Annotated Bibliographies

Primary Articles
Johnson, Lyndon B. "Speech Before Congress on Voting Rights." Speech Before Congress on
Voting Rights. Joint Session of Congress, Washington D.C. 15 Mar. 1965. Speech.
President Johnson gave a very important speech to Congress concerning African
Americans voting rights. Johnson stated that every man should have the right to vote and
that the civil rights problems challenge the entire country, not one region or group. C.T.
Vivian, along with other SCLC activists, influenced Johnsons future decision of signing
the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
King, Martin L. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin
Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Leland Stanford Junior University,
N.d. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/
encyclopedia_contents>.
This website provides many primary source papers written by Martin Luther King Jr.
and gives us information about other leaders, including C.T. Vivian, and their impact on
and during the civil rights movement. This information told us what C.T. Vivian did as
a part of the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement.
News, Joanne Berger DuMound Sun. "C. T. Vivian in Berea Remembers Martin Luther King
Jr."Cleveland.com. N.p., 24 Jan. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.cleveland.com/berea/index.ssf/2013/01/c_t_vivian_in_berea_remembers.ht
ml>.

Vivian highly respected Martin Luther King Jr. and his ambitions during the Civil Rights
movement. This primary source displays Vivians personable leadership qualities by
honoring Kings accomplishments.
Rabe, Stephen, Dr. "C.T. Vivian Interview." E-mail interview. 23 Nov. 2014.
The interview with this professor gave much information on the legacy of Vivian that he
left after his strong leadership was recognized during the Civil Rights Movement. The
information was used to give details of the great deal of effort Vivian put into making a
change in the world.
Selma: The Bridge to the Ballot. Dir. Bill Brummel. Southern Poverty Law Center, 2015. DVD.
This film gave a very good insight to how the marches were organized and led, along
with the influence and importance of the leadership roles during this time. Although
Martin Luther King, Jr. was considered to be the main man during the Civil Right
Movement, he could not have done it with C.T. Vivian and other authorities helping and
leading an entire population to the right to vote and have opportunities in the political
world.
Suggs, Ernie. "The Freedom Fighter: How Atlanta's C.T. Vivian Changed History."The Atlanta
Journal-Constitution. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 14 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Nov.
2014. <http://www.myajc.com/news/news/freedom-fighter-how-atlantas-ct-vivianchanged-his/ncJqc/>.
This primary source displayed Vivians passion toward defending his rights as an African
American. This article/video was prominent in strengthening our knowledge of Vivians
drive toward the end of segregation.

Voting Rights. Prod. WGBH and Washington University in St. Louis. Perf. Reverend Vivian/ Ms.
Zecosy Williams. Voting Rights. Institute of Museum and Library Services, n.d. Web. 17
Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/iml04.soc.ush.civil.voting/voting-rights/>.
Vivian denounced Sheriff Clark, one of the officials responsible for the violent arrests of
civil rights protestors during the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches at a voting rights
protest rally. This source revealed Vivians leadership characteristic by his ability to sway
the crowds political opinion and persuade them to unite.
Primary Books
Vivian, Cordy T. Black Power and the American Myth. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1970. Print.
C. T. Vivians book, Black Power and the American Myth, is a primary resource that
gives Vivians personal view of the Civil Rights movement. The book gave personal
information and motive that agreed with his leadership role in the civil rights movement
and also deepened our understanding of what happened to fulfill the civil rights
movement.
Primary Images
Chase, John C. "In 1892, We Were Here." States-Item [New Orleans] 1977: n. pag. Print.
http://www.knowla.org/entry/737/&view=image-gallery
This image is a political cartoon that shows the contradiction in court cases. We used this
image on our website to emphasize the discrimination against African Americans that
occurred in Supreme Court.

Civil Rights Act of 1964. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Dec.
2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964>.
This website provided us with a picture to capture the importance of the Civil Rights Act.
Civil Rights Act of 1965. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 13 Dec.
2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965>.
This website provided a picture that helped visualize the Civil Rights Act of 1965
document.
"Civil Rights Photographs."Civil Rights Collection of the Nashville Public Library. Nashville
Public Library, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.library.nashville.org/civilrights/photos.htm>.
This website contained a collection of photographs taken during the Civil Rights era.
These photos displayed the treatment of African Americans during this time of racial
segregation. These photos strengthened our understandings of the Civil Rights
movement through the eyes of African Americans.
Cole, John. "Rosa Parks." The Scranton Times 27 Oct. 2005: n. pag. Print.
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/mauldin/mauldin-cartoonist.html
This political cartoon showed that African Americans were taking action to make blacks
and whites obtain equal rights. We used this political cartoon to show that several African
Americans had taken action in order to help achieve equal civil rights and equality with
the white race in general
C.T. Vivian. Digital image. Desert News. Erin Haines, 7 Jan. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://img.deseretnews.com/images/article/midres/716664/716664.jpg>.

This image helps to illustrate Vivian's legacy by providing a current image of him to
contrast how he looked when he was younger.
Deborah Wiless picture. Digital image. Georgia Authors. DeKalb County Public Library, 30
Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2015. <www.georgiacenterforthebook.org/Georgia-LiteraryMap/Georgia-Author-Detail.php?record_id=179>.
We used this image in The Interventions tab. Wiles is a prize-winning author of novels
and picture books for young readers. Wiles and Vivian both share vital leadership
qualities which promoted both of them to stand up for discrimination.
Digital image. USA Geography Quizzes - Fun Map Games. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/usaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-USA15.htm>.
This website provided a picture a large group of people fighting for Civil Rights. It
exemplifies the amount of leadership ability C.T. Vivian must have to unite such a large
group.
Martin Luther King Jr. Digital image. NoblePrize.org. NoblePrize.org, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html>.
We used this image in The Interventions tab. King was a very famous Civil Rights
activist best known for his powerful and influential speeches. Vivian worked alongside
King throughout the Civil Rights Movement and shared very similar leadership qualities.
Without each other, both wouldnt have had as impacting and lasting of an legacies.

Maya Angelou's picture. Digital image. Academy of Achievement. American Academy of

Achievement, 28 May 2014. Web. 28 Mar. 2015
<www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ang0bio-1>.
We used this image in The Interventions tab. Angelou is best known for her series of
seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. Both
Angelou and Vivian share the same idea that everyone deserves equal opportunities.
Mug Shot. Digital image. Speak Out! Speak Out Now Staff, 2008. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.speakoutnow.org/img/pic/Vivian%20Mug%20Shot.jpg>.
We used this picture on our Historical Background page. This is Vivians mug shot that
was taken when we was arrested for protesting. Vivians arrest reveals his dedication
which is a vital leadership skill.
Selma to Montgomery march. Digital image. King Institute. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research
and Education Institute, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://mlkkpp01.stanford.edu/resources/uploads/selmatomontgomerymarch.jpg>.
This image was taken during the Selma to Montgomery march. Vivians courage, a
critical leadership quality, is exemplified through this picture.
Smith, Jada F. Casting Call: Lee Daniels' 'Selma' Digital image. The Root. The Slate Group, a
raham Holdings Company, 16 Mar. 2010. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.
http://www.theroot.com/photos/2010/03/casting_the_lee_daniels_film_selma.html>.
This website provided an image necessary to capture C.T. Vivian's leadership against
Sheriff Jim Clark during the Selma campaign.

Primary Interviews
Dulaney, Marvin, Dr. "C.T. Vivian Interview." E-mail interview. 23 Nov. 2014.
This interview with a college professor gave us information that affirmed C. T. Vivians
legacy. We used the information to emphasize and explain how Vivian was such a great
leader during the Civil Rights Movement till now.
"Interview with C. T. Vivian." Interview by Blackside, Inc. Eyes on the Prize Interviews | The
Complete Series. N.p., 23 Jan. 1986. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://digital.wustl.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?
c=eop;cc=eop;rgn=main;view=text;idno=viv0015.0233.104>.
An interview with C.T. Vivian was conducted mostly about his life in Nashville. It
helped us to understand his leadership and how Nashville has affected it. Additionally,
the extended amount of dialogue helped us to to more clearly grasp his character.
Kelly, Jill, Dr. "C.T. Vivian Interview." E-mail interview. 23 Nov. 2014.
The interview with the college professor that has degrees in historical knowledge gave us
a credible person to receive information about C.T. Vivians leadership role during the
Civil Rights Movement. We used this information as details of his leadership throughout
the movement.
Littlejohn, Jeff, Dr. "C.T. Vivian Interview." E-mail interview. 6 Dec. 2014.
The interview with the professor gave specific details that we were unaware of, even after
our thorough research. This information was used to bring more attention to Vivians
leadership that ended up leaving a legacy.
Pruitt, Bernadette, Dr. "C.T. Vivian Interview." E-mail interview. 6 Dec. 2014.

Through the secondary interview with the professor we gained knowledge of details in
the civil rights movement that reflected on C. T. Vivians leadership ability. We used the
information we gained to put more details that explained how Vivian left a legacy.
Ring, Natalie, Dr. "C.T. Vivian Interview." E-mail interview. 23 Nov. 2014.
The interview with someone on the College Board for history gave us insight of the steps
Vivian took to lead people during the Civil Rights Movement and make a change. The
information we received was put toward the impressive details that aided in the
confirmation of Vivians strong leadership abilities.
Vivian, C. T. "C. T. Vivian Oral History Interview Conducted by Taylor Branch in Atlanta,
Georgia, 2011-03-29." Interview by Taylor Branch. Library Of Congress. Civil Rights
History Project (U.S.), 29 Mar. 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.loc.gov/item/afc2010039_crhp0006/>.
This interview helps us understand more of C.T. Vivian's personal background.
Additionally, the more than 4 hour interview allowed us to grasp his character,
persona, and oral ability. It helps to establish how influential his leadership was in the
Civil Rights Movement and cement how his legacy affects Civil Rights today.
Primary Songs
Legend, John, and Common. Glory. John Legend, 2014. MP3.
Glory was a song written for the 2014 Selma movie. The creation of the song in
conjunction with the movie shows the legacy that Vivian's leadership has upheld even in
modern times.
The Golden Gospel Singers. Oh Freedom! 1997. MP3.

Oh Freedom! was as post-Civil War song originally sung by Joan Baez. This song helps
to understand how African Americans felt after gaining the right to vote and underscores
the Importance of Vivian's leadership and legacy in the Selma campaign to obtain voting
rights.
Primary Videos
African American Remember Discrimination of the Past. Dir. VOA Video. Perf. Chris Simkins.
African American Remember Discrimination of the Past. Youtube, 26 Aug. 2013. Web. 12
Dec. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSaq5d_2TEs>.
This video exhibited how African Americans were mistreated by the whites. This primary
source was important in understanding why Vivian wanted to take action during the Civil
Rights movement, thus a motivation for his leadership.
C.T. Vivian: Freedom Rides. Perf. C.T. Vivian. Youtube. Visionary Project, 22 Mar. 2010. Web.
20 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3zTjNKLVLO4&list=PLCwE4GdJdVRK4JtQ0WsBPAfy7j>.
This video helped to understand Vivian's role in the Freedom Rides. This primary source
revealed Vivians allegiance and devotion to the protests by him stating he said that we
would risk everything in order to stand up for his beliefs, further exemplifying his prolific
leadership.
Rivers, Don. Dr. C.T. Vivian. Youtube. Youtube, 20 June 2012. Web. 24 November 2014.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9Iy6NGmdg4>
The video presented on the website is a primary source and gives information and point

of view through the interview. The video provides an example of C.T. Vivians impact out
during the marches and also gives us several of his views and frustrations with the racists.
Secondary Articles
Cole, Peter. "Vivian, Cordy Tindell "C.T." (1924- ) | The Black Past: Remembered and
Reclaimed." BlackPast.org-Remembered and Reclaimed. BlackPast.org, n.d. Web. 07
Nov. 2014. <http://www.blackpast.org/aah/vivian-cordy-tindell-c-t-1924>.
This website was useful in broadening our knowledge concerning Vivians background.
"C.T. Vivian, Civil Rights Icon, Places His Papers with Emory University." Emory Libraries and
Information Technology. Emory University, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
<http://marbl.library.emory.edu/about/news-events/news/2014/vivian-places-papers-atemory.html>.
Vivian donated a substantial amount of his personal archives to Emory University. This
donation demonstrates the legacy Vivian has left because the university continues to
highly value his work.
Democracy in Action. Freedom Riders. PBS, n.d. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://www.
pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/issues/democracy-in-action>
This website presented our group with a secondary source associated with the Freedom
Riders. C.T. Vivian was one of the leaders for the Freedom Riders and not only did this
give an idea of the drive these people had for the civil rights movements, but it also
showed us how it affected their legacy.
Dreier, Peter. The Little-Known Story of We Shall Overcome. Huffington Post. HPMG
News, 29 October 2013. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com

/peter-dreier/we-shall-overcome_b_3835195.html>
This website provided a secondary source and elaborated on the legacy and unity of the
people fighting for the civil rights movement and revealed how that unity and strength
had an impact on the outcome of the movement.
Fox, Margalit. "Jim Clark, Sheriff Who Enforced Segregation, Dies at 84." The New York Times.
Arthur Sulzberger, Jr., 7 June 2007. Web. 24 November 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com.
/2007/06/07/us/07clark.html?_r=1&>.
The New York Times website with a news article about Jim Clark is a secondary source.
This article gives us an example of the harassment the black people faced everyday while
they fought for their rights. It also shows their leadership in this fight for civil rights
because they withheld themselves and protested without violence.
Hamlin, Francoise N. "1961 in Mississippi: Beyond the Freedom Riders."Mississippi History
Now. Mississippi History Now, May 2011. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
<http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/369/1961-in-mississippi-beyond-thefreedom-riders>.
Mississippi had many Civil Rights activist groups whose main goal was to end
segregation. This secondary source was important to our website because it broadened
our understanding concerning the amount of activist groups who strove for equality.
Hatfield, Edward A. "Freedom Rides." New Georgia Encyclopedia. New Georgia Encyclopedia,
11 Apr. 2008. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/historyarchaeology/freedom-rides>.

Freedom riders were civil rights activists who protested on local buses by refusing to
follow segregation laws. This source elaborated on how Vivian partook in these protests,
demonstrating his determination.
History.com Staf. "SNCC." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc>.
The SNCC was a group that gave younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights
movement. This source broadened our knowledge about SNCC which Vivian participated
in and later became a leader of.
Lee, Barry E. ""The Nashville Civil Rights Movement: A Study of the Phenomenon of
Intentional Leadership Development and Its Consequences for Local Movements and
the National Civil Rights Movement." Diss. Georgia State U, 2010. Georgia State
University, 4 Sept. 2010. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/16/>.
This dissertation expanded upon the impact of Nashville in the Civil Rights
Movement. It helped us see the Nashville influence that became part of Vivian's
leadership.
Lewis, Cynthia P. "Southern Christian Leadership Conference." Southern Christian Leadership
Conference. University Publications of America, 1995. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/sclc.html>.
This article explains the role and importance of The Southern Christian Leadership
Conference. It helps us to understand the influence of the SCLC on C.T. Vivian as a

leader as well as shed light on Vivian's connection with other Civil Rights Activists
such as Martin Luther King Jr.
Lifson, Amy. "Freedom Riders." National Endowment for the Humanities. Humanities, MayJune 2011. Web. 14 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2011/mayjune/feature/freedom-riders>.
This website allowed us to have more insight on what the Freedom Riders did and
how they impacted the Civil Rights movement. This allowed us to further understand
why the Africans Americans did what they did as well as provide a motivation for C.T.
Vivian to become a leader.
"Martin Luther King, Jr: Fighting for Equal Rights in America." Tavaana. Tavaana, n.d. Web. 10
Dec. 2014. <https://tavaana.org/en/content/martin-luther-king-jr-fighting-equal-rightsamerica-0>.
King and Vivian shared the same goals and views concerning the Civil Rights movement.
This source gave us a deeper insight on their motivations, which help uncover how
Vivian led the people.
Mauldin, Bill. "By Th' Way, What's That Big Word?" St. Louis Post 15 May 1962: n. pag. Print.
http://www.politicalcartoons.com/cartoon/db270dc3-9e33-4140-b319-c5ec72b7e6a3.html
This image showed a political cartoon that showed us how the literacy tests for African
Americans was hypocritical. We used it to emphasize the fact that even though racial
segregation was put to an end legally, it was still occurring.
McGavin, Maureen. "C.T. Vivian, Civil Rights Icon, Places Papers with MARBL." Emory News
Center. Emory University, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
<http://news.emory.edu/stories/2014/01/library_ct_vivian_papers/campus.html>.

Emory has had a standing relationship with C.T. Vivian since 1997. The newspaper
article helps us to understand his historical background that led to his great leadership
as well as his longstanding legacy in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Additionally, his legacy is further expanded by his donation of his late wife's papers
with the Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University.
"Rev. Dr. C.T. Vivian to Receive a Civil Rights Legend Award." PBS100 Celebrating One
Century of Service. PBS.org, 16 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. <http://pbs100.org/ctvivian-civil-rights-legend-award/>.
Vivian received the Civil Rights Legend Award on January 11, 2014. This award honors
Vivian for being an influential Civil Rights activist and verified his leadership ability as
well as continues his legacy as an important figure.
Staub, Justin. An Evening with Rev. Dr. C.T. Vivian. Dr. Staub. N.p., 24 Feb. 2013. Web. 12
Dec. 2014. <https://drstaub.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/an-evening-with-rev-dr-c-t-v
ivian/>.
This website describes a seminar Vivian led. Vivian spoke about how the Civil Rights
movement reflects in society today. This secondary source reveals Vivians humility, a
vital leadership quality, by Vivian not talking about himself.
Teaching Tolerance. The Southern Poverty Law Center. N.p, n.d. Web. 26 March 2015. <
http://www.tolerance.org/>
This website gives information about diversity and equal opportunity to teachers through
kits and films so that they may spread this knowledge to the generations to come. This
website gives a voice against racial discrimination and keeps the new generations from

repeating the past, just like C.T. Vivian was one of the leaders in the Civil Rights
Movement that made it possible for there to be no legal racial discrimination at voting
polls.
"The Faculty Lounge: The Sit-Ins, A View From The Other Side." 'The Faculty Lounge'The
Faculty Lounge Staff, 4 Feb. 2010. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.thefacultylounge.org/2010/02/sitins-from-the-other-side.html>
This site gave us information on Civil Right sit-ins, which were African American
protests by occupying an area. Vivian participated in these sit-ins even though he knew
the risks of protesting against the government, exemplifying his leadership.
WIU News. C.T. Vivian Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom." Western Illinois University.
WIU News, 21 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.wiu.edu/news/newsrelease.php?release_id=11222>.
Vivian was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his exquisite ability to
lead others in the Civil Rights Movement. This source authenticated the legacy Vivian
left behind during his protests because President Obama recognized his past by not only
verbalizing it himself but by quoting Rosa Parks, another recognizable Civil Rights
activist.
WIU News. "86-year-old Civil Rights Leader at WIU: Education the Next Frontier for Equal
Rights." Western Illinois University. WIU News, 17 Sept. 2010. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.wiu.edu/news/newsrelease.php?release_id=8386>.

Vivian spoke to WIU about how vital education is by comparing it to the importance of
the Civil Rights Movement. This source displays Vivians legacy by continuing to have
an impact on people dealing with controversial issues.
Secondary Images
Civil Rights Living Legend to Appear at BW as Part of Martin Luther King Week Observance.
Baldwin Wallace University. N.p, n.d. Web. 24 November 2014. < http://www.bw.edu/
news/ ctvivian/lewis-vivian-king-300-thumb.jpg>
This image is a prime example of C.T. Vivian being a leader in the civil rights movement
and shows his connection with Martin Luther King.
C.T. Vivian. Digital image. Coatesville Area NAACP. Coatesville Area NAACP, 2013. Web. 09
Dec. 2014. <http://coatesvillenaacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ctvivian_10a.jpg>
We used this image in order to display C.T. Vivians joyful personality. It helps us
understand a a vital leadership quality that Vivian possesses, which is the ability to be
likeable by those who are being lead.
The Nashville Tennessean. The Walk. Digital image. Civil Rights Living Legend To Appear at
BW as Part of Martin Luther King Week Observance. Baldwin Wallace University, n.d.
Web. 12 Dec. 2014. <http://www.bw.edu/news/ctvivian/vivian_marching-300thumb.jpg>.
We used this picture on the historical background tab on our website. The picture
displayed Vivians determination to publicly condemn Sheriff Clark, one of the officials
responsible for the violent arrests of civil rights protestors during the 1965 Selma to
Montgomery marches.

Secondary Videos
Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient - Cordy Tindell "C.T." Vivian. Perf. C.T. Vivian. The
White House. Youtube, 22 Nov. 2014. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/11/22/presidential-medalfreedom-recipient-cordy-tindell-ct-vivian>.
This video illustrated Vivians concern for African American treatment during the Civil
Rights Movement. This amount of concern reiterates Vivians leadership qualities by
displaying Vivians sympathetic attitude.