IEC Standards & Power Factor Correction

Lionel Ng, LPBS - Low Voltage Products
Welcome To ABB
Technical Sharing Session
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 1
Circuit Breakers
Standards Guidelines IEC 60947-2
Agenda
IEC 60947-2
Circuit Breaker Standard, for industrial application
Definitions for MCCBs and ACBs
Choice criteria based on rated and limit values
ABB Group
Standard for LV apparatus
IEC 60947 Standard for industrial application
International Standard
IEC 60947
European Standard
EN 60947
IEC 60947-1
Part 1: General rules
IEC 60947-2
Part 2: Circuit breakers
IEC 60947-3
Part 3: Switch disconnectors
IEC 60947-4-1
Part 4: Contactors
IEC 60947-5-1
Part 5: Control circuit devices
IEC 60947-6-1
Part 6: Multifunction devices
IEC 60947-7-1
Part 7: Auxiliary materials
ABB Group
IEC Standard definitions
Circuit Breaker - IEC 60947-2
A mechanical switching device capable of breaking, carrying and

making currents under normal circuit conditions and also making,
carrying, for a specified time, and breaking currents under specified
abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short-circuit.
BREAKING
Breaking Capacity
WITHSTAND
Short time withstand
MAKING
Making Capacity
ABB Group
Switch Disconnector - IEC 60947-3
A mechanical switching device capable of breaking, making and

carrying currents under normal circuit conditions but only making and
carrying, for a specified time, currents under specified abnormal circuit
conditions such as those of short-circuit.
BREAKING
Breaking Capacity
WITHSTAND
Short time withstand
MAKING
Making Capacity
ABB Group
Moulded case circuit breaker (MCCB): a circuit breaker having a supporting

housing of moulding insulating material, forming an integral part of the circuit
breaker (Tmax-XT).
ABB Group

Air circuit breaker (ACB): a circuit breaker having a
supporting housing of moulding insulating material and a
metallic frame, forming an integral part of the circuit
breaker (Emax & Emax 2).
ABB Group
Current limiting circuit breaker
Current limiting circuit breaker (IEC 60947-2 def. 2.3)
A circuit breaker with a break-time short enough to prevent the short-circuit

current from reaching its peak value.
A current-limiting circuit
breaker is able to reduce the
stress, both thermal and
dynamic, because it has been
designed to start the opening
operation before the shortcircuit current has reached its
first peak, and to quickly
extinguish the arc between the
contacts.
ABB Group
A = Direction of arc due to the magnetic field

R= Repulsion of moving contacts due to the short circuit current
ABB Group
Energy limitation
Current
Time
ABB Group
Peak limitation curves

Value of the limited peak
of the short circuit current
according to the value of
the symmetrical short
circuit current Irms.
ABB Group
I2t curves
Value of the let-through

energy according to the
value of the symmetrical
short circuit current Irms.
ABB Group
Energy limitation
Protection against short-circuit (IEC 60364)
To protect a cable against short-circuit, the specific let-through energy of
the protective device must be lower or equal to the withstanding energy of
the cable:
Specific let through energy curve LLL
1E3MAs
100MAs
where
I2 t is the specific let-through energy of
the protective device which can be read on
the curves supplied by the manufacturer;
S is the cable cross section [mm2]; in the
case of conductors in parallel it is the
cross section of the single conductor;
k is a factor that depends on the cable
insulating and conducting material.
10MAs
1MAs
0.1MAs
1E-2MAs
0.1kA
ABB Group
1kA
10kA
100kA
Choice criteria
Rated values (Iu, Ue)
Limit values (Icu, Ics, Icw, Icm)
ABB Group
Insulation values (Ui, Uimp)
Rated value Iu
Rated uninterrupted current Iu

the rated uninterrupted current of an equipment is a value of
current, stated by the manufacturer, that the equipment can carry
in uninterrupted duty (at 40 C)
IEC 60947-1 def. 4.3.2.4
ABB Group
Rated value Iu
The rated uninterrupted current Iu is different from the rated
current In, which is the rated current of the thermomagnetic or
electronic trip unit and is lower or equal to Iu.
A new concept
for setting the
current In: the
rating plug
ABB Group
Rated value Iu
Rated uninterrupted current Iu

Some factors may reduce the Iu of a circuit breaker
like temperature, altitude or frequency.
XT1 160
XT4 250
ABB Group
Rated value Ue
Rated operational voltage Ue

the rated operational voltage of an equipment is a value of voltage
which, combined with a rated operational current, determines the
application of the equipment and to which the relevant tests and
the utilization categories are referred.
IEC 60947-1 def. 4.3.1.1
ABB Group
Rated value Ue
Rated operational voltage Ue

Breaking capacity is always referred to the operational voltage; the
breaking capacity decreases when the voltage increases.
ABB Group
Rated value Ue
Some factors may reduce the Ue of a circuit breaker
ABB Group
Choice criteria
ABB Group
Limit value Icu

Icu = RATED ULTIMATE SHORT
CIRCUIT BREAKING CAPACITY
IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.2.1
Breaking capacity according to a specified test sequence.

Do not include after the short circuit test, the capability of the
circuit breaker to carry its rated current continuously.
- test sequence: O - 3 min - CO
- dielectric withstand at 2 x Ue
- verification of overload release at 2.5 x I1
ABB Group
Limit value Ics

Ics = RATED SERVICE SHORT
CIRCUIT BREAKING CAPACITY
IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.2.2
Breaking capacity according to a specified test sequence.

Include after the short circuit test, the capability of the circuit
breaker to carry its rated current continuously
- test sequence: O - 3 min - CO - 3 min CO
- dielectric withstand at 2 x Ue
- verification of temperature rise at Iu
- verification of overload release at 1.45 x I1
- verification of the electrical life
ABB Group
Limit values Icu and Ics
Relation between Ics and Icu
This relation is always true!!!
Ics Icu
The service breaking capacity Ics can be expressed as
a value of breaking current, in kA;
a percentage of Icu, rounded up
to the lowest whole number,
in accordance with the table (for
example Ics = 25% Icu).
Standard ratios between Ics and Icu
ABB Group
When is Icu required?
Where continuity of service is not a fundamental requirement.
For protection of single terminal load.
For motor protection.
Where maintenance work is easily carried out without much

disruption.
Generally for circuit breaker installed on terminals part of

plant.
When is Ics required?
Where continuity of service is a fundamental requirement.
For installation in power center.
Where is more difficult to make maintenance.
When is difficult to manage spare breakers.
Generally for installation in main distribution board

immediately downstream transformer or generator.
Limit values Icu and Ics

Icu and Ics:
selection criteria
Main circuit breakers or circuit breakers for which

a long out-of-service period can not be accepted
(for example naval installation)
Ics
CB selection
based on
Icu
circuit breakers tor termlnal circuits or

circuit breakers for economic application
ABB Group
Icu or Ics ?
Application of Icu / Ics circuit breakers
When Isc = 100 % of Icu is not necessary ?
When the real short circuit current in the point of

installation is lower than the maximum Ics breaking
capacity.
Breaker A:
Icu =100 kA
with Ics = 100 % of Icu
Breaker B:
Icu = 100 kA
with Ics = 75 % of Icu
Please also consider

that short circuit current
at the end of the line is
still lower
70 kA
50 kA !!!
U
LOAD
When Isc = 100 % of Icu is not necessary ?
Motor Protection according to IEC 60947- 4-1
Duty cycle:
O - 3mins - CO at Iq current (maximum short circuit current)
O - 3mins - CO at r current (critical short circuit current depending from the contactor size)
Where:
O: Tripping of the circuit breaker under short circuit condition.
CO: Closing by the contactor under short circuit condition and tripping of the
circuit breaker.
Icu or Ics ? Conclusion
Consider that not always Ics = 100% of Icu for all the employ
voltage range, i.e. (from 220 V a.c. to 690 V a.c.duty, and 250
V d.c.).
Selection of circuit breaker with breaking capacity Icu or Ics

must be done according to the real technical installation
requirement.
Independently from the duty cycle selected the safety of the

plant is strictly dependent from the maximum circuit breaking
capacity (in most of cases Icu).
Limit value Icw

Icw = RATED SHORT-TIME
WITHSTAND CURRENT
IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.4
Example of use of category B circuit breakers

in electrical plant
The upstream circuit
Trafo 630kVA
breaker can withstand
Ucc%=4%
the fault current up to 1
sec, thus guaranteeing
ACB E1B12
an excellent selectivity
400V
22.7kA
with downstream
MCCB XT4
MCCB XT3
apparatus
ABB Group
Limit value Icw

CATEGORY B
CIRCUIT BREAKER
IEC 60947-2
Table 4
Circuit breakers specifically intended for selectivity in short

circuit conditions in relation to other protection devices in
load-side series, that is with an intentional delay (adjustable)
applicable in short circuit conditions.
These circuit breakers have a specified rated short-time
withstand current Icw.
ABB Group
Limit value Icw

CATEGORY A
CIRCUIT BREAKER
IEC 60947-2
Table 4
Circuit-breakers not specifically intended for selectivity under

short circuit conditions with respect to other protection devices
in series on the load side, that is without intentional short-time
delay provided for selectivity under short-circuit conditions.
These circuit-breakers have not a specified rated short-time
withstand current value Icw.
ABB Group
Limit value Icw

Icw = RATED SHORT-TIME
WITHSTAND CURRENT
IEC 60947-2
Table 3
It is the value of short-time withstand current assigned to the

circuit-breaker by the manufacturer under specified test
conditions. This value is referred to a specified time (usually 1s or 3s).
It must be stated when the circuit-breaker is classified in
category B and its value must be greater than:
The highest value between 12 Iu and 5 kA
for CBs with Iu 2500A
30 kA
for CBs with Iu > 2500A
Circuit breakers without Icw value are classified in category A
ABB Group
Selectivity Categories
Limit value Icm

Icm = RATED SHORT-CIRCUIT
MAKING CAPACITY
IEC 60947-2
def. 4.3.5.1
Making capacity for which the prescribed conditions according

to a specified test sequence include the capability of the circuit
breaker to make the peak current corresponding to that rated
capacity at the appropriate applied voltage.
It is always necessary to verify that:
Icm Ipeak
ABB Group
Limit value Icm

For a.c. the rated short-circuit making
capacity of a circuit-breaker shall be not
less than its rated ultimate short-circuit
breaking capacity, multiplied by the factor
n of the table.
ABB Group
IEC 60947-2
Table 2
Icm n x Icu

Example
Peak
105kA
100kA
T6L800 In800
54kA
16,8kA
XT2L 160 In160
10kA
10kA
ABB Group
50kA
100kA
Irms
Limit value Icm
If the cos of the plant is higher than the standard prescribed

value, it is not necessary to take into account the rated shortcircuit making capacity of the circuit-breakers (Icm).
If the cos of the plant is lower than the standard

prescribed value, usually near to the transformer and/or
generator, it is necessary to verify Icm Ipeak.
ABB Group
Limit value Icm

Sometimes it can happen
Short circuit current of the plant is Icc = 75kA ;
The used circuit breaker has an Icu = 75 kA;
According to the table 2, cosk=0.2 and n=2,2 so Icm = n x Icu = 165 kA.
If the cosk of the plant is equal to 0.16 (lower than the standard
prescribed value) the evaluated Ip = 175 kA.
Since Ip > Icm the CB selected is not correct. I will use a CB with a greater
value of Icu in order to have an Icm value suitable to the peak current of the
plant.
ABB Group
Limit value Icm
ABB Group
Choice criteria
ABB Group
Limit value Ui
IEC 60947-1
def. 4.3.1.2
Ui = RATED INSULATION
VOLTAGE
The rated insulation voltage of an equipment is the value

of voltage to which dielectric tests and creepage
distances are referred.
It shall be always verified that:
Ue < Ui
ABB Group
Limit value Uimp

Uimp = RATED IMPULSE
WITHSTAND VOLTAGE
IEC 60947-1
def. 4.3.1.3
The peak value of an impulse voltage of prescribed form and

polarity (1,2/50ms) which the equipment is capable of
withstanding without failure under specified conditions of test
and to which the values of the clearances are referred.
It shall be always verified that:
Uimp > transient overvoltage in
the plant
ABB Group
Temperature-rise for terminals and accessible parts

IEC 60947- 2
Table 7
ABB Group
Overload protection
IEC 60947- 2
Table 6
ABB Group
Short circuit protection
IEC 60947- 2
8.3.3.1.2
S
I
ABB Group
Type Tests
IEC 60947- 2
8.3
The tests to verify the characteristics of

circuit breakers are:
type tests carried out on samples:
Type Tests
ABB Group
Routine Tests
IEC 60947- 2
8.4
routine tests carried out on

all circuit breakers and
including the following tests:
ABB Group
Annex F - J
Tests of EMC for circuit breakers with electronic overcurrent protection
Electrostatic discharges
Radiated radio-frequency electromagnetic fields
Immunity
Electrical fast transients/bursts

Surges
Conducted disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields
Harmonics
Voltage fluctuations
Emission
Conducted disturbances
Radiated disturbances
Dry heat test Damp heat test
Climatic tests
Temperature variation cycles at a specified rate of change
CE Marking
According to european directives:

Low Voltage Directive 73/23 EEC
Electromagnetic Compatibility 89/336 EEC
ABB Group
Annex H
Test sequence for circuit-breakers for IT systems

This test is intended to cover the case of a second fault to earth in presence of a first
fault on the opposite side of a circuit breaker when installed in IT systems.
In this test at each pole the applied voltage shall be the phase-to-phase voltage
corresponding to the maximum rated operational voltage of the circuit breaker at which it
is suitable for applications on IT systems.
Circuit Breakers
Standards Guidelines IEC 60898

Miniature Circuit Breakers MCB
International Standard References
IEC 60898
Applicable to circuit-breakers for protection of wiring installation

in buildings and similar applications, and designed for use by
uninstructed persons, and for not being maintained.
Part 1: Circuit-breakers for a.c. operation
Part 2: Circuit-breakers for a.c. and d.c. operation (additional requirements)
Choice criteria
Rated values (In, Ue)
Limit values (Icn, Ics)
Rated value In
Rated uninterrupted current (In):
the rated uninterrupted current of an equipment is a value

of current, stated by the manufacturer, which the equipment
can carry in uninterrupted duty, at a specified reference
ambient air temperature (30 C).
The rated current doesnt exceed the 125A.
IEC 60898-1 def. 5.2.2
Rated value Ue
Rated operational voltage (Ue):

The rated operational voltage of a circuit-breaker is the
value of voltage, assigned by the manufacturer, to which
its performances (particularly the short-circuit
performance) are referred.
The rated operational voltage doesnt exceed the 440Vac
220Vdc.
IEC 60898-1 def. 5.2.1.1
Choice criteria
Rated values (In, Ue)

Limit
values (Icn
cn, Ics
cs)
Limit value Icn

Icn = RATED SHORT CIRCUIT
CAPACITY
IEC 60898-1
def. 5.2.4
The rated short-circuit capacity is the value of the ultimate

short-circuit breaking capacity for which the prescribed
conditions, according to a specified test sequence, do not
include the capability of the circuit-breaker to carry 0.85 times
its non-tripping current for the conventional time.
test sequence: O - 3 min - CO
- leakage current at 1.1 Ue (< 2 mA)
- dielectric strength test at 900 V
- verification of overload release at 2.8 x In
The rated short circuit capacity doesnt exceed the
25kA in ac and 10kA in dc
Limit value Ics

Ics = RATED SERVICE SHORT
CIRCUIT CAPACITY
IEC 60898-1
def. 3.5.5.2
The service short-circuit capacity of a circuit-breaker is the

value of the breaking capacity for which the prescribed
conditions according to a specified test sequence include the
capability of the circuit-breaker to carry 0.85 times its nontripping current for the conventional time.
Limit value Ics

Service Short Circuit capacity (Ics):
O - 3 min - O - 3 min CO
O - 3 min - CO - 3 min CO
- leakage current at 1.1 Ue (< 2 mA)
- dielectric strength test
- verification of no tripping at 0,85 x In
- test seq. :
(for one or two poles cb)

(for three or four poles cb)
A circuit-breaker with a rated short-circuit capacity (Icn) has a corresponding service shortcircuit capacity (Ics) as from this table:
The circuit breaker with
Icn < 6000A

6000A < Icn < 10000A
Icn > 10000A
Ics is equal to 1xIcn

Ics is equal to 0,75xIcn Minimum value of Ics is 6000A.
Ics is equal to 0,5xIcn Minimum value of Ics is 7500A.
Ics Test
Tripping Curves
Overload characteristics
The main difference between the overload protection curve of the CBs responding to
IEC 60947 or IEC 60898 are referred to the conventional non tripping current.
The prescibed conditions are given in this table:
Tripping Curves
Magnetic characteristics
The CBs according to IEC 60947 usually have the instantaneous threshold at 5 or 10 times
the rated current with a tolerance of + 20%.
The CBs according to IEC 60898-1 (ac applications) have different instantaneous
threshold referred to the type B , C , D as indicated in the table below:
Tripping Curves
Tripping Curves
In some cases, the conditions IB < In < IZ

and I2 < 1.45 IZ do not guarantee complete
protection, e.g. when overcurrents are
present for long periods which are smaller
than I2. They also do not necessarily lead
to an economical solution. It is therefore
assumed that the circuit is designed so
that minor overloads of a long duration will
not occur regularly.
IEC 60364-4-43
Tripping Curves
Comparison IEC 60947-2 vs IEC 60898

IEC 60947-2
IEC 60898-1
People
Instructed
Uninstructed
Maintenance
Possible
Not possible
< 1000 Vac
< 440 Vac
< 1500 Vdc
< 220 Vdc
40 C
30 C
Rated Voltage (Ue)

Ambient
Temperature
No limits
Rated Current
(Iu < 6300 A)

Short circuit
breaking current
No limits for Icu
In = 125 A
Icn = 25 kA (ac)
Icn = 10 kA (dc)
Selection of protective Devices
Generalities about the main electrical parameters

Dont forget
Ue Un
Icu or Ics Ik
Icm Ip
Ue, Icu, Ics, Icm?
Protection of feeders
against overload
Ib In or I1 Iz
against short-circuit
In
Iz S
I2t k2S2
Ib

The correct circuit breaker must be selected to satisfy the following
conditions:
It must own short circuit breaking power (lcu or eventually lcs) greater or
equal to the short circuit current lcc
It must use a protection release so that its overload setting current ln (l1)
satisfies the relation lB < ln < lZ
The let through energy (l2t) that flows through the circuit breaker must be
lesser or equal to the maximal one allowed by the cable (KS)
As far as the verification required by IEC 60364, according to which the

overload protection must have an intervention current lf that assures the
operation for a value lesser than 1,45 lz (lf < 1,45 lz), we must state that it
is always verified for ABB Circuit breakers, since according to IEC 60947-2
the required value is less than 1,3 ln.

Protection of generators
Ingen I1
I3 or I2 2.5-4 x Ingen
Protection of transformers
InT I1
Upstream CB
I3 or I2 Iinrush

20kV
Steps
determining the short-circuit
currents
choosing the CB
setting of the MV overcurrent
protection
setting of the LV overcurrent
protection
400V

20kV
400V

20kV
400V
Protection of Transformers
As to be able to protect LV/MV transformers LV side, we must mainly

take into account:
Rated current of the protected transformer, LV side, from which
the rated current of the circuit breaker and the setting depend on
(In);
The maximum estimated short circuit current in the installation
point which defines the minimal breaking power of the protection
circuit breaker (Isc).
Switchboards with one transformer
Sn
U20
In
Isc
The rated current of the transformers LV side is defined by the

following expression
Sn x 103
In =
3 x U20
where
Sn = rated power of the transformer [kVA]
U20 = rated secondary voltage (no load) of the transformer [V]
ln = rated current of the transformer, LV side [A]
The full voltage three-phase short circuit current immediately after the LV
side of the transformer can be expressed by the following relation once we
suppose infinite power at the primary:
Isc =
In x 100
Ucc %
where
Ucc %= short circuit voltage of the transformer [%]
ln = rated current, LV side, [A]
lsc = three-phase rated short circuit current, LV side, [A]
The short circuit current is normally lesser than the preceding deduced
value if the circuit breaker is installed at a certain distance by means of
a cable or bar connection, according to the connection impedance.
The following table shows some possible choices within the SACE Emax
ACB range according to the characteristics of the CB to protect.
Attention
Those indications are valid at the conditions that we declare in the table;
different conditions will lead us to repeat calculations and modify the
choices.
Sn
[kVA]
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
Ucc (1)
6,25
6,25
6,25
6,25
In (2)
[A]
722
909
1154
1443
1804
2309
2887
3608
4547
Isc (2)
[kA]
18
22.7
23.1
28.9
36.1
37
46.2
57.7
72.7
E1B08
E1B12
E1B12
E2B16
E2B20
E3B25
E3B32
E4S40
E6H50
SACE Emax
(1) For values of the percent short circuit voltage Ucc% different from the Ucc% values as per table, the rated three-phase short
circuit current Icn becomes:
Isc = Isc
Ucc %
Ucc %
(2) The calculated values refer to a U20 voltage of 400 V. for different U20 values, do multiply In and Isc the following k times:
U20
k
[V]
220
380
400
415
440
480
500
660
690
1.82
1.05
0.96
0.91
0.83
0.8
0.606
0.580
Switchboards with more than 1 transformer in Parallel
Isc2 + Isc3
I2
I1
Circuit breaker A
I3
Isc1
I5
Isc1 + Isc2 + Isc3
Circuit breaker B
I4
As far as the calculation of the rated current of the transformer is

concerned, the rules beforehand indicated are completely valid.
The minimum breaking capacity of each circuit breaker LV side must be
greater than the highest of the following values: (the example refers to
machine 1 of the figure and it is valid for the three machines in parallel):
lsc 1 (short circuit current of transformer 1) in case of fault
immediately downstream circuit breaker 1;
lsc2 + lsc3 (short circuit currents of transformer 2 and 3) in case of
fault immediately upstream circuit breaker 1;
Circuit breakers l4 and l5 on the load side must have a short circuit
capacity greater than lsc1 + lsc2 + lsc3; naturally every transformer
contribution in the short circuit current calculation is to be lessened by the
connection line transformer - circuit breaker (to be defined case by case).
Low voltage selectivity

with ABB circuit breakers
Selectivity definitions and Standards
ABB Group
Agenda
Low voltage selectivity with ABB circuit breakers
Definitions and Standards
Selectivity techniques
Back-up protection
Introduction
What is selectivity?
Selectivity (or discrimination)
A is the supply side circuit

breaker (or upstream)
is a type of coordination of two or

more protective devices in series.
Selectivity is done between

one circuit breaker on the supply side
and one circuit breaker, or more than
one, on the load side.
B and C are the load side circuit

breakers (or downstream)
Introduction
Protection system philosophy
Reduce the stress and prevent damage
Minimize the area and the duration of

power loss
DAMAGE REDUCTION
Better selectivity
FAULT
CONTINUITY OF SERVICE
Fast fault elimination
Main purposes of coordination

Selectivity purpose
Selective coordination among devices
is fundamental for economical and technical reasons
It is studied in order to:
rapidly identify the area involved in the problem;
bound the effects of a fault by excluding just the affected zone of the
network;
preserve the continuity of service and good power quality to the sound
parts of the network;
provide a quick and precise identification of the fault to the personnel in

charge of maintenance or to management system, in order to restore
the service as rapidly as possible;
achieve a valid compromise between reliability, simplicity and cost

effectiveness.
Standards definition
Selectivity
The definition of selectivity
IEC 60947-1 Standard: Low voltage equipment

Part 1: General rules for low voltage equipment
IEC 60947-1
def. 2.5.23
Trip selectivity (for overcurrent) is a coordination between the

operating characteristics of two or more overcurrent protection
devices, so that, when an overcurrent within established limits
occurs, the device destined to operate within those limits trips
whereas the others do not trip
Overcurrent selectivity
Example
In occurrence of a fault
(an overload or a short circuit)
if selectivity is provided
only the downstream circuit
breaker opens.
Overcurrent selectivity
Example
In occurrence of a fault
(an overload or a short circuit)
if selectivity is not provided
both the upstream and the
downstream circuit breakers
could open
All the system is out of service!
Partial and total selectivity
IEC 60947-2
def. 2.17.2 - 2.17.3
A and B connected in series:
partial selectivity and total selectivity.
Partial selectivity
Partial selectivity is an overcurrent selectivity where, in the
presence of two protection devices against overcurrent in series,
the load side protection device carries out the protection up to a
given level of overcurrent, without making the other device trip.
Is is the ultimate
selectivity
value!
B opens only according to fault current

lower than a certain current value;
values equal or greater than Is
will give the trip of both A and B.
Is = ImA
Total selectivity
Total selectivity is an overcurrent selectivity where, in the
presence of two protection devices against overcurrent in series,
the load side protection device carries out the protection without
making the other device trip.
Only B trips for every current value

lower or equal to the maximum
short-circuit current.
Is = Ik
Partial and total selectivity
Upstream circuit breaker A
T4N 250 PR221DS In = 250 (Icu = 36kA)
Downstream circuit breaker B
S 294 C100 (Icu = 15kA)
Selectivity analysis
Time-current curves
Overload zone
Thermal protection
L protection
Time-current selectivity
Short-circuit zone
Magnetic protection
S, D, I and EF protections
Current, time, energy, zone,

directional, zone directional selectivity
Selectivity analysis
Real currents
Real currents circulating through the circuit breakers
I>
I>
IA = IB
tA
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
IA = (IB + Iloads) / 2
IA = IB + Iloads
tA
tB
I>
I>
tA
tB
tB
IA=IB
IB IA
IA
IB
Agenda
ABB Group, BU Breakers and Switches

March 10, 2015 | Slide 106
Back-up protection
Introduction
Current selectivity
Time selectivity
Energy selectivity
Zone (logical) selectivity

March 10, 2015 | Slide 107
Current selectivity
Base concept
Current selectivity: closer to the power supply

the fault point is, higher the fault current is
3kA
In order to guarantee selectivity,

the protections must be set to different
values of current thresholds
1kA
tA
The ultimate selectivity value

is equal to the instantaneous trip threshold
of the upstream protection device
Other methods are needed to have a total

selectivity
tA
A
Ultimate
selectivity
value
tB
ImB
ImA
Current selectivity
Example
Circuit breaker A will be set to a value which does not
trip for faults which occur on the load side of B.
(I3Amin >1kA)
Circuit breaker B will be set to trip for faults which
occur on its load side (I3Bmax < 1kA)
104s
Is
103s
Is = I3Amin
102s
10s
Here the selectivity is a total selectivity,

because it is guaranteed up to the maximum
value of the short-circuit current, 1kA.
1s
B
10-1s
10-2s
0.1kA
1kA
3kA
10kA
Current selectivity
Plus and minus
Plus
Easy to be realized
Economic
Instantaneous
CURRENT SELECTIVITY
Minus
Selectivity is often only partial
Current thresholds rise very quickly
Time selectivity
Base concept
Time selectivity is based on a trip delay of the upstream

circuit breaker, so to let to the downstream protection the
time suitable to trip
Setting strategy:
progressively increase the
trip delays getting closer to
the power supply source
On the supply side

the S function is required
Time selectivity
Example
A will be set with the current threshold I2
adjusted so as not to create trip overlapping
and with a trip time t2 adjusted so that
B always clears the fault before A
B will be set with an instantaneous trip

against short-circuit
I
k
104s
Is
The ultimate selectivity value is:
103s
102s
10s
1s
I2
t2
10-1s
10-2s
0.1kA
1kA
10kA
100kA
Is = IcwA
(if function I = OFF)
Is = I3minA
(if function I = ON)
Time selectivity
Example
Which is the problem of time selectivity?
In the case of fault occurring at the busbars,

circuit breaker A takes a delayed trip time t2
I
k
The network must withstand high values of

let-through energy!
104s
103s
102s
10s
If there are many hierarchical levels, the

progressive delays could be significant!
1s
t2
10-1s
10-2s
0.1kA
1kA
10kA
100kA
Time selectivity
Plus and minus
Plus
Economic solution
Easy to be realized
TIME SELECTIVITY
Minus
Quick rise of setting levels
High values of let-through energy
Energy selectivity
Base concept
Energy selectivity is based on the currentlimiting characteristics of some circuit breakers
104s
103s
A
102s
10s
1s
B
10-1s
10-2s
0.1kA
1kA
The ultimate current

selectivity values
is given by the
manufacturer
(Coordination tables)
10kA
Current-limiting circuit breaker

has an extremely fast trip time,
short enough to prevent the
current from reaching its peak
Energy selectivity
Example
104s
103s
Is = 20kA
Circuit breaker A conditions:
102s
B
10s
I3=OFF
1s
S as for time selectivity
10-1s
10-2s
0.1kA
1kA
10kA
Energy selectivity
Plus and minus
PLUS
High selectivity values
Reduced tripping times
Low stress and network disturbance
ENERGY SELECTIVITY
MINUS
Increasing of circuit breakers size
Zone selectivity
Base concept
Zone selectivity is an evolution of the time

selectivity, obtained by means of a electrical
interlock between devices
locking
signal
The circuit breaker which detects a fault

communicates this to the one on the supply side,
sending a locking signal
Only the downstream circuit breaker opens,

with no need to increase the intentional time
delay
Fault
Zone 3
A Does Not Open

B Does Not Open
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone selectivity
Example
C Opens
Zone selectivity
Specifications
an external source of 24V
dedicated trip units
PR223EF for Tmax T4, T5 and T6
PR332/P for Tmax T7 and T8
PR122/P and PR123/P for Emax
PR332/P and PR333/P for X1
Is
up to 100kA for Tmax
Is
up to Icw for Emax
Zone 2
a shielded twisted pair cable
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone selectivity needs:
It is possible to obtain zone selectivity between Tmax and Emax
Zone selectivity
Plus and minus
PLUS
Trip times reduced
Low thermal and dynamic stress
High number of hierarchical levels
Can be made between same size circuit breakers
ZONE SELECTIVITY
MINUS
Cost and complexity of the installation
Additional wiring and components
Agenda

March 10, 2015 | Slide 122
Back-up protection
Back-up protection
What is back-up protection?
Back-up protection (or cascading)
is a type of coordination of two protective
devices in series which is done in electrical
installations where continuous operation is
not an essential requirement.
Back-up protection
excludes the use
of selectivity!!!
Back-up protection
The definition of back-up is given by the
IEC 60947-1 Standard: Low voltage equipment

Part 1: General rules for low voltage equipment
IEC 60947-1
def. 2.5.24
Back-up is a coordination of two overcurrent protective

devices in series, where the protective device on the supply
side, with or without the assistance of the other protective
device, trips first in order to prevents any excessive stress on
downstream devices.
Back-up protection
Base concept
Back-up is used by those who need

to contain the plant costs
The use of a current-limiting circuit

breaker on the supply side
permits the installation of lower performance
circuit breakers on the load side
Both the continuity of service and the selectivity are sacrificed
Back-up protection
Application example
T4L 250
Ik = 100 kA
Icu (T4L+T1N) = 100kA
T4L 250
T4L 250
T4L 250
Icu = 120kA
T1N 160
T1N 160
T1N 160
Icu = 36kA
Back-up protection tables
Back-up protection
Application example
T4L 250
A
Ik = 100kA
Icu (T4L+T1N) = 100kA
Ik = 100kA
T1N 160
T1N 160
T1N 160
General power supply

is always lost
Back-up protection
Plus and minus
Plus
Economic solution
Quick tripping times
BACK-UP PROTECTION
Minus
No selectivity
Low power quality
Example of Selectivity
~
T5H 630A
70kA
T3N 160A
36kA
Incoming = T5H 630A (70kA

rating) Outgoing = T3N 160A
(36kA rating)
Results: The co-ordination
resulted in a conditional shortcircuit of 65kA for the T3 mccb!
Iz
The discrimination is up to 20kA.
65kA
Discrimination
Back-Up
Meaning of Selectivity Value
T5H
70kA
T5H 70kA
T3N 36kA
T3N
Fault level at Y is 20kA

Y is 20kA
36kA
T5H
T3N
70kA
T5H
20kA
T3N
36kA
5kA fault
T5H
ON
T3N
Trip
T5H
70kA
T3N
36kA
5kA
T5H
5kA fault ON
10kA fault ON
T3N
Trip
Trip
T5H
70kA
T3N
36kA
10kA
T5H
5kA fault ON
10kA fault ON
20kA fault Trip
T3N
Trip
Trip
Trip
T5H
70kA
T3N
36kA
20kA
T5H
5kA fault ON
10kA fault ON
20kA fault Trip
36kA fault Trip
T3N
Trip
Trip
Trip
Trip
T5H
70kA
T3N
36kA
36kA
5kA fault
10kA fault
20kA fault
36kA fault
65kA fault
T5H
ON
ON
Trip
Trip
Trip
T3N
Trip
Trip
Trip
Trip
Trip
T5H
70kA
T3N
36kA
65kA
MV/LV Transformer Substations

Selection of Protective & Control Devices
Motor co-ordination
ABB offers co-ordination tables
MV/LV Transformer Substations

Selection of Protective & Control Devices
Co-ordination between CBs and switch-disconnectors
400V
T2S160
T1D160
Power Factor Correction
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 142

Generalities on Power Factor Correction
In alternating current circuits, current is absorbed by a load
which can be represented by two components:
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 143
The Active component
In phase with the supply voltage
Directly related to the output
The Reactive component
Quadrature to the voltage
Used to generate the flow necessary for the

conversion of powers through the electric or
magnetic field
In most installations the presence of inductive type

loads, the current lags the active component (IR).

Generalities
In order to generate and transmit active power (P) a certain
reactive power (Q) is essential for the conversion of the
electrical energy but is not available to the load.
The power generated and transmitted make up the apparent
power (S).
Power factor (cos ) is defined as the ratio between the
active component (IR) and the total value of current (I).
is the phase angle between the voltage and the current.
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 144

Generalities
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 145

Typical
Power Factors of some electrical equipment
Generalities
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 146

Advantages
Generalities of Power Factor Correction
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 147

Advantages
Better utilization of electrical machines
Better utilization of cables
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 148
Generators & transformers are sized according to the

apparent power (S). With the same active power (P),
the smaller the reactive power (Q) delivered, the
apparent power will be smaller.
The reduction in current allows the use of smaller

cables in the installation.

Generalities
Reduction in losses
Reduction in voltage drop
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 149
By improving the power factor, power losses is reduced

in all parts of the installation.
The higher the power factor the Voltage drop will be

lower at the same level of Active power.

Generalities
Economical savings
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 150
Power supply utilities apply penalties for energy used

with poor factor. An improved power factor will reduce
such penalties from the utilities.

Advantages
Improve capacity of transformers and cables
By improving the power factor, you reduce the kVA load on the
transformer and the current carried by the cables
Apparent Power (VA)

e.g 2MVA Transformer
At 100% capacity
Real Power (W)

eg. 500kW Load
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 151
Reactive Power (VAR)

e.g Motors (inductive)
100kW at 0.7pf = 102kVAR
Reactive Power (VAR)
eg. 50kVAR Capacitors
Thus additional transformer capacity is available if upgrade or

expansion is required in the future
Or new cables might not be needed if new loads are connected to
an existing switchboard

Different Methods
Distributed power factor correction
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 152
It is achieved by connecting a capacitor bank properly

sized according to the load and is connected directly to
the terminals of the load.

Different Methods
Group power factor correction
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 153
It is achieved by connecting a capacitor bank properly

sized according to a group of loads and is connected to
the upstream of the loads to be corrected.

Types
of Power
Factor correction
Different
Methods
Centralized power factor correction
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 154
It is achieved by installing an automatic power factor

correction bank capacitor bank directly to the main
distribution boards.

Types
of Power
Factor correction
Different
Methods
Combined power factor correction
This solution is derived from a compromise between a

distributed & centralized power factor correction.
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 155
Distributed power factor correction is used mainly

for higher loads and a smaller centralized power
factor correction is used for the small loads.

Switching
Protection
Capacitor and
Switching
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 156
Electrical switching phenomena
The switching of a capacitor bank causes an electric

transient due to the phenomena of electric charging of
the bank.
The overcurrents at the moment of switching depends

greatly on both the inductance of the upstream network
as well as from the number of connected capacitor
banks.

Switching
Protection
Capacitor and
Switching
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 157
Choice of protective device

Capacitor Switching
Resistance
Motor
In
In
In
AC-1
Capacitor
AC-3
AC-6b

Capacitor Switching
Single step capacitor
30 times In
In

Capacitor Switching
Multi steps capacitor bank
> 100 times In
In

Contactor Sizing
Contactor sizing: Thermal current + peak current
Thermal current
Up to 30% for harmonics and voltage fluctuations on main
Up to 15% for tolerances on capacitor power
Contactor have to support Ith
Ith = 1.3 x 1.15 x Inc = 1.5 Inc

Example
Example
kVARh is billed if it is higher than the contracted level.
kVA
kVar
kW
Apparent power (kVA) is significantly higher than the Active power (kW)
The excess current causes losses (kWh) which is billed.
1MVA
The design of the installation has to be over-dimensioned.

The installation requires 850kW at power factor of 0.75.
400V
The transformer will have to be overloaded to 850k / 0.75 = 1.133MVA.
Current taken by the system is

P
I =
= 1636A
3 * U * Cos
Losses in the cables
P = I 2R
Cos = 0.75
850kW Load
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 162
I = 1636A
Cos = 0.75
The Transformer, Circuit breaker & Cable has to be increased.

Example
Example
kVA
kVARh is reduced to lower than the contracted level or eliminated.
kVar
kW
Apparent power (kVA) is significantly higher than the Active power (kW)
The charges based on the contracted kVA demand is close to the active
power.
1MVA
The installation requires 850kW at a power factor of 0.9.

400V
The transformer will not be overloaded to 850k / 0.90 = 945 kVA.

Current taken by the system is
P
I =
= 1364A
3 * U * Cos
Losses in the cables
P = I 2R
Cos = 0.90
850kW Load
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 163
I = 1364A
Cos = 0.90
There is not need to increase the Transformer, Circuit breaker & Cable.

Technical Application Paper
ABB Group
March 10, 2015 | Slide 164

IEC Standards &amp; Power Factor Correction

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

IEC Standards &amp; Power Factor Correction

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Lionel Ng, LPBS - Low Voltage Products

Circuit Breaker Standard, for industrial application

Definitions for MCCBs and ACBs

Choice criteria based on rated and limit values

Standard for LV apparatus

IEC 60947 Standard for industrial application

Part 1: General rules

Part 2: Circuit breakers

Part 3: Switch disconnectors

Part 5: Control circuit devices

Part 6: Multifunction devices

Part 7: Auxiliary materials

IEC Standard definitions

Circuit Breaker - IEC 60947-2

A mechanical switching device capable of breaking, carrying and

Short time withstand

IEC Standard definitions

Switch Disconnector - IEC 60947-3

A mechanical switching device capable of breaking, making and

Short time withstand

IEC Standard definitions

Moulded case circuit breaker (MCCB): a circuit breaker having a supporting

IEC Standard definitions

Current limiting circuit breaker

Current limiting circuit breaker (IEC 60947-2 def. 2.3)

A circuit breaker with a break-time short enough to prevent the short-circuit

Current limiting circuit breaker

A = Direction of arc due to the magnetic field

Current limiting circuit breaker

Current limiting circuit breaker

Peak limitation curves

Current limiting circuit breaker

Value of the let-through

Current limiting circuit breaker

Rated values (Iu, Ue)

Limit values (Icu, Ics, Icw, Icm)

Insulation values (Ui, Uimp)

Rated uninterrupted current Iu

IEC 60947-1 def. 4.3.2.4

Rated uninterrupted current Iu

Rated operational voltage Ue

IEC 60947-1 def. 4.3.1.1

Rated operational voltage Ue

Some factors may reduce the Ue of a circuit breaker

Rated values (Iu, Ue)

Limit values (Icu, Ics, Icw, Icm)

Insulation values (Ui, Uimp)

Limit value Icu

Breaking capacity according to a specified test sequence.

Limit value Ics

Breaking capacity according to a specified test sequence.

Limit values Icu and Ics

Relation between Ics and Icu

This relation is always true!!!

When is Icu required?

Where continuity of service is not a fundamental requirement.

For protection of single terminal load.

For motor protection.

Where maintenance work is easily carried out without much

Generally for circuit breaker installed on terminals part of

When is Ics required?

Where continuity of service is a fundamental requirement.

For installation in power center.

Where is more difficult to make maintenance.

IEC Standards & Power Factor Correction

IEC Standards & Power Factor Correction