
Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, coexist according to the
equilibrium reaction: N2O4 2NO2. A concentrationtime graph for the system
coming to equilibrium is shown.
a
b
c
d
Identify A and B.
Write an expression for the equilibrium constant of the decomposition of N2O4.
Sketch on the graph the line showing the effect on A if a catalyst were added to
the mixture.
Calculate K for the reaction at equilibrium according to this concentration graph.
20
Q20.
Carbon monoxide and iodine pentoxide react to form iodine and carbon dioxide in the
equilibrium reaction:
5CO(g) + I2O5(s) I2(g) + 5CO2(g); H = 1175 kJ
Use your knowledge of Le Chateliers principle to predict the effect of the change
(column 1) on the designated quantity (column 2). Complete the effect on the
equilibrium (column 3) by using the terms decrease, increase, no change. Assume
that the change listed is the only one taking place, e.g. if I2 is added, the volume and
the temperature are kept constant.
Change
Increase T
Decrease T
Add I2(g)
Add CO2(g)
Double volume
Remove CO
Add catalyst
Add inert gas Ar
Quantity
K
amount I2O5(s)
K
amount I2(g)
concentration CO2
amount CO2
I2(g)
K
Effect
21
Quantity
K
amount I2O5(s)
K
amount I2(g)
concentration CO2
amount CO2
I2(g)
K
Effect
decrease
increase
no change
decrease
decrease
decrease
no change
no change
Q21.
The reaction between hydrogen and iodine in the gaseous phase to produce hydrogen
iodide is described by the equation:
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g); H negative
The diagram shows the change in concentration of gaseous hydrogen, iodine and
hydrogen iodide as the equilibrium is reached and disturbed.
a
b
c
d
22
Q22.
pH = log10[H3O+(aq)]
Ka =
pH
= log10[H3O+(aq)]
5.15
= log10[H3O+(aq)]
[H3O+ (aq)]
= 105.15
= 7 106 M
from equation
[CN(aq)] = [H3O+(aq)] = 7 106 M
Heinemann Chemistry 2 4th edition Enhanced
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
23
[HCN(aq)] 0.1 M since only a very small amount of HCN(aq) will be ionised.
[CN (aq)][H3O + (aq)]
Ka =
[HCN(aq)]
=
7 10 - 6 7 10 6
0.1
= 4.9 1010 M
f
0.1 M HCl(aq) is a strong acid and is completely ionised, i.e. [H3O+(aq)] = 0.1 M
and hence pH = 1.
As 0.1 M HCN is weak acid and is only partly ionised, the [H3O+(aq)] will be
much less than 0.1 M. As shown in part c, [H3O+(aq)] = 7 106 M and hence
pH = 5.15.
Q23.
Both thymol blue and methyl orange are acidbase indicators that are red in the acidic
form and yellow in the basic form. The acidity constants, Ka, of the two indicators are:
thymol blue Ka = 0.020 M, methyl orange Ka = 0.00040 M. Both indicators are weak
monobasic acids. The protonated form of the indicator can be represented as HIn and
the unprotonated form as In:
HIn + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + In(aq)
a Determine the pH at which [In] = [HIn] for both indicators.
b A weak acid and strong base are titrated and found to have an equivalence point
of pH 4.3. Which of the indicators would be more suitable to use in this
titration? Justify your answer.
c Calculate the value of the ratio [In]/[HIn] when thymol blue is in a solution of
pH = 5. What is the colour of the indicator in this solution?
A24.
[In - ][H 3O + ]
= Ka
[HIn]
When [In] = [HIn], then [H3O+] = Ka
a Thymol blue [H3O+] = 0.020 M; pH = 1.7
Methyl orange [H3O+] = 0.00040 M; pH = 3.4
b Methyl orange would be the most suitable indicator. An acidbase indicator can
be used approximately 1 pH unit either side of the pH of its 50% dissociation
value.
Heinemann Chemistry 2 4th edition Enhanced
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
24
At pH = 5, [H3O+] = 1 105 M
[In ] 1 10 5 M
= 0.020 M
[HIn]
[In - ]
0.02 M
=
= 2000
[HIn] 1 10 - 5 M
The indicator is present almost entirely in the base form, so will appear yellow.
Q25.
Methanol is used as a fuel for some race cars. The reaction conditions used to
manufacture methanol must be carefully adjusted in order to ensure efficient
production.
The synthesis of methanol from methane involves three major steps:
I reaction of methane with steam to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen
II an exothermic reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce
methanol
III separation of the methanol from the reaction mixture
a Draw a flow chart of this process, showing the chemicals involved in each stage.
b Write equations for the two reactions that are described above.
c Suggest how methanol might be separated from other gases in the reaction
mixture.
In practice the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen is performed at about
250oC and 100 atm pressure. Copper, zinc oxide and alumina, are also present and
about 10 per cent of the reactants are converted to methanol as the reactant gases pass
through the reactor.
d i What is the likely function of the copper, zinc oxide and alumina in the
reactor?
ii How do the copper, zinc oxide and alumina acid allow the process to operate
more efficiently?
e A much higher conversion of carbon monoxide to methanol than 10% is obtained
in industry. Suggest how this is achieved.
f For the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen, what would be the
effect on the yield of methanol if you were to:
i increase the pressure?
ii increase the temperature?
25
With reference to reaction rates and equilibrium, discuss why the particular
temperatures and pressures described above would have been chosen.
Suggest two waste management which might be involved in this method of
methanol production.
Suggest two health and safety issues which might be involved in this method of
methanol production.
A26.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Q27.
26
e
f
g
h
A27.
For ammonia:
a nitrogen (N2) from air and hydrogen (H2)
b N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
c Refer to Figure 19.9 in the textbook.
d i high pressure; low temperature
ii high pressure; high temperature
iii pressure of 100250 atm; temperature of 350550C; the temperature is a
compromise between the need for a high reaction rate and high equilibrium
yield.
e For example: a catalyst is used to increase the reaction rate; unreacted gases are
recycled
f Aqueous ammonia which can be used for urea manufacture; carbon dioxide
produced in steam reforming can be liquefied and sold for beverage production;
nitrogen oxides
g Ammonia is a toxic gas, so areas are well ventilated and workers are
appropriately dressed; fires and explosions are minimised by careful plant design
and operation; levels of toxic carbon monoxide are carefully monitored
h manufacture of fertilisers, explosives and nylon
For nitric acid:
a ammonia (NH3) oxygen (O2) from air and water (H2O)
b 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
c Refer to Figure 20.5 in the textbook.
d For the oxidation of nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide:
i high pressure; low temperature
ii high pressure; low temperature
iii higher pressure is sometimes used; temperature of 30C
e For example, the gas mixture in the converter is in contact with the catalyst for
only a short time; nitrogen monoxide formed in the absorption tower is reacted
with air to form nitrogen dioxide.
f NOx which can be reduced to nitrogen; vaporised metal from the catalyst is
filtered and recovered; dinitrogen monoxide
27
28
Q29.
Money makes the world go round or so the saying goes. Explain the impact of
finances on the production and use of chemicals in the following situations.
a The effect of high retail prices on the acceptable yield of a product.
b The effect of a carbon tax on the cost of producing electricity by burning coal
c The effect of toxicology testing for all chemical products
d The effect of rehabilitating polluted land charged against the emitter of the
pollutant.
e The effect of waste disposal charged against the manufacturer of a product
f The effect of costly start-up procedures on a decision to produce small quantities
of a chemical by batch or continuous processing.
A29.
a
b
c
d
e
f
29
Victoria has struggled to find a suitable site for a proposed High Temperature
Incinerator (HTI) to treat chemical wastes, with the State government and locals
repeatedly failing to reach agreement on where it should be located.
a List two considerations for each of technical, social, environmental and economic
factors involved in locating a HTI (or a chemical production plant such as an oil
refinery).
i technical factors
ii social factors
iii environmental factors
iv economic factors
b Explain how the following decision-making tools could assist in finding a
suitable location for a High Temperature Incinerator (or a chemical production
plant such as an oil refinery).
i costbenefit analysis
ii environmental effects statement
c Which of the above decision-making tools is most likely to give the fairest
answer? Explain.
A31.
a
b
c
30