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Look at the
manufacturer's published pump curve. The problem is that you do not always
have the curve available. Pump companies test their pump to determine its
performance, they have no need for general guide lines or "rules of thumb."
Over the years I've accumulated many of these rules to help me estimate pump
performance. Here are a few of them:
PUMP BASICS
A double suction pump can run with 27% less N.P.S.H. or at a 40%
faster speed without cavitating.
If you double the speed of a pump you'll get twice the capacity, four
times the head and it will take eight times the horsepower to do it.
A stainless steel shaft has only a small portion of the conductivity of a
carbon steel shaft. This is very important when you're pumping at
elevated temperatures because we do not want to transmit the high
temperature back to the bearing oil.
If you double the speed of a pump you'll get almost four times the shaft
whip, wobble or run out and eight times the wear.
Multistage pumps reduce efficiency 2% to 4%.
In many instances, an inducer can lower Net Positive Suction Head
Required by as much as 50% .
If you're pumping paper stock, modify the curves for head, capacity, and
efficiency as follows:
o 0.725 for 6% stock
o 0.825 for 5.5% stock
o 0.90 for 5%
o 0.94 for 4.5%
o 0.98 for 4%
o 1.0 for 3.5% or less
Open impeller clearance settings are determined by the pump
manufacturer and normally run between 0.008" and 0.015" (0,2 to 0,5
mm) You lose 1% of the pumps capacity for each 0.002" (0,05 mm) you
miss this setting.
Wear ring clearances are very similar to impeller clearances, but you lose
1% pump capacity for each 0.001" (0,025 mm) of wear. A typical
clearance would be 0.003 inch/inch diameter with 0.010 inches (0,3 mm)
minimum clearance for wear rings less than two inches (50 mm.) in
outside diameter.
Bearing, grease or lip seals have a design life of less than 2000 hours. In
a constantly running pump this would be only 83 days. These seals will
also damage the expensive shaft and place a stress point at the maximum
bending moment arm. Substitute non fretting labyrinth seals, or positive
face seals in these locations. It is a good idea to install them in electric
motors also to prevent moisture from entering and damaging the motor
windings and bearings.
Do not use a vent on the top of the bearing case. At shut down the
outside moisture will enter the bearing housing through this vent. Let the
moisture attempt to enter the case through the labyrinth seals instead,
They will do a better job of directing the moisture to the external drain
hole. If you install positive face seals you can forget about this problem.
The axial clearance in a bearing is ten times the radial clearance. This is
the reason proper installation is so critical. If the bearing is over
compressed the bearing balls will distort and roll instead of spin causing
excessive heat and premature failure. The temperature at the bearing race
of a properly installed bearing is at least 10 degrees Fahrenheit (5 C)
higher than the oil sump temperature.
The life of bearing oil is directly related to its temperature. The rule of
thumb used by the SKF Bearing Company, is that the service life of an
oil is estimated to be 30 years at 30 degrees Centigrade (86 F) and it's
life is cut in half for each 10 degree Centigrade (18 F) temperature
increase. This corresponds to :
o A life of 3 months at 100 C. (212 F.)
o A life of 6 months at 90 C. (195 F.)
o A life of 12 months at 80 C. ( 176 F.)
These numbers assume that the lubricating oil is not being contaminated by
water from one or all of the following sources:
Packing leakage
The water hose used to wash the packing leakage away from the pump
area.
Aspiration, as moisture laden air enters the bearing case.
An automobile engine running at 1750 rpm. would cover about 100,000 miles
(160,000 kilometers) every 2000 hours (83 days in the life of a constantly
running pump ). Auto manufacturers recommend changing their automatic
transmission oil every 25,000 miles ( 40,000 kilometers)
APPLICATION
PIPING ETC..
TROUBLESHOOTING
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