Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Printed in India
356
S Dey et al
two wave fronts, one front associated with the elasticity of the medium and the other front to
change in void volume.
2. Summary of the theory
The linear theory of elastic material with voids (Cowin & Nunziato 1983) deals with small
changes from a reference configuration of a porous body (see figure 1). In this configuration,
the bulk density , matrix density and matrix volume fraction are related by
R = R R ,
(1)
and the body is taken to be strain-free, although not necessarily stress-free. The independent
kinematic variables in the linear theory are the displacement field ui (x, t) from the reference
configuration and change in volume fraction from the reference volume fraction, (x, t):
(x, t) = (x, t) R (x),
(2)
where x is the spatial position vector in Cartesian co-ordinates and t is time. The infinitesimal
strain tensor E ij (x, t) is determined from the displacement field ui according to
E ij = 21 (ui,j + uj,i ),
(3)
where the comma followed by a lowercase letter indicates partial derivative with respect to
the indicated co-ordinate.
Assuming that the region occupied by a body is regular, the equations of motion governing
a linear elastic continuum with void are the balance of linear momentum,
2 ui
= T ij ,j + bi ,
t 2
(4)
2
= hi,i + g + l.
t 2
(5)
357
Here,
Tij is the symmetric stress tensor,
bi is the body force vector,
hi is the equilibrated stress vector,
k is the equilibrated inertia,
g is the intrinsic equilibrated body force,
l is the extrinsic equilibrated body force.
The constitutive equations for the stress tensor Tij , the equilibrated stress vector hi and the
intrinsic equilibrated body force g to the strain E ij , the change in volume fraction , the time
rate of change of the volume fraction and the gradient of the change in volume fraction , i.
Thus,
T ij = Cij km Ekm + D ij k ,k + Bij ,
(6)
hi = Aij ,j + D ij k Ej k + fi ,
(7)
g = (/t) B ij Eij f i ,i ,
(8)
where Cij km , Bij , Aij , fi , and are functions of vR . If the material symmetry is of a type
that possesses a centre of symmetry, then the tensor D ij k and fi are identically zero and
the constitutive equations (6)(8) are simplified. If, in addition, the material is isotropic in its
dependence of T ij , hi and g on E ij , ,i , then Cij km, Aij and bij are given by
Cij km = ij km + ik j m + im j k ,
(9)
Aij = ij ,
Bij = ij ,
where , are Lames constants of elastic frame and , and are functions of vR , and the
constitutive equations (6)(8) become
T ij = ij Ekk + 2Eij +
hi =
ij ,
(10)
,i ,
g = (/t)
(11)
Ekk ,
(12)
(13)
where
k = + (2/3).
The field equations governing the displacement field ui (x, t) and the volume fraction field
(x, t) are obtained by substituting the constitutive relations (10)(12) into the equations of
motion (4) and (5) as
( + ) .u + 2 u + = ( 2 u/t 2 ),
(14)
2 (/t) .u = k( 2 /t 2 ).
(15)
358
S Dey et al
(16)
where n is the unit vector normal to the external boundary and the boundary conditions on u
are those of classical elasticity.
3. Formulation
Consider an elastic layer of thickness H with void pores. The z-axis is taken vertically
downward in the lower medium. The x-axis is chosen parallel to the layer in the direction of
the wave propagation. Origin is chosen at the interface of the layer and the half-space.
The displacement components for Love waves are u = 0, w = 0 and v = v(x, z, t). The
equations of motion (14) and (15), which are not identically satisfied, under no body forces
take the form,
2
v
2v
2v
+
,
(17)
+ 2 +
2 =
t
x 2
z
x
z
2
2
2
k 2 =
.
(18)
+ 2
2
t
x
z
t
4. Solution
For waves propagating in the positive direction of x-axis with velocity c the solution of (17)
and (18) may be taken as
v = v(z)eik(xct) ,
= (z)eik(xct) ,
where v(z) and (z) satisfy the equations,
0
1/2
(19)
B = /, and A = (/)1/2
and
00
(z) M 2 (z) = 0,
where
(20)
1/2
M = (k 2 kk 2 c2 ikct + )/
.
, k, being constants for a particular material. Ignoring the damping term which is very
small for sinusoidal wave, the value of M may be taken as
"
#1/2
1
c2
.
(21)
M = k 1
+ 2
k (/ )
/k
359
(22)
B (ik + M) Mz
B (ikM) Mz
e
R
e
R4 .
3
2
M2 N2
M 2 N
(23)
e
R
,
3
4 e
M2 N2
M 2 N 2
(24)
= R3 eMz + R4 eMz eik(xct) .
(25)
5. Solution for the upper layer
Denoting the quantities for the upper layer by subscript 1, the solution may be written as
v1 = [R1 exp(N 1 z) + R2 exp(N 1 z)
B1 (ik + M1 ) exp(M1 z)
R3
M12 N12
B1 (ik M1 ) exp(M1 z)
R4 ] exp{ik(x ct)},
M12 N12
1 = R3 exp(M 1 z) + R4 exp(M1 z) exp {ik(x ct)}} ,
where
(26)
(27)
1/2
N1 = k 1 (c2 /A21 )
, A1 = (1 /1 )1/2 ,
1/2
1
c2
1
+ 2
M1 = k 1
, B1 =
.
1
(1 /1 k1 ) k (1 /1 )
1/2
N2 = k 1 (c2 /A22 )
, A2 = (2 /2 )1/2 ,
1/2
c2
2
1
M2 = k 1
, B2 =
.
+
2
(2 /2 k2 ) k 2 (2 /2 )
(29)
360
S Dey et al
7. Boundary conditions
Boundary conditions to be satisfied by the propagation are
(i)
yz 1 = yz 2
(ii) (n.)1 = (n.)2
at z = 0,
(iii) ()1 = ()2
(30)
at z = H .
(31)
Using (26) to (29), the above boundary conditions (30) and (31) give
B1 (ik + M1 ) M1
B1 (ik M1 ) M1
R
+
R
1 R1 N1 R2 N1 +
3
4
M12 N12
M12 N12
B2 (M2 ik) M2
R6 = 0,
+ 2 R5 N2 +
M22 N22
(32)
M1 R3 M1 R4 + M2 R6 = 0,
(33)
R3 + R4 R6 = 0,
(34)
R1 + R2
B1 (ik + M1 )
B1 (ik M1 )
B2 (M2 ik)
R3
R4 R5
R6 = 0,
M12 N12
M12 N12
M22 N22
(35)
R3 exp(M1 H ) R4 exp(M1 H ) = 0,
(36)
R1 exp(N1 H ) R2 exp(N1 H ) = 0.
(37)
and
2 B2 (M2 ik)M2
1 (M22 N22 )
M2
1
B2 (M2 ik)
(M22 N22 )
0
0
= 0.
361
Hence, either
(N2 2 N1 1 ) sinh(N1 H ) 2 N2 exp(N1 H ) = 0,
(38)
(39)
or
(40)
c2
1
1
2
c3
(km)21
1/2
1/2
1 (c2 /c32 )S + (1/(km)22 )
kH =
1/2
(c2 /c32 ) 1 (1/(km)21 )
(41)
where
(km)21 = k 2 (1 /1 ), (km)22 = k 2 (2 /2 ),
c3 = (1 /1 k1 )1/2 , velocity of shear wave due to change in void volume
fraction in the layer,
c3 = (2 /2 k2 )1/2 , velocity of shear wave due to change in void volume
fraction in the half-space,
and
S = c32 /c23 .
The study shows that Love waves propagate in elastic media with void pores in two
wave fronts. One wave front, given by (41), is associated with the parameters of the
void pores which are involved with the change of void volume fraction and the equilibrated inertia. The other wave front given in (40) is the same as it would have been
in elastic half-space without pores. Both the fronts are dispersive in nature. As a particular case, in the absence of void pores (41) takes the form of (40) which is the
well-known dispersive equation for Love waves in an elastic layer over an elastic half
space.
8. Numerical calculation
The numerical values of c2 /c32 have been calculated from (41) for different values of kH taking
some sets of values of (km)1 , (km)2 and S. The results are presented in figures 2 and 3. The
figures show that the velocity of Love wave front which depends on the change in volume of
void pores is many times higher then the velocity of waves carrying a change in void fraction
of pores at low values of kH.
362
S Dey et al
Figure 2. Love wave dispersion curve in an elastic medium with void pores for a set of parameters.
Figure 3. Love wave dispersion curve in an elastic medium with void pores for a second set of
parameters.
363
9. Conclusion
The study arrived at the following results:
(1) The two Love wave fronts may be available in the medium. The velocity of the first
depends on the rigidity of the elastic medium and is the same as Love waves in elastic
medium. The other depends on the change in void volume fraction of pores.
(2) The velocity of Love wave fronts of second type is much more than the velocity of shear
waves due to the change in void volume fraction of pores and deserves consideration.
(3) The velocity depends on the ratio of void volume fraction of pores of the layer and halfspace and is increased if the ratio decreases. Since some regions of the layers of the
earth are dry and porous without the filling of any significant materials, the possibility of
existence of two Love wave fronts in such a layer attracts the attention of seismologists.
References
Achenbach J D 1973 Wave propagation in elastic solids (New York: North Holland)
Chandrasekharaiah D S 1987 Effects of surface stresses and voids on Rayleigh waves in elastic solid.
Int. J. Eng. Sci. 25: 205211
Cowin S C 1985 The viscoelastic behaviour of linear elastic materials with voids. J. Elasticity 15:
185191
Cowin S C, Nunziato J W 1983 Linear elastic materials with voids. J. Elasticity 13: 125
Dey S, Gupta S 1987 Longitudinal and shear waves in an elastic medium with void pores. Proc. Indian
Natl. Sci. Acad. A53: 554563
Dey S, Gupta S, Gupta A K 1993 Torsional surface waves in elastic half-space with void pores. Int.
J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 17: 197204
Ewing W M, Jardetzky W S, Press F 1957 Elastic waves in layered media (New York: McGraw Hill)
Nunziato J W, Cowin S C 1979 A non-linear theory of elastic materials with voids. Arch. Rational
Mech. Anal. 72: 175201
Pilant W L 1978 Elastic waves in the earth (New York: Elsevier Scientific)
Scalia A 1994 Shock waves in viscoelastic materials with voids. Wave Motion 19: 125133
Yu T, Dresen L, Ruter H 1996 The influence of local irregularities on the propagation of Love waves.
J. Appl. Geophys. 36: 5365