International Conference on Information Communication & Embedded Systems (ICICES 2014)

THD Reduction and Voltage Flicker Mitigation in

Power System Base on STATCOM
Mr. Tejasreenu Tadivaka

Mr. M.Srikanth

Mr. T.Vijay Muni

Asst. Professor Department of EEE

K L University
Guntur, India
tejasreenu.tadivakk@gmail.com

Asst. Professor Department of EEE

K L University
Guntur, India
sikanth_ee250@kluniversity.in

Assoc. Professor Department of EEE

NRI Institute of Technology
Vijayawada Rural, India
vijaymuni1986@gmail.com

AbstractVoltage flicker is a disturbance in electrical power

systems. The reason for this disturbance is mainly due to the
large nonlinear loads such as electric arc furnaces. A STATCOM
is considered as a proper technique to mitigate the voltage
flicker. Application of more suitable and precise power electronic
converter leads to a more precise performance of the
compensator.
The voltage flicker compensation by 6 pulse as well as 12
pulse static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been
performed. In this case, injection of harmonics into the system
caused some problems which were later overcome by using 12pulse assignment of SATCOM and RLC filter.
This paper deals with the voltage flicker mitigation and
reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) and compared the
results in detail.
The obtained results show that STATCOM is very efficient
and effective for the compensation and mitigation of voltage
flicker and harmonics all the simulation results have been
performed on the MATLAB Software.
Keywordsvoltage flicker, STATCOM, THD, RLC Filter

I.
INTRODUCTION
Voltage flicker occurs when heavy loads are periodically
turned on and off in a weak distribution system. If the
distribution systems short circuit capacity is not large enough,
voltage fluctuations will occur. Starting large motors require an
inrush current, which causes a decrease in voltage. This voltage
depression may cause a visible flicker on lighting circuits
connected to the same power system. Voltage flickering can be
extremely harmful to sensitive electronic equipment.
Computerized equipment requires stable voltage to perform
properly. For this reason, voltage flicker is a major power
quality problem [1].
The magnitude of the voltage flicker depends upon the size
and type of the electrical load that is producing the disturbance.
A sag in voltage can also cause a voltage flicker; sudden
voltage drops in the electrical distribution system can generate
inrush current which can travel into sensitive equipment.
The relationship between power quality and distribution
system has been a subject of interest for several years. The
concept of power quality describes the quality of the supplier
voltage in relation to the transient breaks, falling voltage,
harmonics and voltage flicker. Voltage Flicker is the
disturbance of lightning induced by voltage fluctuations. Very
small variations are enough to induce lightning disturbance for

human eye for a standard 230V, 60W coiled-coil filament

lamp. The disturbance becomes perceptible for voltage
variation frequency of 10 Hz and relative magnitude of 0.26%
[3]. Huge non-linear industrial loads such as the electrical arc
furnaces [4-5] , pumps, welding machines, rolling mills and
others are known as flicker generators. In this respect, the
quality of supplied voltage is significantly reduced in an
electrical power system and the oscillation of supplied voltage
appears to be a major problem. Electric arc furnace, the main
generator of voltage flicker, behaves in the form of a constant
reactance and a variable resistance [2].
In principle, all shunt-type controllers inject additional
current into the system at the point of common coupling
(PCC). An impedance of the shunt controller, which is
connected to the line voltage, causes a variable current flow,
and hence represents an injection of current into the line.
As long as the injected current is in phase quadrature with
the line voltage, the shunt controller only supplies or consumes
variable reactive power.
The ultimate objective of applying reactive shunt
compensation in a transmission system is to increase the
transmittable power capability from the generator to the load,
which is required to improve the steady-state transmission
characteristic as well as the stability of the system.
The shunt controller [1, 6 -14]: basically consists of three
groups:
1. Static var compensator (SVC)
1.1 Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and thyristor
switched reactor (TSR)
1.2 Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)
2. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)
3. Static synchronous generator (SSG) or STATCOM with
energy-storage system (ESS)
II. INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY
The power quality problem is defined as any problem
manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviations that
result in mal-operation of customer equipment. The power
quality problem causes the deterioration of performance of
various sensitive electronic and electric equipments. The good
quality of power can be specified as the supply voltage should
be within guaranteed tolerance of declared value. The wave
shape should be pure sinusoidal within allowable limits for
distortion. The voltage should be balanced in all three phases.
Supply should be reliable i.e. continuous availability without

ISBN No.978-1-4799-3834-6/14/$31.002014 IEEE

International Conference on Information Communication & Embedded Systems (ICICES 2014)

interruption Modern industrial machinery and commercial
computer networks are prone to many different failure modes.
When the assembly line stops, or the computer network crashes
for no apparent reason, very often the electric power quality is
suspected. It is a convenient culprit, as it is invisible and not
easy to defend. Power quality problems may be very difficult
to troubleshoot, and often the electric power may not have any
relation to the actual problem. For example, in an industrial
plant the faults of an automated assembly machine may
ultimately be traced to fluctuations in the compressed air
supply or a faulty hydraulic valve. Or in an office building, the
problems on a local area network may be find their root cause
with coaxial cable tee locations that are too close together,
causing reflections and signal loss.

Fig 1: Power Quality and Reliability

The contemporary container crane industry, like many

other industry segments, is often enamoured by the bells and
whistles, colourful diagnostic displays, high speed
performance, and levels of automation that can be achieved.
Although these features and their indirectly related computer
based enhancements are key issues to an efficient terminal
operation, we must not forget the foundation upon which we
are building. Power quality is the mortar which bonds the
Foundation blocks. Power quality also affects terminal
operating economics, crane reliability, our environment, and
initial investment in power distribution systems to support
new crane installations.
To quote the utility company newsletter which
accompanied the last monthly issue of my home utility billing:
Using electricity wisely is a good environmental and business
practice which saves you money, reduces emissions from
generating plants, and conserves our Natural resources. As
we are all aware, container crane performance requirements
continue to increase at an astounding rate. Next generation
container cranes, already in the bidding process, will require
average power demands of 1500 to 2000 kW almost double
the total average Demand three years ago. The rapid increase
in power demand levels, an increase in container crane
population, SCR converter crane drive retrofits and the large
AC and DC drives needed to power and control these cranes
will increase awareness of the power quality issue in the very
near future.
A. Power Quality Problems
For the purpose of this article, we shall define power
quality problems as: Any power problem that results in

failure or disoperation of customer equipment manifests itself

as an economic burden to the user, or produces negative
impacts on the environment. When applied to the container
crane industry, the power issues which degrade power quality
include:
Power Factor
Harmonic Distortion
Voltage Transients
Voltage Sags or Dips
Voltage Swells
The AC and DC variable speed drives utilized on board
container cranes are significant contributors to total harmonic
current and voltage distortion. Whereas SCR phase control
creates the desirable average power factor, DC SCR drives
operate at less than this. In addition, line notching occurs
when SCRs commutate, creating transient peak recovery
voltages that can be 3 to 4 times the nominal line voltage
depending upon the system impedance and the size of the
drives. The frequency and severity of these power system
disturbances varies with the speed of the drive. Harmonic
current injection by AC and DC drives will be highest when
the drives are operating at slow speeds. Power factor will be
lowest when DC drives are operating at slow speeds or during
initial acceleration and deceleration periods, increasing to its
maximum value when the SCRs are fazed on to produce rated
or base speed.
Above base speed, the power factor essentially remains
constant. Unfortunately, container cranes can spend
considerable time at low speeds as the operator attempts to
spot and land containers. Poor power factor places a greater
kVA demand burden on the utility or engine-alternator power
source. Low power factor loads can also affect the voltage
stability which can ultimately result in detrimental effects on
the life of sensitive electronic equipment or even intermittent
malfunction. Voltage transients created by DC drive SCR line
notching, AC drive voltage chopping, and high frequency
harmonic voltages and currents are all significant sources of
noise and disturbance to sensitive electronic equipment
It has been our experience that end users often do not
associate power quality problems with Container cranes, either
because they are totally unaware of such issues or there was
no economic Consequence if power quality was not addressed.
Before the advent of solid-state power supplies, Power factor
was reasonable, and harmonic current injection was minimal.
Not until the crane Population multiplied, power demands per
crane increased, and static power conversion became the way
of life, did power quality issues begin to emerge.
Even as harmonic distortion and power Factor issues
surfaced, no one was really prepared. Even today, crane
builders and electrical drive System vendors avoid the issue
during competitive bidding for new cranes. Rather than focus
on Awareness and understanding of the potential issues, the
power quality issue is intentionally or unintentionally ignored.
Power quality problem solutions are available. Although the
solutions are not free, in most cases, they do represent a good

ISBN No.978-1-4799-3834-6/14/$31.002014 IEEE

International Conference on Information Communication & Embedded Systems (ICICES 2014)

return on investment. However, if power quality is not
specified, it most likely will not be delivered.
Power quality can be improved through:
Power factor correction,
Harmonic filtering,
Special line notch filtering,
Transient voltage surge suppression,
Proper earthing systems.

available in converters for high and even highest voltage

levels. The overall starting points are network elements
influencing the reactive power or the impedance of a part of
the power system. Figure 2 shows a number of basic devices
separated into the conventional ones and the FACTS-devices.

B. Power Quality Benefits

Power quality in the container terminal environment
impacts the economics of the terminal operation, affects
reliability of the terminal equipment, and affects other
consumers served by the same utility service. Each of these
concerns is explored in the following paragraphs.
Economic Impact
Equipment Reliability
Power System Adequacy
Environment
III. INTRODUCTION TO FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission Systems, called FACTS, got in
the recent years a well-known term for higher controllability in
power systems by means of power electronic devices. Several
FACTS-devices have been introduced for various applications
worldwide. A number of new types of devices are in the stage
of being introduced in practice.
In most of the applications the controllability is used to
avoid cost intensive or landscape requiring extensions of power
systems, for instance like upgrades or additions of substations
and power lines. FACTS-devices provide a better adaptation to
varying operational conditions and improve the usage of
existing installations. The basic applications of FACTS-devices
are:
Power flow control,
Increase of transmission capability,
Voltage control,
Reactive power compensation,
Stability improvement,
Power quality improvement,
Power conditioning,
Flicker mitigation,
Interconnection of renewable and distributed
generation and storages.
The usage of lines for active power transmission should be
ideally up to the thermal limits. Voltage and stability limits
shall be shifted with the means of the several different FACTS
devices. It can be seen that with growing line length, the
opportunity for FACTS devices gets more and more
important. The influence of FACTS-devices is achieved
through switched or controlled shunt compensation, series
compensation or phase shift control. The devices work
electrically as fast current, voltage or impedance controllers.
The power electronic allows very short reaction times down to
far below one second. The development of FACTS-devices
has started with the growing capabilities of power electronic
components. Devices for high power levels have been made

Fig 2. Overview of FACTS devices

IV.

VOLTAGE FLICKER

Flicker is a difficult problem to quantify and to solve. The

untimely combination of the following factors is required for
flicker to be a problem: 1) some deviation in voltage
supplying lighting circuits and 2) a person being present to
view the possible change in light intensity due to the voltage
deviation. The human factor significantly complicates the
issue and for this reason flicker has historically been deemed
"a problem of perception." The voltage deviations involved
are often much less than the thresholds of susceptibility for
electrical equipment, so major operating problems are only
experienced in rare cases. To office personnel, on the other
hand, voltage deviations on the order of a few tenths of one
percent could produce extremely annoying fluctuations in the
output of lights, especially if the frequency of repetitive
deviations is 5-15 Hz. Due to the clear relationship between
voltage deviation and light response, the term "flicker" often
means different things to different people with the
interpretation primarily governed by the concerns of a
particular discussion.
V.

VOLTAGE FLICKER COMPENSATION

A typical two-bus power system shown in figure 3 is

simulated in MATLAB for this study. It can be seen that the
voltage oscillation was produced by a 3-phase flicker source
connected to the main bus-bar by specifying the amplitude of
modulation the signal increments and decrements with respect
to unit value.
The related compensation was performed first by 6 pulse
voltage source converter STATCOM with respect to harmonic
problem in this stage, a 12-pulse voltage-source converter
STATCOM was designed to isolate load harmonics and
mitigate the propagation of voltage flicker to the system in the
next stage. The obtained results clearly confirmed the
efficiency of the 12 pulse STATCOM to complete the
voltage flicker mitigation.

ISBN No.978-1-4799-3834-6/14/$31.002014 IEEE

International Conference on Information Communication & Embedded Systems (ICICES 2014)

Three-phase harmonic filters are shunt elements that are
used in power systems for decreasing voltage distortion.
Nonlinear elements such as power electronic converters
generate harmonic currents or harmonic voltages, which are
injected into power system. The resulting distorted currents
flowing through system impedance produce harmonic voltage
distortion. Harmonic filters [15] reduce distortion by diverting
harmonic currents in low impedance paths. Harmonic filters
are designed to be capacitive at fundamental frequency, so that
they are also used for producing reactive power required by
converters and for power factor correction.

ic j (iq i p

R
1 di p
f
f k)
X
d

where R and X are the synchronous resistance and reactance

of the line and f is the correcting coefficient. The constant k is
also used to eliminate the average reactive power of the
network [3]. If the compensation current of the above equation
is injected to the network, the whole voltage flicker existing in
the network will be eliminated. Regarding the equation,
related to the dq-transformation of the 3-phase-voltages to the
instantaneous vectors, it is obvious that under the conditions
of accessing an average voltage flicker, Vd and V0 , the
obtained values are close to zero and Vq is a proper value
adapting to the voltage oscillation of the network.
VI.

A. Controlling System
The concept of instantaneous reactive power is used for the
controlling system. Following this, the 3-phase voltage upon
the use of the park presented by Akagi [16] has been
transformed to the synchronous reference frame (Park or dq0
transformation). This transformation leads to the appearances
of three instantaneous space vectors: Vd on the d-axis (real or
direct axis), Vq on the q-axis (imaginary or quadrature axis)
and V0, from the 3-phase voltage of Va, Vb and Vc. The related
equations of this transformation, expressed in the MATLAB
software, are as follows:

SIMULATION RESULT ANALYSIS

In this paper, 69kv, 3 phase voltage source, 100km long,

3 phase, section power system line are used and are
connected to the step down 3 phase transformer, which
supplies a 3 phase parallel RL load. A 3 phase
programmable voltage source is used to produce voltage
flicker or voltage fluctuation into the system. Block
parameters of 3 phase programmable voltage source are as
follows, amplitude of modulation is 0.2 p.u, frequency of the
modulation is 20 HZ, and variation timing is 0 to 0.2 sec. With
these specified parameter values, the variation in the output
load voltage and current for 6 pulse STATCOM is shown in
the Fig. 4.
Output Voltage
1

Voltage in P.U

Fig: 3. Block diagram of 12-pulse voltage source converter STATCOM with

harmonic filter

(5)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

2
2
2
Vd [Va sin(t) Vb sin(t ) Vc sin(t )]
3
3
3

(2)

2
2
2
Vq [Va cos( t) Vb cos( t ) Vc cos( t )]
3
3
3
1
V 0 [V a V b V c ]
3

(3)

-0.8
-1
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time in secs x 104

Output Currnet

(4)

A dynamic computation shows that the voltage oscillations

in the connecting node of the flicker generating load to the
network are created by 3 vectors: real current (ip), imaginary
current (iq ) and the derivative of the real current with respect
to time dip/dt. In general, for the complete voltage flicker
compensation, the compensating current (ic) regarding the
currents converted to the dq0 axis is given as [3]:

Current in P.U

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time in secs x 104

Fig 4: The compensated output voltage and current by 6-pulse voltage source
converter STATCOM

ISBN No.978-1-4799-3834-6/14/$31.002014 IEEE

International Conference on Information Communication & Embedded Systems (ICICES 2014)

[s13]

[s15]

Te rminato r

Termi nator2

A
B

a
k

Diode11
G to7

D iode7
Gto6

[s15]

From10

PY

[s25]

From 13

a2
b2

c2
a3

Conn 1
2

b3
c3

Conn 2
3

A
B

Term inator6

[s16]

Term inator8

Goto8

dou bletuned filter1

T hree-P hase
Serie s RLC Branch2

From11

Dio de9
G to10

From14

D iode8
Gto9

From1 2

[s22]

[s22]

Goto7

[s26]

[s24]

[s21]

Step

Termin ator7

D C Volta ge So urce1

Goto6

Discrete Synchronized
12-Pulse Generator

Conn 3

D iode12
Gto8

Goto5
PD

From8

[s23 ]

From9

Dio de10
Gto11
k

A
B
C
Freq
Block

Vabcfl

[s21]

Goto4

alpha _deg

double tunedfi lter

Three-Phase
T ransfo rmer
(Thr ee Windings)

Termi nator5

Sin _Cos

Gain

Discrete
PI Controller

Add

Discrete
3-phase PLL

-K[s14]

0
Constant

PI

Out2
abc_to_dq0
T ransformation

3
Out3

Termin ator4

wt

Te rminator3

Vab c(p u)

From7

[s13]
Goto3

Freq
[Vabcload]

1
Out1
2

dq0
sin_cos

Goto2
abc

D iode4
Gto5
m

Dio de3
G to4
k

Diode2
Gto 3

[s12]

Three -Phase
Se ries RLC Bra nch1

From5

From3

[s12]

From1

[s16]

[ s14]

Goto1

From6

D iode6
Gto2

Termin ator1

D C Volta ge So urce

[s11]

Vabcfl

Diode5
G to1

D iode1
Gto

From4

From 2

From

[ s11]

Lowest order harmonics are eliminated by connecting a

three phase harmonic filter across the 12 pulse voltage
source converter. Control circuit for 12 pulse VSC is shown
in Fig 5. Simulink diagram for 12 pulse VSC STATCOM
with harmonic filter is shown in Fig 6.

[s23]
Term inator9

T ermina tor10

Termi nator11

Goto9
[s24]
Goto10
[s25]
Goto11

Fig 7: Simulink diagram of two 6 pulse (12 - pulse) voltage source converter
STATCOM

[s26]

Output Voltage

Goto12

-T-

C
C
Three-Phase
PI Section Line

Three-Phase Source

Three-Phase
V-I Measurement

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

Goto

Three-Phase
Transformer
(Two Windings)1
A

Voltage in P.U

Fig 5: Control circuit for 12-pulse voltage source converter STATCOM

0
-0.2

Scope3
AVabc
Iabc
B a
b
C c

-0.4

A
B

-0.6

Three-Phase
V-I Measurement2

-0.8

Three-Phase
Parallel RLC Load

Vabcfl

Conn3

Subsystem

Three-Phase
V-I Measurement1

Scope1

2.5

Output Currnet
Current in P.U

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

Scope

Conn2

1.5

1
Scope4

From15

Discrete,
Ts = 1e-005 s.
powergui

AVabc
Iabc
B a
C bc

Time in secs x 104

Three-Phase
Transformer
(Two Windings)

Conn1

0.5

-1
0

aA

bB

cC

Three-Phase
Programmable Three-Phase
Voltage Source V-I Measurement3

0
A
B
C

A
B
C

Three-Phase
Series RLC Branch

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

Fig 6: Simulink diagram of 12-pulse voltage source converter STATCOM

-1
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time in secs x 104

Fig 8: The compensated output voltage and current by 6-pulse voltage source
converter STATCOM

ISBN No.978-1-4799-3834-6/14/$31.002014 IEEE

International Conference on Information Communication & Embedded Systems (ICICES 2014)

[3]
Selected signal: 24 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles

[4]
0.5
0

[5]

-0.5
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2
Time (s)

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

[6]

Mag (% of Fundamental)

Fundamental (60Hz) = 1 , THD= 0.53%

[7]

0.015

0.01

[8]
0.005

[9]
0

200

400
600
Frequency (Hz)

800

1000

Fig 9: FFT Analysis for the compensated output voltage by 8-pulse voltagesource converter STATCOM (THD = 0.53%)

[10]

CONCLUSION
In this paper, the application of three phase inverter
technology based on voltage-source converters for voltage
flicker mitigation has been investigated and simulation results
emphasized its significant effect. A 6 pulse STATCOM is
decreasing the voltage flicker by 50 %. However, there is
injection of the harmonic from 6-pulse inverter into the system
which can be improved with the increase of the voltage source
converters of STATCOM using a 12-pulse STATCOM
equipped with a harmonic filter. The obtained results clearly
demonstrate that 12-pulse STATCOM equipped with a
harmonic filter can reduce the voltage flicker completely and
the output is obtained with minimum THD value.
REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

J. Sun, D. Czarkowski, Z. Zabar, Voltage Flicker Mitigation

UsingPWM-Based Distribution STATCOM, IEEE Power Engineering
Society Summer Meeting, Vol.1, (21-25 July 2002), pp. 616-621.
Mahmood Joorabian, Davar Mirabbasi Alireza Sina Voltage Flicker
Compensation using STATCOM ICIEA-2009 pp 2273 2278

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]
[16]

J. Mckim, "The UIE Flicker-meter Demystified", Hewlett- Packard's

Power Products Division, 1997.
R. Collantes-Bellido, T. Gomez, "Identification and Modeling of a Three
Phase Arc Furnace for Voltage Distribution Simulation", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery; Vol.12, No.4, (1997), pp. 1812-1817.
L. Tang, S. Kolluri, M.F. McGranaghan, "Voltage Flicker Prediction for
Two Simultaneously Operated AC Arc Furnaces" IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery; Vol.12, No.2, (1997), pp. 985-991.
T. Larsson, C. Poumarede, STATCOM, an efficient means for flicker
mitigation IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol.2,
(Jan-4Feb 1999), pp. 1208-1213.
C. S. Chen, H. J. Chuang, C. T. Hsu, S. M. Tscng, Stochastic Voltage
Flicker Analysis and Its Mitigation for Steel Industrial PowerSystems,
IEEE Power Tech Proceedings, Vol.1, (10-13 Sept. 2001).
Z. Zhang, N. R. Fahmi, W. T. Norris, Flicker Analysis and Methods for
Electric Arc Furnace Flicker (EAF) Mitigation (A Survey), IEEE
Power Tech Proceedings, Vol.1, (10-13 Sept. 2001).
J. R. Clouston, J. H. Gurney, Field Demonstration of a Distribution
Static Compensator Used to Mitigate Voltage Flicker, IEEE Power
Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol.2, (31 Jan-4 Feb 1999), pp.
1138- 1141.
A. Elnady, W. El-khattam, M. A. Salama, Mitigation of AC Arc
Furnace Voltage Flicker Using the Unified Power Quality Conditioner,
IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol.2, (27-31 Jan.
2002), pp. 735-739.
S. Suzuki, Y. Hara, E. Masada, M. Miyatake, K. Shutoh, Application of
Unified Flow Controller for Power Quality Control at Demand Side,
The Third International Power Electronics and Motion Control
Conference Proceedings (PIEMC 2000), Vol.3 (15- 18Aug 2000), pp.
1031-1036.
Y. Hara, E. Masada, M. Miyatake, K. Shutoh, Application of Unified
Flow Controller for Improvement of Power Quality IEEE Power
Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol.4, (23-27 Jan. 2000), pp.
2600-2606.
J. H. R. Enslin, Unified Approach to Power Quality Mitigation
International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE '98), IEEE
Proceedings, Vol.1, (July1998), pp. 8-20.
B. P. Roberts, Power Quality Solution Alternatives for Low and
Medium Voltage Continuous Process Loads, IEEE Rural Electric
Power Conference, (5-7 May 2002), pp. C4-C4_7.
Mahamood joorabian, Davar Mirabbasi, Alireza Sina, Voltage Flicker
Compensation using STATCOM IEEE proceedings, 2009.
H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. Nabae, Instantaneous Reactive Power
Compensator Comprising Switching Devices Without Energy Storage
Components, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, No.3, Vol.20,
(1984), pp. 625-630.

ISBN No.978-1-4799-3834-6/14/$31.002014 IEEE