Project Final PDF

EXCAVATION PROCESS
OF THE ICNE TOWER

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING PROCESS
RESEARCH PROJECT
Presented to:
Dr. Jian Hao
Prepared By:
Ali Lahlou
Omar Aoude
Jacob Peterson
Moamen Elgabry
Thomas Connolly
Mohamad Mashal
Mahmoud El-Koury
EXCAVATION PROCESS OF THE ICNE TOWER
Certification of Originality
We certify that this submission is the original work of members of the group and
meets the Facultys Expectations of Originality
Name
Student ID#
Jacob Peterson
6319270
April 1, 2015
Thomas Connolly
6338828
April 1, 2015
Omar Aoude
9761373
April 1, 2015
Moamen Elgabry
6383033
April 1, 2015
Mahmoud El-Koury
1972367
April 1, 2015
Mohamad Mashal
1129163
April 1, 2015
Ali Lahlou
5993601
April 1, 2015
Signature
Date
II
Table of Contents
Certification of Originality
II
Table of Contents
III
List of Figures
VI
1 Introduction
2 Pilling Implementation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Previous Site Investigation
2.2.1 Classification of Soils
2.2.2 Classification of Rock
2.2.2.1 Engineering properties of the rock masses

2.2.3 Tests for investigation site
3
3
2.2.3.1 Methods of In-situ tests for the exploration of soils
2.2.3.2 Laboratory tests for the exploration of soils
2.2.4 Classification of soils

2.3 The adequate piling
5
5
2.3.1 Definition and components of pile
2.3.2 Principle
2.3.3.1 Type 1. Displacement piles
2.3.3.2 Type 2. Replacement piles
2.4 Comparison of methods
3 Adjacent Buildings Retaining System
10
3.1 Introduction
10
3.2 Building A: (Concrete Wall Foundation)
11
3.2.1 Foundation Characteristics
11
3.2.2 Retaining System Description
12
3.2.3 Installation Process
13
III
3.3 Building B: (Stone Wall Foundation)
13
13
14
14
3.4 Conclusion
16
3.4.1 Comparison between the two methods
16
3.4.2 Risk Involved
16
4 Tiebacks
17
4.1 Introduction
17
4.2 Features of tiebacks
18
4.2.1 Tendons
19
4.2.2 Anchors
19
4.2.3 Grout
20
4.2.4 Anchor head
20
4.3 Installation
21
4.3.1 Site Investigation
21
4.3.2 Drilling
21
4.3.3 Tendon incorporation
22
4.3.4 Grouting
23
4.3.5 Stressing
23
4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of using tiebacks in a construction site
23
4.4.1 Advantages
24
4.4.2 Disadvantages
24
4.5 Conclusion
5 Retaining Walls
24
26
5.1 Retaining Walls
26
5.2 Concept and Theory
26
IV
5.3 Design loads and other considerations
27
5.3.1 Work Sequence:
27
5.3.2 Excavation
27
5.3.3 Installation of timber Lagging
28
5.3.4 Backfilling
28
5.4 Advantages and Drawbacks
28
5.4.1 Advantages
28
5.4.2 Drawbacks:
29
6 Rock Excavation
30
6.1 Introduction
30
6.2 Drilling
30
6.2.1 Drilling Equipment
30
6.2.2 Drilling Methods
32
6.2.3 Limitations of Drilling
32
6.3 Blasting
33
6.3.1 Fundamentals of Blasting
33
6.3.2 Preparation for Blasting
34
6.3.3 Blasting Method
34
6.3.4 Equipment
34
6.3.5 Limitations of Blasting
35
6.3.5.1 Air Shock Waves
35
6.3.5.2 Ground Vibrations
35
6.3.5.3 Fly Rock
35
6.4 Alternative to Blasting Method
36
7 Work Site Organization
37
8 Conclusion
38
9 List of References
39
List of Figures
Figure 1: Displacement Piles Process
Figure 2: Replacement Pile Process
Figure 3: Excavation Site-Google Map
11
Figure 4: Detail of retaining system
12
Figure 5: Building B Retaining System detail
15
Figure 6: Building B Retaining System details
15
Figure 7: On site
17
Figure 8: Components of Tiebacks
18
Figure 9: Continuous flight auger in action
22
Figure 10: Top hammer drilling mechanism
31
Figure 11: Top hammer drilling rig
31
Figure 12: Stages of rock blasting
33
Figure 13: Rock blasting hazards
36
VI
1 Introduction
The Icne is a high-rise project located in Montreal on the corner of Ren-Lvesque
Boulevard and de La Montagne. The project has two towers; one is a 38-storey residential
building with 358 condos and the other is a 32-storey office building. The general contractor
is Quebec based contractor Pomerleau; who are experienced in building construction. The
report will focus on the excavation process and the different methods involved in its
development. Techniques for piling, shoring of adjacent buildings, retaining wall installation,
tieback installation, rock excavation and on-going worksite preparation are discussed in
detail.
2 Pilling Implementation
2.1 Introduction
The Icne project is an enormous project and in such projects the foundation and
excavation are of immense importance in the early stage of the construction process.
Consequently, the piling implementation is an essential part of that stage; therefore it requires
to be studied in full detail.
For this building, the piling will be implemented on the perimeter of the excavation
site. In order to transfer the vertical force due to the pressure of the soil around the site
during the excavation phase. Furthermore, the piles will serve as the foundation walls of the
structure. A total of five stories will be excavated in order to realize this project. This will be
achieved by removing about three stories worth of soil and the rest will be the bedrock,
2.2 Previous Site Investigation

As it is mentioned above, and extensive and accurate investigation of the site must be
done before the construction of any project. Every project differs from one another due to the
fact the composition and type of the soil will be different. This investigation is instrumental
in choosing the method of installing the piles that is appropriate for the specific excavation
site.
2.2.1 Classification of Soils

The first layers of soil consist of various minerals and organic material, and the
composition of the soil is different creating a number of soil types with their own
characteristics. In order to differentiate these soil types and classify them, we have to do
multiple tests. There are two main types of soil:
Coarse grained soils consists of particles that are visible to the naked eyed (gravel
and sands are referred as cohesionless and non-cohesive soils).
Fine-grained soils consists of particles that are not visible to the naked eye (clays are
referred to as cohesive soils). (Society, 2006)
2.2.2 Classification of Rock

The classification of rocks relies mainly on the geological origin and the lithology and is
similar to the soil. In Table 1 we see the three type of rock, which are: igneous rock,
sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock.
Insert Table
2.2.2.1 Engineering properties of the rock masses
For the foundation purposes, the mass rock has to reach a minimum quality that
reposes mainly on the strength of the intact rock. It is understood that strength is the
maximum stress that a material, in this case the rock, can support before failure. The strength
of the rock can be classified from super weak to super strong rock. Straightway, a uniaxial
compressive force that is applied to the rock measures the strength. (Society, 2006)
2.2.3 Tests for investigation site

To be able to choose the adequate technique of pile implementation, we must first
determine the soil type and its properties. In order to do so, various tests must be carried out
for the purpose of soil classification. In this section we will discuss said tests.
2.2.3.1 Methods of In-situ tests for the exploration of soils

The following tests are accomplished directly in the site where the piling
implementation will occur.
Vane test-For measuring the undrained strength in soft and hard clays. The result
will aid in the selection of the down drag on a pile shaft for hard clays.
Standard penetration test (SPT)-This test investigates about the thickness of bearing
strata, which is a layer of rock or soil. Results give an empirical value that serves to know
the load capacity and estimation of the angle of friction.
Static cone test-This test is used to determine the sleeve friction and point of
resistance for driven piles. Estimation of the shear strength of soils and reliefs the
production of more detailed soil profiles.
Pressuremeter- This test is used to estimate the modulus of the soil.
Plate-bearing test-This test aids to get the shear strength and modulus in all kind of
soils.
Simple permeability test-This test is done with the interest of getting the estimation
of flow in permeable gravels and fissured rocks. This element, this information let to know
the strength of the rock.
2.2.3.2 Laboratory tests for the exploration of soils
Grain-Size tests: during this test, the coarse-grained soil with particles greater than
0.75 mm is the first to be sieved. Following that, a hydrometer test is carried out to analyze
the remaining fine-grained soil. Consequently, resulting in the classification of the soils
with respect to their weight.
Atterberg Limits: This test classifies the soil with respect to its engineering behavior
such as the degree of plasticity, known as the plasticity index. To achieve this, the liquid
limit (wL) and the plastic limit (wp) must be determined. The plasticity index, which is the
factor that is used to classify the soils, is determined by taking into account the water
contained in the soil and the plasticity limit.
Ip= wL - wP.
2.2.4 Classification of soils

The soils can be classified in various ways, which will depend on the characteristics of
the soils. Therefore, the more criteria we have of the soil, the better our understanding of the
soil will be.
Classification by Compactness: A term describing the compactness condition of a
cohesionless soil in a qualitative manner. This is usually deduced from the results of a
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Classification by Undrained Strength: This classification is achieved considering the
undrained strength. The results can vary from very soft to very hard consistency. In order
to obtain better results, we must have correlation between this undrained shear strength
and the SPT N-Index values. Quite simply, this is a classification for fine-grained soils.
Classification by sensitivity: Soil sensitivity can be defined as the ratio of intact to
remolded undrained shear strength. This test is measured by two ways. The first method is
conducted in the laboratory using the Swedish method of fall-cone. On the other hand the
second method is performed on site and uses the vane test which will aid in recording the
maximum torque applied to the soil before failure.
2.3 The adequate piling

2.3.1 Definition and components of pile
Piles are the foundation structures that transfer loads to different levels of the soil,
which have different mechanical characteristics. The latter must meet certain requirements in
quality to avoid any movement in the case of rupture or failure in the soil. Piles consist of
three parts: the end bearing, the pile and the pile cap. The length of anchor is defined by the
distance from the beginning of the rock layer down to the end of the pile. The anchor length
is in the resistant layers, which is the rock in our case, which are going to absorb the loads.
2.3.2 Principle
The laws of equilibrium tell us that the sum of the forces acting on the structure must be
equal to zero. Ultimately, the load applied on the pile must be equal to the friction, whether
positive or negative, and the bearing at the end of the pile. In this case both will influence the
pile equilibrium.
Remarks about the friction created by the pile during the implementation:
When the pile goes into the soil, the displacement can occur in two ways. Either, the
pile moves faster than the soil displacement, or the soil moves faster than the pile
displacement. This results in two types of frictions: positive and negative friction. The friction
due to the soil against the pile goes upward means a positive friction. This can occur as the
pile enters the soil and the soil moves in the same direction as the pile movement. However,
soil doesnt move with the same speed as the pile, ultimately creating friction in opposite
direction, upward. On the other hand, negative friction is determined when the soil
displacement is in the same direction and faster than the insertion of the pile into the soil.
(Charlesrobert, 2006)
2.3.3.1 Type 1. Displacement piles

Equipment: the most used method is using the hammer impact. Usually the weight of
the hammer is about 50 KN, which is two times the weight of the pile. The diesel hammer lets
the hammer fall at different heights. There are singles- acting hammer and double-acting
hammers. The latter applies a force downward resulting in greater impact.
5 of 35
Banut 850 piling rig, hydraulically operated machine with forward, backward and
side-to-side raking facilities. Overall height of rig 25m.
Pile driving rig with hanging leaders
Banut 850 piling rig, hydraulically operated machine with forward, backward and side-to-side
raking facilities. Overall height of rig 25m.
Pile driving rig with hanging leaders
Method: totally pre-formed displacement piles, with either tubular or solid sections, are
Method - Totally pre-formed displacement piles are driven into the soil; their shape is either tubular or
driven into the soil. The movement is by jacking, vibration and or driving.
solid sections. The movement is by jacking, vibration and or driving.
Vibratory method is often used for installing sheet pilings and mostly achieved by
Vibratory method is more used for installing sheet pilings and the most used method is the hammer
hammer impact. Three classes of piles are found for this type of piles: Auger screw piles,
impact. Three classes of piles from are found for this type of piles: Auger screw piles, totally preformed
totally preformed pile and driven cast-in-place. Furthermore, these different types of piles
pile and driven cast-in-place. Furthermore, these different types of piles can be made from different
can be
from various
materials
as steel,ofconcrete
and
or a combination of
materials
as made
steel, concrete
and timber
or a such
combination
two, steel
andtimber
concrete.
two.
Limitation- when the pile is made from concrete, the head of the pile is going to experience distortion or
Limitation: the head of the pile can experience distortion or get damaged when the
damaged. Noise and vibration may cause major problems. In-group, the effect of moving the soil can
milea is
made
of concrete.
andstructures.
vibration may cause major problems. Additionally, the
produce
major
problem
on theNoise
adjacent
effect of moving the soil can produce a major problem on adjacent structures.
Figure 1 Displacement Piles Process (Civil Engineer Forum, 2013)
Figure 1: Displacement Piles Process
2.3.3.2
Type
2. 2.
Replacement
piles
2.3.3.2
Type
Replacement
piles
Equipment-Track-mounted
Drill.Drill,
It has
a mast
and a of
boom.
It isand
considered
light model as
of
Equipment: Track-mounted
which
consists
a mast
a boom, as
is considered
track-mounted drill, up to 80-100 ft deep.
model
of track-mounted
a light
Auger
Rig with
Kelly bar drive.drill and is up to 80-100 ft deep.
Auger rig (spinning off) spoil.
Auger Rig with Kelly bar drive.
Method- (Piles
and Pile Foundations 2012)-For this type of pile, and actual cylindrical shape of soil is
Auger rig (spinning off) spoil.
removed creating a hole with a temporary boring wall support, and then this is filled with pre-cast
concrete. Percussion boring, rotary boring, continuous flight auger piles and micropiles can complete the
excavation part. Three different classes from this type of piles can be determined; bored cast-in-place,
7
grout-intruded CFA and concrete-intruded CFA. Sequence for the installation for one of this type of piles:

Method: (Piles and Pile Foundations 2012) For this type of pile, an actual cylindrical
hole with a temporary boring wall support is created in the soil, and then is filled with precast concrete.The excavation part could then be completer by Percussion boring, rotary
boring, continuous flight auger piles and micropiles . This type of piles has three classes
consisting of; bored cast-in-place, grout-intruded CFA and concrete-intruded CFA. Sequence
for the installation for one of this type of piles:
1. Driving the
tube the
intotube
the into
ground
(using the
hammer
impact)impact)
Driving
the ground
(using
the hammer
2. Driving until
the until
required
depth is depth
reached
Driving
the required
is reached
3. The reinforcement
cage iscage
place
thein
hole
filledfilled
with with
concrete
The reinforcement
is in
place
the and
holethen
and then
concrete
4. Compact
the concrete by vibrating as the tube is withdrawn
Compact the concrete by vibrating as the tube is withdrawn
5. Complete concrete pile
Complete concrete pile
Limitation- The concrete is not poured in the best conditions and it cannot be inspected. This method
also takes ground
off the soil,
leading to
settlement
of the
thebest
structures.
Limitation:
The concrete
is not
poured in
conditions and it cannot be inspected.
This method also takes ground off the soil, leading to settlement of the structures.
Figure 2 Replacement Pile Process (US Department of Transportation, 2007)
2.4
Comparison of methods
Figure 2: Replacement Pile Process
The objective of the piles is to support the structure, retaining walls during the excavation and being part
of the structure form of the future foundation walls, as is the case of ICONE project. Piles are key factor in
the design of the foundations. The more detailed and extended the site investigation is, the performance
of any method chosen is higher. It is recommended that the depth of exploration should be at 8least one
and a half time the width of the loaded area. To realize a proper site investigation, the foundation design,
the tolerance of the structure to settlement, it is desirable to have a minimum of comprehensive
2.4 Comparison of methods

Piles are of immense importance for the foundation of the project as they support the
structure, retain walls during the excavation and being part of the structure form of the future
foundation walls. For the best method to be chosen, a thorough investigation of the soil must
be done. It is recommended that the depth of exploration should be at least one and a half
time the width of the loaded area. From a structural stand point, if the piles have a
considerable length, we must implement reinforcement in the form of steel rods in the
concrete piles. Consequently, this will increase the strength capacity of the pile. For the Icne
Project, the piles used are also subjected to bending due tothe the pressure of the surrounding
soil.
Furthermore, the groundwater conditions are of equal importance. It is essential to
gather a comprehensive profile of the soil in order to have a better understanding of the site
and be ready for any future complications. Other aspect that should be taken into account
during the site investigation:
Seismic risk
Aggressive soil conditions
Possibility of aquifer pollution (If the ground is contaminated)
Acceptable levels of noise
Sensitivity of neighbouring structures
Vibration and soil displacement
The selection of a suitable pile type is controlled by external factors such as; access
conditions, cost, vibration or noise level. Thus, there is no simple way to choose the best pile
for the prevailing soil with its different characteristics. (Viggiani, Mandolini, & Russo, 2012)
3 Adjacent Buildings Retaining System

3.1 Introduction
New construction projects require the demolition of existing structures and excavation
for the new building. The construction activity with the highest potential impact on adjacent
buildings happens during the excavation process for the new building. The excavation
process creates a weakness in the bearing capacity of the soil. Due to the removal of existing
soil, the adjacent buildings might be subjected to severe settlement or complete destruction.
As a result, it is required to install temporary earth supports such as cantilevered systems,
anchored systems strutted systems. A proper adjacent system is determined after making a
field investigation by the engineers working on the project. The Icne towers is a project
taking place in the downtown of Montral and expected for completion in the spring 2016.
Two major buildings are located on the perimeter of the studied excavation site. Building A is
located on 1221 Blvd Ren-Lvesque West and building B is located on 1181 Rue de La
Montagne. For the Icne Towers, two different rating systems were determined for the
building. First, there is the concrete foundation system designed for building A. The retaining
system was easily stabilized by a standard retaining system due to the fact that the
foundation of the building was made of concrete. However, for building B, engineers were
obligated to come up with an alternative innovative system to fit the buildings
particularities. There was an old stone foundation where building B was planned to be built.
Under these circumstances, the engineers decided to design a system to save the old stone
and set the retaining system.
10
!
Figure 3: Excavation Site-Google Map
3.2 Building A: (Concrete Wall Foundation)

For this building, all plans and foundation drawings were available, which made the
job easy for engineers to design the retaining system. Building A has a traditional concrete
foundation, which includes concrete walls and concrete footings. This type of foundation is
the most common type, which makes the process for installing the retaining system easy and
predictable.
11
Figure 4: Detail of retaining system
The retaining system consists of a 90 metal brackets, which are mounted on rails
connected to the piles. All piles exposed to the foundation wall of building A have their own
brackets, which will create an upward force on the foundation footing. The details of the
retaining system are shown in figure 2. It can be seen that the bracket is placed under the
footing to reduce settlement that could occur in the future. The mechanism of this bracket
works by calculating the soil bearing capacity under the footing and the same load will then
by applied on the bracket to recreate the equilibrium state. This kind of bracket is called
active. All calculation needed for the bracket are determined by engineers and regulated by
construction codes.
12

This is considered a regular installation process for retaining systems in construction
sites. After the workers finish the general excavation phase and reach the planned depth of
the foundation footing, a temporary access hole is dug under the footing and around the pile.
Then, workers will be asked to weld rail on the pile and mount the bracket on the rail. At this
moment, the bracket is loose and doesnt apply any force on the footing. After making sure of
the placement of the bracket, rail and of course the pile itself, a hydraulic jack will be placed
under the bracket, which will apply the necessary loads to prevent settlement of the footing.
The last step is to weld the brackets to rails to permanently fix the two components together.
Each of the brackets is done individually one by one. This way, the risk of settlements due to
the operation under the structure is minimized.
3.3 Building B: (Stone Wall Foundation)

As previously mentioned, there was some technical challenges faced by the engineers
and they had to plan an innovative design to overcome these problems. After the general
excavation was complete, engineers found that the foundation of the building was a
stonewall, which is unpredictable and could affect the work progress of any project. What
added more difficulties is the lack of information for the adjacent building and no details
were determined for the depth of this stone wall. This required more caution while placing
the retailing system for building B.
13

The main components of the retaining system for building B are likely to be the same as
building A. The engineers used a 90 metal bracket mounted on rails, which are fixed on the
pile. However, there are some updates made on the regular system to fit the particularities of
the site for building B. First, two brackets are mounted on each pile. They are installed side
by side on a U shaped plate, which is connected to the pile. This provides a double surface
contact between the brackets and the stonewall, which will reduce the point stress at every
bracket. Moreover, there was more usage of the brackets as there was no single footing as in
building A. The workers had to add more brackets at multiple depths of the excavation. This
will provide more uniform stress distribution on fragile stonewall foundation. Furthermore,
the engineers couldnt specify the total depth of the wall foundation, so the addition of
brackets will ensure safety and secure the building more. This system is considered a passive
system as no upward forces were applied on the brackets. The reason for taking this path is to
reduce the total stress on the stonewall. Engineers couldnt collect enough information about
the stonewall, such as the total depth and the strength of the stonewall and if it can resist the
applied force. As a result, no upward forces are required to provide the necessary retaining
capacity and this was the way the stress is distributed over the brackets grid. Finally, the
same way as for building A, every pile exposed to the foundation wall has brackets on it.

The installation process for building B was almost the same as building A.
Nevertheless; some changes were made on the system to fit the site particularities for
building B. First, the installation for the metal brackets on the piles didnt change from
building A. On the other hand, connecting the piles to the foundation stone wall was
different than that of building A. The reason for that is the missing information about this
building and the bottom bracket wont fit the whole foundation, which could cause some risk
on the adjacent building. To overcome this difficulty, engineers decided to remove one stone
14
from the foundation wall in order to create room for the bracket to penetrate the wall. This
way, the bracket leans on the bottom surface of the upper stone. The details for the system
were illustrated in figure 5. Finally, as in building A, every pile exposed to the foundation
wall has brackets on it.
Figure 5: Building B Retaining System detail
Figure 6: Building B Retaining System details
15
3.4 Conclusion
3.4.1 Comparison between the two methods
Engineers working on the Icne towers came up with two different retaining system
based on the site characteristics for the two buildings. First, an active system was used for
building A while a passive one was assigned for building B. The differences between the two
systems were explained in the previous sections. Building B consisted of an alternative
method that was designed just for this project to fit the special requirements of the building.
3.4.2 Risk Involved

Settlements can occur while installing such systems as buildings are subjected to
instabilities due to the excavation process. These settlements should be monitored using
settlements sensors placed at the critical locations of the structure. The values of settlements
of the adjacent building should be within the range specified by construction codes. The
settlement can be seen on buildings in the form of cracks around windows or openings in the
walls. If settlements werent monitored regularly, major collapses and the damage of the
buildings can occur and cause catastrophes to the contractor.
16
4 Tiebacks
4.1 Introduction
According to (Allen and Iano, 2004), tiebacks are basically materials which are used in
the construction industry for the provision of horizontal resisting force for the restraining
walls. The main reasons why tiebacks are always used is that there is a need to avoid
noticeable deflection of both the interior and finish walls and also reduction of earth
pressures experienced by the permanent walls which are constructed behind temporary
walls. Their use involves grouting stranded steel or steel bar of sufficient strength through a
rock or soil, which is behind a wall that is supposed to be restrained. What should be noted is
that their use is restricted to locations which have rocks and the ones whose soil is neither
soft clays nor silt. The other structures which can be used instead of tiebacks are the rakers
and braces. Tiebacks were majorly used in the construction of the ICNE project for retaining
walls around its perimeter except for a few areas where corner braces were used. Areas,
where corner braces were used, are in the adjacent building retaining walls whose location is
at Ren-Lvesque Boulevard West (Skyscrapercity.com, 2015). Because the tiebacks are the
ones which are mainly used for the support of the retaining walls at the construction site, this
section is intended for their discussion of their structure to their full installation procedure.
The figure below shows how tiebacks have been used in the Icne construction site.
Figure 7: On site
17
4.2 Features of tiebacks

Tiebacks often pose various components which make it superior to its function. The
parts are as discussed below and also shown in the figure below (Duncan, 1992).
Figure 8: Components of Tiebacks
18
4.2.1 Tendons
These are the steel wires or bars which transfer the horizontal forces from the structure
to the soil or rock. The most common tendon types are the threaded steel bars, cables, wires
or plain bars. The choice of the material being used for this part greatly depends on the
amount of tensile strength and flexibility required. During the Icne construction site tour,
the information provided was that steel wires were used as tendons and that their
incorporation into the rock was at 45 degrees. Features which are checked before a material is
used as a tendon includes its elastic properties, mechanical strength and response to creep.
Proper corrosion protection measures are always employed to the tendons because they are
always in constant contact with the ground. The various corrosion protection techniques
which are commonly employed includes, surrounding the tendons with a fluid such as
grease, coating of the tendons with substances which are non-corrosive such as plastic
sheaths or bitumen and using the tendon as a sacrificial anode.
4.2.2 Anchors
The tendons used to anchor the walls must always be connected to the soil. This is done
through the use of anchors. There are various types of anchors whose choice depends on the
construction engineer. Anchors which may be used include, a simple cylinder which is
basically a hole drilled into a rock or soil, and then the hole is filled with grout, a cylinder
enlarged though grout pressure which entails drilling a hole as the one above, but the grout is
placed into the hole under high pressure resulting into a bell-shaped area and the final
method which involves enlargement of a cylinder through mechanical means. At the Icne
construction site, the type of anchor that was used was the cylindrical type which was drilled
six meters into the rock. It should be noted that the type of anchor used greatly depends on
the type of soil or whether a rock is used.
19
4.2.3 Grout
This is just a mixture which has water, cement and other admixtures. It is very
important in tieback construction as it is the one which develops either the anchor-soil bond
or anchor-rock bond, hence securing the tieback. Its main functions include the transfer of
load from the anchor to the soil or rock as well as acting as a corrosion protector of the
tendons as it eliminates its direct contact with the ground. The composition of grout should
be made in such a way as to make the overall grout less corrosive and also exhibit sufficient
mechanical strength for holding the tendons in place without slipping. The factors greatly
depend on the choice of the mixture together with the contaminants which might be present
in the water used such as sugars, chlorides and organics which may end up accelerating
corrosion. The admixtures which may be added to the grout includes sand which is used as a
filler and chemical agents which are used for hardening acceleration, flow improvement and
control of shrinking.
4.2.4 Anchor head

The major function of this part is the transfer of load from the tendon into the retaining
wall. This load transfer is done through structures which are used for holding the tendons
and the metal plates or rails which are used to distribute the loads evenly on the restraining
wall through timber lagging so as to prevent it from being destroyed. The most common
design of the anchor head is a cone or a wedge which is used to secure the tendons through a
tapered hole. This design is efficient because as tensioning takes place, the cones or the
wedges are always forced into the holes, thereby pinching them and locking them together in
place. A well designed and placed anchor head always allows simultaneous stressing of the
wires and individual locking off of the same wires. The anchor heads are always exposed to
the external environmental factors. Hence, special design is necessary so as to prevent them
from undergoing corrosion. The most common corrosion protection mechanism applied to
the anchor heads include the use of plastic caps which are filled with grease.
20
4.3 Installation
Icne building is located in Montreal and before the use of tiebacks around most areas
of the construction perimeter, there were specific procedures which were followed to ensure
proper operation after their installation as discussed below (Chen and Duan, 2000).
4.3.1 Site Investigation

This is a mandatory and very important procedure as it leads to a lot of decisions being
made before the construction project commences. The information gathered from this
investigation is used to determine the method to be used for installation of the tiebacks, the
kind of corrosion protection to be employed, the materials to be used for the installation and
finally the capacity and the method of placing the tiebacks. It is at this stage that the rock and
soil samples are analysed, ground water is also analysed to determine the long-term effects of
corrosion and even the Geotechnical stability is investigated so as to determine the
magnitudes and intensity of the horizontal forces which will be exerted by the soil on the
wall. As is the case with the Icne construction site, the municipal utilities such as sewerage
systems and water lines were checked, underground structures such as the tiebacks from the
adjacent buildings and even the foundations of the adjacent buildings.
4.3.2 Drilling
After the investigation of the construction site by the construction specialists and
tieback construction is permitted, the drilling of the holes where the anchors are to be
mounted is done. Incompetency during drilling always leads to failures, and this is why a
competent contractor is always given the duty to carry out this task. The drilling always
ranges from horizontal to nearly upward vertical holes. The majority of the tiebacks are
always installed in holes which are drilled at 45 degrees so as to ensure reaching of the hard
rocks which are located way below the ground surface. The drilling method being employed
always depends on the material being drilled as in if it is either a rock or soil. This can lead to
21
diamond drills being used or use of blasts which is occasionally used. Rotary drills are the
ones which are used when the drilling matter is soil. This process is always followed by
flushing which is intended to remove the drilled materials. The flushing process always
includes the use of water, air or bentonite slurry. The figure below shows a continuous flight
auger which is used for drilling of tieback boreholes.
Figure 9: Continuous flight auger in action
The first and the second level of tiebacks at the Icne construction site were through the
soil while the third and the final levels were on a rock.
4.3.3 Tendon incorporation

Just after the drilling of the holes has been carried out, the next procedure is inserting
the tendons in place in a process known as homing. A protective cone is always placed at the
end of the tendon to prevent it from damaging the sides of the borehole after which spacers
and centralizers are placed. The function of the centralizers is to keep the tendon wires at the
centre of the borehole while spacers are used to keep the tendons in a parallel position and at
the same time prevent them from tangling and coming into contact with each other as this
may result in high concentration of stress and subsequent failure. What should be noted is
22
that lubrication is provided at the points of contact between the centralizers, spacers and the
individual tendons so as to reduce friction build up during stress conditions.
4.3.4 Grouting
This is the process of incorporating grout into the borehole. It can be done as a single
stage or two stage. In single stage, the grout is placed after the tendon has already been put in
place inside the borehole while in two stages, the primary grout is first placed inside the
borehole then the tendons are inserted not later than 30 minutes after grouting then
afterwards, the secondary grouting is done.
4.3.5 Stressing
This is done about 24 hours after both the tendons and the grout has been put in place.
The main function of this is to ensure that the anchors provides a known load and also to
guarantee the development of the required capacity for testing of the anchors. This process is
done through the use of a hydraulic jack to pull up the tendons while at the same time
ensuring that they are not tangled. It should be noted that the end of stressing, all the forces
in the individual tendons should be equal. The tendons are then secured after stressing by
use of bolts in the anchor head.
4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of using tiebacks in a construction site

The use of tiebacks does exhibit both advantages and disadvantages especially when
compared to other methods such as the use of braces and rakers. They are illustrated below
(Winterkorn and Fang, 1975).
23
4.4.1 Advantages
It leads to a reduction in the disturbance due to construction especially in urban
construction sites as there is the elimination of the nearby structures underpinning.
There is a reduction in the amount of reinforced concrete for use in the retaining
wall construction.
There is elimination of the use of wall support structures such as the foundation
piles especially in mountainous areas exhibiting slopes which are unstable.
Backfilling, which is always placed behind the walls, are eliminated
There is a reduction in the amount of concrete work together with excavation
which is necessary for placement of footings.
Tie backs support a lot of soil types and site conditions therefore it is applicable
to reconstruction and repairs of existing structures hence cost effective.
4.4.2 Disadvantages
There is a lot of possibility of the tiebacks effectiveness being affected by nearby
constructions as is the case with the Icne building which leads to the use of braces at
the areas located next to the adjacent building on Ren-Lvesque Boulevard West.
Metallic inclusions may not be effective for use in environments which are highly
corrosive especially when durability is a concern.
There is also a lack of standard procedures for designing tiebacks.
4.5 Conclusion
The need to provide horizontal restraining forces in retaining walls is always necessary
especially when huge structures are to be built. This the reason why tiebacks are used. The
use of tiebacks was greatly witnessed in Icne project construction site perimeter as opposed
to alternative methods like braces which were minimally used. Tiebacks mainly consist of
tendons which are the steel wires used for the connection of the anchor heads to the anchors,
24
grout which is the mixture used for keeping the tieback in place either in the soil or the rock,
anchor had which is the outer part of the tieback that that is always in contact with the
restraining wall through timber lagging for even force distribution and finally an anchor
which is the part that connects the grout to the tendon.
The installation process of the tiebacks is started by carrying out a site investigation so
that specific factors are considered for efficient and effective tieback construction, drilling of
the borehole is carried out afterwards using specialized equipment and then tendons are put
in place. Grout is then added to attach the tendons to the soil or rock and then after drying of
the grout which might be 2 days or more, stressing is carried out on the tendons and then
they are held back by the use of anchor heads which are meant to evenly distribute the
horizontal tension forces to the retaining wall though the timber lagging.
25
5 Retaining Walls
5.1 Retaining Walls
To be certain that a deep excavation job is executed in a perfectly safe way, the earth or
soil around a work zone must be retained or held back to guarantee it does not collapse. As
mentioned before the method used for retaining was a tieback anchored vertical soldier piles
with timber lagging retaining wall. In this section the theory and application techniques of
the tieback anchors will be discussed.
5.2 Concept and Theory

The role of retaining walls, just like all other structural components that are part of a
greater structure is to transfer loads and forces to the right elements, ultimately transferring
these loads to an external component, in our case the ground is the external component. With
timber lagging retaining walls, the lagging refers to the earth retaining element since it covers
most of the walls surface area. Hence, lagging is the section of the wall that transfers the
loads to the equidistant piles located on both sides and driven deep below the ground.
In conventional piles with timber lagging retaining walls, lateral forces acting on the
lagging y the surrounding earth is only transferred to the adjacent piles on both sides of the
wall. Because of this the piles must be placed deep enough below the surface, to insure the
loads are transferred properly, providing long term stability. With the case in hand, the piles
are only cantilevered on 1.5 m in the rock, and due to the importance factor of the deep
excavation, tieback anchors are placed to transfer additional loads from the piles to the
ground. Its important to take note the significance of the tiebacks and there role in
distributing of forces.
By definition, soldier piles with timber lagging retaining walls can be use for either
temporary of permanent purposes.
The design process of each situation might differ
according to design guidelines, but the main idea remains almost identical. In our case, the
26
retaining walls were permanently installed and used as formwork for upcoming concrete
foundations.
5.3 Design loads and other considerations

When a deep excavation is needed, like in this case, usually a specialized third party
would be brought in for the task; most likely a subcontractor specialized in deep excavations.
This is because design and building process of retaining walls requires a lot of hands on
experience from the contractor.
5.3.1 Work Sequence:

A typical sequence of construction of soldier piles and timber lagging consists of:
1. Perimeter excavation of a soil sample (around 4 ft)
2. Installation of timber lagging and connection to piling
3. Backfilling behind the timber lagging
4. Compacting the backfill.
In the next few paragraphs the construction of timber lagging retaining walls will be
discussed in detailed steps.
5.3.2 Excavation
Excavation for soldier piles is an incremental process done in small portions by
removing the soil in small laters, after which the timber is planted for support. Each removed
layer is around 4 to 5 ft deep, depending on cohesion factor of the soil. Because the face of the
excavated layer is kept unsupported until installation of the timber and the backfill is
compacted, it is very crucial to abide by the maximum height derived from the cohesion
tests.
27
5.3.3 Installation of timber Lagging

After each layer of around 4 feet is excavated, piece of wood are installed while making
sure all voids are filled with dry straw. Installing straw between layers stops the backfilling
gravel from leaking or escaping in case of rain which could be common. The straw forms a
sort of paste when wet blocking the leaking. The size of the wood is decided on according to
the lateral loads such that they can support the loads without cracking or deflecting more
than the allowable limit. Type of wood or wood grade can greatly affect its performance.
5.3.4 Backfilling
Prior to placing the top timber lagging part, any voids behind the retaining wall is
backfilled with gravel and compacted to create further support for the soil. This step is done
manually by workers.
5.4 Advantages and Drawbacks

5.4.1 Advantages
With our case, the timber lagging wall was also used as formwork for the concrete
foundations, avoiding additional formwork. This results in a significant formwork savings.
Another advantage is that timber lagging walls are less costly to install relative to other
retaining systems.
28
5.4.2 Drawbacks:
One of the differences between timber lagging and sheet piles soldier piles in the
installation method is that timber lagging does not prevent water from seeping into the
excavation. In this case the ground water was not an issue hence sheet piles were not needed.
Some other drawbacks to using timber lagging soldier piles are:
Its limitation to compatible soils, meaning soil must be cohesive enough
to hold while lagging is under installation and backfilled.
Deflections must be observed regularly, especially during cold weather
where freezing water can expand and cause an increase in pressure on the wall.
29
6 Rock Excavation
6.1 Introduction
The Icne Tower will have five-level underground parking; therefore extensive
excavation of bedrock is necessary as approximately half of the underground levels are below
the rock layer. To achieve the required excavation depth, blasting was used for this project,
because it is the most efficient method of achieving deep excavation into bedrock. The first
step in the blasting process is drilling. Holes are drilled into the rock in order to place the
explosives in a precise location, ensuring proper rock fracturing and safety. In this section, we
will discuss the methods, equipment and limitations involved with the blasting method of
excavation.
6.2 Drilling
As mentioned, drilling blast holes is the first step in rock blasting. Holes are drilled
deep into rock at various locations for the explosives to be placed in. These holes allow for
the explosives to break the rock apart after exploding. Proper drilling locations are integral to:
ensuring the safety of workers and the surrounding area as well as attaining the required
rock fracturing.
6.2.1 Drilling Equipment

The three main types of drills used for rock excavation are: hydraulic or pneumatic
drifters, down-the-hole drill, and hydraulic rotary drilling (Heini, 1999).
Drifters, also known as top-hammer drills, consist of a large drill bit attached to a large
boom. The steel-studded drill bit is driven down into the rock whilst striking and rotating
simultaneously. The percussive force ranges from 2000 to 5000 strikes per minutes while
rotating between 100 to 400 revolutions per minute. As the rock is broken up, the material is
pushed out of the hole using air or water pressure. It should be noted that the entire drill
30
part of blasting since it provides access for placing the explosives at precise
sult in the desired rock breakage.
shaft is moving up and down during the percussive oscillations, limiting drill depth. These
types of drills are most often powered using large hydraulic pumps, however, some use
t can be used for rock excavation are: Top hammer drilling (hydraulic or pneumatic),
air. (Heini,
This was1999)
the method used for the excavation of the Icne tower project.
) drilling andcompressed
Rotary Drilling.
ovides a rapid percussion force and a
Figure 16 (Top-Hammer Drilling Illustration) (Heini,

1999)
rock surface. The hydraulic version of

a percussion frequency ranging from
minute and the pneumatic version has a

ranging from 2000 to 4500 hit per
ion of the drill is a function of many

be adjusted so that the drilling speed
Nowadays, the hydraulic version of the
much more preferred and used in the
same way as top hammer drill except
ammer is within the shaft going in the

is no percussion motor on top of the rod as shown in Figure 16. This will provide a
Figure 10: Top hammer drilling mechanism
ge, about 60 meters. However, this kind of drilling is mostly used in underground
Icne project is not. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ks just as top hammer drilling except that there is no percussion force on the rock.
orce, which is basically the pushing of the drill on the rock.
vation Process for a High-Rise Downtown Building | December 2, 2013
Page 25 of 35
Figure 11: Top hammer drilling rig
31
Down-the-hole drillers are essentially very large jackhammers that operate similarly to
drifters, except the drill bit does not rotate. Like drifters, down-the-hole drillers consist of a
drill bit attached to a boom, however, only the drill bit itself moves up and down. This
feature allows for very deep holes to be drilled, thus, down-the-hole drilling is most often
used for digging water wells and mining. This method was not used for the Icne Tower
project as it exceeded the required depths.
Hydraulic rotating drilling consists of a diamond studded drill bit that is pushed into
the rock while rotating. These drills excrete drilling muds to cool the drill bit at the point of
contact because the friction generated during drilling produces large amounts of heat. This
method allows for the greatest depth, capable of drilling kilometers into the earths surface.
Due to its ability to reach great depths, this method of drilling is primarily used for oil and
gas extraction. It is infrequently used for drilling blast holes.
6.2.2 Drilling Methods

For the purpose of placing explosives, there are two basic methods of rock drilling,
vertical and horizontal drilling (Andrew, Bartingale, & Hume). Vertical drilling is most often
used; it involves drilling holes from the top down into the bedrock. Horizontal drilling is
used when access to the top of the rock layer is limited. For the Icne tower, vertical drilling
is used because there is full access to surface of the rock.
6.2.3 Limitations of Drilling

The major limitation of rock drilling for the purpose of blasting is that all of the drilled
holes must be arranged in a very specific manner. This is not always possible due to the
nature of the terrain. If the holes are not drilled in the proper patterns with correct depths, it
can cause improper breakage of the rocks or unwanted damage to the bedrock. To combat
32
this, the location and depth of holes must be precisely planned and measured (Atlas Corpco
RDE, 2002).
6.3 Blasting
6.3.1 Fundamentals of Blasting
In order to excavate rock using blasting, a hole is drilled in between the solid rock
mass and a free face and explosives placed inside the hole. Upon detonation, the explosives
create an outward compressive force inside the hole, on the free side of the explosion. The
force travels outward to the free face and rebounds back towards the hole, creating both
compressive and tensile stress in the rock section located between the hole and the free face.
These stresses cause the rock to fracture creating small voids and gases created during the
explosion rush into the voids and expand rapidly. This rapid expansion of gas causes the rock
section to break apart and collapse (Heini, 1999). This process is illustrated in the figure
below.
Figure 17 (Rock blasting stages) (Heini, 1999)
1.3.2
Planning Sequence
Figure 12: Stages of rock blasting
The subcontractor in charge of the blasting operations must carefully plan the whole sequence of
explosive implementation and the blasting itself. In fact, the contractor must take into account many
variables, which will affect the outcome of the blast such as rock properties, explosive properties, blast
geometry, environment and safety. None of these factors can be neglected since when the round of
explosives are detonated, no rectification can be made.
1.3.3
1.3.3.1
Methods
Controlled Blasting
Controlled blasting is a method of blasting which will create less breakage by drilling tightly spaced holes
33
6.3.2 Preparation for Blasting

A specialized contractor is often responsible for the blasting process as it is an intricate
and delicate operation. The subcontractor must meticulously every aspect of the blast.
Factors that are important to the outcome of a blast are: rock properties, explosive type, blast
geometry, surrounding environment, and safety. Planning is the most important part of the
blasting process because unlike other construction processes, after detonation of the
explosives, the affects are irreversible.
6.3.3 Blasting Method

The blasting method used in this project is known as controlled blasting. This method
uses large charges and tightly spaced holes in order to create smaller, more controllable rock
breakage. This method is slower than other blasting methods but is desirable because greatly
reduces the risk of over blasting (Andrew, Bartingale, & Hume, 2011). Over blasting is the
unintentional fracturing of nearby rocks, it is very important to avoid over blasting in an
urban area as it may affect the structural integrity of adjacent buildings. Another type of
blasting is called production blasting. This method uses large charges and widely spaced
holes in order to maximize rock breakage. This method is commonly used for mining and is
not suitable for usage in urban construction.
6.3.4 Equipment
In addition to the drilling equipment discussed earlier, the other main component of
blasting is the explosives. Explosives allow for rapid excavation using energy from chemical
reactions, rather than energy from man or machine power. The type of explosives used
depends on the rock: type, hardness and geometry (Andrew, Bartingale, & Hume, 2011). We
were unable to determine the exact explosive type used during the excavation of the Icne
tower, however, it is likely that the explosive used ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO) as it is
the most widely used explosive used for excavation purposes. ANFO emerged as a improved
34
alternative to traditional dynamite due to its low cost, water resistance and performance in
small diameters (Cook, 1974).
6.3.5 Limitations of Blasting

When conducting excavation using blasting in a dense, urban area, there are three
factors that need to be carefully controlled to ensure the safety of the public and surround
environment. These three factors are: shockwaves, ground vibrations, and fly rock (Heini,
1999).
6.3.5.1 Air Shock Waves

When an explosive is detonated it produces high-pressure, energy carrying waves
through the air. If at a close enough proximity, these waves can injure or even be fatal to
people. Calculations of the potential shock wave distance must be done in order to keep the
workers and the public at a safe distance when detonation occurs. Furthermore, studies of the
surrounding buildings must be done so that the shockwave does not cause structural damage
or break windows.
6.3.5.2 Ground Vibrations

In addition to shock waves, ground vibrations caused by explosions can also damage
adjacent buildings. Similarly to air shock waves, ground vibrations are energy-carrying
waves except they propagate through the bedrock as opposed to the air. It is necessary to
determine the wave velocity, wavelength and condition of surrounding buildings and roads
in order to avoid potential damage (Heini, 1999).
6.3.5.3 Fly Rock

Another hazard associated with the blasting method is known as fly rock. Due to the
massive forces produced by explosions can cause small broken off pieces of rock to travel at
35
Other
quipment, which will not be explained, are needed for rock blasting such as firing cord and
caps, detonating cord and detonating delays, electric blasting caps (detonators), shock wave
on to detonation caps, magnadet system and electronic detonators. (Heini, 1999) Further
high speed through the air. If unaccounted for, fly rock can travel large distances at cause
ons can be found through Heini, M. (1999). Rock Excavation Handbook. Helsinki: Sandvik
injury or damage to property. To combat this, calculations of possible fly rock distances must
Limitations be calculated and a safe perimeter should be established during blasting.

Figure 18 (Three factors that affect environment in blasting)
ng, especially blasting in an urban
ment such as the Tour Icne project,

factors that must be considered for
ty of people and the surroundings
s. These factors are air shock
ground vibrations and flyrock. The
subcontractor must carefully control
ee components in order to make a
avation. (Heini, 1999)

Air Shock Waves
Figure 13: Rock blasting hazards

k waves are pressure waves travelling through air from the detonation charges at the excavation
blasting subcontractor must consider proximity of anyone or buildings from the blast. This must
dered with decibels

calculations/predictions
and airMethod
pressure calculations/predictions. People are
6.4 Alternative
to Blasting
d to the high decibels of explosions, especially in an urban excavation, and those must be
The hammering method is the primary alternative to the drill and blast method for the
as much as possible to avoid any complaints. Moreover, pressure waves must not exceed the
excavation
of rock.
The windows
hammering
methodto.entails
replacing
theresult
bucket
m pressure that
the neighbouring
building
are subjected
A high pressure
would
w breaking and
subcontractor
be held
responsible
for. the
a the
large
hydraulicwould
hammer
that
breaks up
Ground Vibrations
its simplicity
of an excavator with
rocks. The main advantages of this method are
and low cost. The excavation is highly controllable and safe as there are no
t unwanted destructive forces in rock blasting are ground vibrations. These vibrations are, as air
shock waves, large ground vibrations or fly rock. Furthermore, the cost per hour is
aves, travelling waves except in the rock itself. These vibrations travel through the rock and can
significantly lower than that of blasting. However, this low cost is offset by the amount of
Deep Excavation
for atake
High-Rise
Downtownall
Building
| December
2, 2013at
timeProcess
it would
to hammer
of the
rock located
29tower
of 35 site. The time required
thePage
Icne
for excavation using hammering was the main reason that the blasting method was chosen.
36
7 Work Site Organization

During deep excavations, the site organization plays an important role in the overall
productivity of the project. In order to work in an efficient manner, the sequence of activities
must be anticipated and the general contractor must prepare the terrain accordingly. In the
following paragraphs, the worksite layout will be presented briefly, in order for the reader to
have a better understanding of the conditions.
As a result of being located in downtown Montreal, the work site is small and
surrounded by other buildings. There is limited room available for anything other than
machinery. Therefore, only the necessary is left in the excavation, and the rest is above
ground level.
The main work access for the site (for machinery and haul trucks) was located on De La
Montagne Street. It is crucial the the general contractor maintained a sloped access in good
condition. The maintenance of this access ramp is in fact paramount to good workflow since
the transportation of excavated soil and other materials must be made flawlessly.
The trailers were installed above ground on the corner of the excavation, and an aerial
walkway was providing for quick access to the site. A ladder allowed the general contractor
representatives to quickly pass from the trailers to the bottom of the excavation.
37
8 Conclusion
In this report we discussed in detail the steps involved in an excavation process for a
project located in a downtown location. When performing downtown excavations, particular
attention must be paid to the surrounding environment. Buildings, streets and sidewalks
surround the site; thus, the soil retention technique used must be chosen carefully to ensure
the safety of workers and the general public. Furthermore, vehicle circulation around the site
also has to be considered during the excavation.
The excavation process is complex and many techniques are available to contractors.
However, the techniques for piling implementation used were soldier piles with timber
lagging and tieback anchors. The excavation also required retaining the adjacent buildings as
well as rock excavation using blasting.
38
9 List of References
Heini, M. (1999). Rock Excavation Handbook. Helsinki: Sandvik Tamrock.
US Department of Transportation. (2007, April). Geotechnical Engineering Circular
(GEC) No. 8 Design And Construction Of Continuous Flight Auger Piles Final. From Federal
Highway
Administration:
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/pubs/
gec8/02.cfm
Washington State Department of Transportation. (2007 July). Design Memorandum Soldier Pile and Lagging Design Requirements. From Washington State Department of
Transportation: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/eesc/bridge/designmemos/07-2007.htm
Viggiani, Mandolini, & Russo. (2012). Piles and pile foundstions. Spon Press.
A.H. Beck Foundation Co. Inc. (2013). Soldier Piles, Tie-Backs and Lagging. From A.H. Beck
Foundtion
Co.
Inc:
http://www.ahbeck.com/cms/Services/SoldierPilesTieBacksandLagging/
tabid/140/Default.aspx
Andrew, R. D., Bartingale, R., & Hume, H. (2011, January). Context Sensitive Rock Slope
Design Solutions - Chapter 3 Rock Excavation Methods. From U.S. Department of Transportation
- Federal Highway Administration: http://www.cflhd.gov/programs/techDevelopment/
geotech/css/
Atlas Corpco RDE. (2002, 09 10). Contour Blasting. From Blasting Applications: http://
1 9 4 . 1 3 2 . 1 0 4 . 1 4 3 / We b s i t e s % 5 C R D E % 5 C w e b s i t e . n s f / $ A l l /
D56DA6D38997CBBE41256749007C73D F?OpenDocument
Beaubien, C., Lucic, M., & Richer, Y. (2002, June 5). From Matrice de gestion structurale
des
quais
du
port
de
Montral:
http://pedago.cegepoutaouais.qc.ca/media/
0260309/0378334/SCGC- BON/Documents/ST119-Richer.pdf
39
California Department of Transportation. (2013). Bridge Manual. From California

Department
of
Transportation:
http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/techpubs/manual/
bridgemanuals/bridge-design- specifications/page/section5.pdf
Civil Engineer Forum. (2013). Pile Foundation Steel Piles. From Civil Engineer Forum:
http://civilengineersforum.com/pile-foundation-steel-piles-concrete-piles-timber-pilescomposite-piles/
Charlesrobert, A. (2006). Encyclopdie du btiment. Paris: d. TI.
Day, R. W. (2006). Foundation Engineering Handbook: Design and Construction with the
2006
Domotor, R. (2011). Controlled Blasting for Civil Construction in an Urban
Environment. Beenleigh, AUS: Explo Conference / Melbourne.
Schnabel, H., & Schnabel, H. W. (2002). Tiebacks in Foundation Engineering and
Construction. Steenwijk: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers.
Society, C. G. (2006). Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (Vol. 4). Spijkerman, S.
(2012, 07 12). Cautious Blasting in Urban Areas. Singapore.
RWH Engineering Inc. (2013). Soldier Piles and Lagging. From RWH Engineering Inc:
http://www.rwhengineering.ca/services/solderp.php
Allen, E. and Iano, J. (2004). Fundamentals of building construction. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley
& Sons.
Chen, W. and Duan, L. (2000). Bridge engineering handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Duncan, C. (1992). Soils and foundations for architects and engineers. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Skyscrapercity.com, (2015). MONTREAL | Projects & Construction - Page 10 SkyscraperCity. [online] Available at: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?
t=321788&page=10 [Accessed 21 Mar. 2015].
40
Winterkorn, H. and Fang, H. (1975). Foundation engineering handbook. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
Cook, Melvin A. (1974).The Science of Industrial Explosives. IRECO Chemicals. p.2.
41

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EXCAVATION PROCESS

OF THE ICNE TOWER

EXCAVATION PROCESS OF THE ICNE TOWER

EXCAVATION PROCESS OF THE ICNE TOWER

2.2 Previous Site Investigation

2.2.1 Classification of Soils

2.2.2 Classification of Rock

2.2.2.1 Engineering properties of the rock masses

2.2.3.1 Methods of In-situ tests for the exploration of soils

2.2.3.2 Laboratory tests for the exploration of soils

2.2.4 Classification of soils

2.3.1 Definition and components of pile

2.3.3.1 Type 1. Displacement piles

2.3.3.2 Type 2. Replacement piles

2.4 Comparison of methods

3 Adjacent Buildings Retaining System

3.2 Building A: (Concrete Wall Foundation)

3.2.1 Foundation Characteristics

3.2.2 Retaining System Description

3.2.3 Installation Process

EXCAVATION PROCESS OF THE ICNE TOWER

3.3 Building B: (Stone Wall Foundation)

3.3.1 Foundation Characteristics

3.3.2 Retaining System Description

3.3.3 Installation Process

3.4.1 Comparison between the two methods

3.4.2 Risk Involved

4.2 Features of tiebacks

4.2.4 Anchor head

4.3.1 Site Investigation

4.3.3 Tendon incorporation

4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of using tiebacks in a construction site

5.1 Retaining Walls

5.2 Concept and Theory

EXCAVATION PROCESS OF THE ICNE TOWER

5.3 Design loads and other considerations

5.3.1 Work Sequence:

5.3.3 Installation of timber Lagging

5.4 Advantages and Drawbacks

6.2.1 Drilling Equipment

6.2.2 Drilling Methods

6.2.3 Limitations of Drilling

6.3.1 Fundamentals of Blasting

6.3.2 Preparation for Blasting

6.3.3 Blasting Method

6.3.5 Limitations of Blasting

6.3.5.1 Air Shock Waves

6.3.5.2 Ground Vibrations

6.3.5.3 Fly Rock

6.4 Alternative to Blasting Method

7 Work Site Organization

EXCAVATION PROCESS OF THE ICNE TOWER

Figure 2: Replacement Pile Process

Figure 3: Excavation Site-Google Map

Figure 4: Detail of retaining system

Figure 5: Building B Retaining System detail

Figure 6: Building B Retaining System details

Figure 8: Components of Tiebacks

Figure 9: Continuous flight auger in action

Figure 10: Top hammer drilling mechanism

Figure 11: Top hammer drilling rig

Figure 12: Stages of rock blasting

Figure 13: Rock blasting hazards