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Unit-II

Distribution Feeders

by
by
N.Ramchander,
N.Ramchander,
Asst
AsstProfessor,
Professor,
EEED-BVRIT.
EEED-BVRIT.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Distribution System-Classification
• Connection Schemes of primary feeders
• Primary Distribution feeder rating
• Primary Distribution voltage levels
• Primary feeder loading
• Secondary Distribution Systems

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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

Classical Structure of Power System

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Distribution System-Classification

1. Primary distribution, which carries the load at higher than


utilization voltages from the substation (or other source) to the point
where the voltage is stepped down to the value at which the energy
is utilized by the consumer.
¾ Primary distribution systems include three basic types:
• 1. Radial systems, including duplicate and throwover systems
• 2. Loop systems, including both open and closed loops
• 3. Primary network systems

2. Secondary distribution, which includes that part of the system


operating at utilization voltages, up to the meter at the consumer’s
premises.
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Secondary distribution systems operate at relatively low utilization
voltages and, like primary systems, involve considerations of service
reliability and voltage regulation. The secondary system may be of four
general types:

1. An individual transformer for each consumer; i.e., a single service


from each transformer.

2. A common secondary main associated with one transformer from which


a group of consumers is supplied.

3. A continuous secondary main associated with two or more


transformers, connected to the same primary feeder, from which a group
of consumers is supplied. This is sometimes known as banking of
transformer secondaries.

4. A continuous secondary main or grid fed by a number of transformers,


connected to two or more primary feeders, from which a
large group of consumers is supplied. This is known as a low-voltage or
secondary network.
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Factors Affecting Selection of feeder

• The nature of the load connected


• The load density of the area served
• The growth rate of the load
• The type and cost of circuit employed
• The design and capacity of the substation
involved
• The quality of the service required
• The continuity of the service required

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Radial Systems

Advantages:
Simplest and lower cost
Simple in planning, design, and
operation.
Most widely used from of
distribution system(99%-in
INDIA)
Disadvantages:
it is less reliable than other two
If any branch along this path
fails, a loss of power delivery
results.

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Loop Type Feeders
• which essentially provide a two-way primary
feed for critical consumers.
• the supply from one direction fail, the entire
load of the feeder may be carried from the
other end
• this type of system may be operated with the
loop normally open or with the loop normally
closed.

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Open Loop System

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• In the event of a fault, the section of the primary
on which the fault occurs can be disconnected at
both its ends and service re-established to the
unfaulted portions by closing the loop at the point
where it is normally left open, and reclosing the
breaker at the substation (or supply source) on the
other, unfaulted portion of the feeder.
• The disconnecting devices between sections are
manually operated and may be relatively
inexpensive fuses, cutouts, or switches.

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Closed Loop System

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• This type of systems are used, where a greater degree
of reliability is desired.
• Here, the disconnecting devices are usually the more
expensive circuit breakers.
• The breakers are actuated by relays, which operate
to open only the circuit breakers on each end of the
faulted section, leaving the remaining portion of the
entire feeder energized.
• when the fault is located, the disconnecting devices
on both ends of the faulted section may be opened
and the unfaulted sections reenergized by closing the
proper circuit breakers.
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Primary Network Systems

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• Primary network is a system of interconnected
feeders supplied by a number of substations.
• The primary network system supplies a load from
several directions.
• In general losses in a primary network are lower
than those in a comparable radial system due to
load division.
• The reliability and the quality of service of the
primary network arrangement is much higher than
radial and loop arrangements.
• However, it is more difficult to design and
operate than the radial or loop type.
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Tie Lines

™ A tie line is a line that connects two supply


systems to provide emergency service to one
system from another.

™ Usually, a tie line provides service for area loads


its route as well as providing for emergency
service to adjacent areas or substations.

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™Low Voltage Distribution
System(LVDS)

™High Voltage Distribution


System(HVDS)

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Factors Affecting the Feeder
voltage level
• The feeder voltage level is important factor
affecting the system design, cost and operation.
• Some of the design and operational aspects of
the primary voltage levels depend upon the:
– Feeder length
– Feeder loading
– No of distribution S/S’s and it’s rating
– No of Primary lines
– No of customers effected by a specific failure
– System maintenance practice

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Voltage Square rule:

For a given percentage of voltage drop, the length of feeder and


loading are direct functions of the feeder voltage levels.
Ex:- if feeder voltage level is doubled for the same permissible
drop, the power capacity of the feeder is four times and length
of the feeder can be increased four times.
therefore
voltage square factor = (VLN new) length ratio X load ratio
(VLN old )
length ratio = new length/old length

load ratio = new feeder loading/old feeder loading


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