Qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw

ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbertyuiopa
STEFANA BALAN
sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf
ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj
THE ENGLISH TENSES:
klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklz
THEORY, PRACTICE AND
xcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv
KEY
bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn
mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq
wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer
tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopa
sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf
ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj
klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklz
xcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv
Clear explanations
Practice the tenses
bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn
Fill in the blanks with the suitable tense
Irregular verbs
mrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwert
Key to practice
yuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui
opasdfghjklzxcvbn

1. SIMPLE PRESENT
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT+V1(+S/ES FOR HE/SHE/IT)
I study hard every day. She studies German in school.
INTERROGATIVE:DO/DOES(HE/SHE/IT)+SUBJECT+V1
Do you work in this town? Does she enjoy Chemistry?
NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT+DO NOT/DOES NOT+V1
DONT/DOESNT
I don't go to club very often.
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DONT/DOESNT+SUBJECT+V1
DO/DOES+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1
Do you not study Algebra? Don't you smoke cigars?
USE:
1. to express scientific or general truths:
Water boils at 100C.
2. to express an action happening repeatedly or which is permanent (frequency adverbs
can be used: every day/month/year, rarely, seldom, never, sometimes, always etc)
We always travel by plane on holidays.
I am never busy in the afternoons.
3. to narrate stories or events (if the action is in progress, present continuous will be used):
When I enter my house, I see a big man standing in my kitchen. Apparently, that was the
plumber called by my mother.
4. to give instructions:
For a pizza, you make dough and you add mozzarella, mushrooms, bacon, olives...
5. when making live commentaries. It is used in general for finished actions.
Ronaldo gets the ball and shoots. It's a goal!
6. to express future for official actions:
The meeting takes place at 5 pm this afternoon.
7. to express a future action in conditional and time clauses
I will call you when/if I finish my project.
8.in exclamations beginning with here and there
Here comes the bus. but The bus is coming

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+AM/ARE/IS+V-ING
I am working hard this month.
INTERROGATIVE:AM/ARE/IS+SUBJECT+V-ING
Are you coming with us?
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+AM NOT/ARE NOT/IS NOT+V-ING

ARENT/ISNT
They are not working in the morning this week.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE:ARENT/ISNT+SUBJECT+V-ING
AM/ARE/IS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V-ING
Aren't you studying English grammar this term?
USE:
1.to express an action in progress at the moment of speaking. Such adverbs as now, just,
at this moment can be used in order to emphasize the fact that the action is in progress.
I am listening to the speaker now.
2. to express an action which happens in the present, even if it is not necessarily in
progress at the moment of speaking:
I am writing a book. (not as we are speaking)
3. to express temporary actions
This month I am working harder.
4. to express near future - personal plans or arrangements (it is obligatory to use the time
adverbial: tomorrow, next week/month/...)
Next weekend we are going to a nice mountain resort.
5. to express future actions with verbs of movement such as : to come, to go, to arrive, to
leave
Our aunt is arriving tomorrow.
6. to express a repeated or permanent action which produces annoyance, irritation: (with
always, constantly, continually, and forever.)
He is always coming late to the parties.
7. in subordinate clauses of time or condition when referring to an action in progress:
I won't disturb them if they are studying.
8. to show the transition from one state to another with such verbs as to become, to grow,
to get.
Children are getting smarter and smarter every day.

STATE VERBS
1. VERBS OF PERCEPTION: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste (to
express the mere perception and not a voluntary action)
I see you now. but I am looking at you now.
The flower smells nice. but I am smelling the flower.
If the verbs do nor refer to perception but have other meanings, they can be used in the
continuous aspect: I am seeing the doctor on Friday.
2.VERBS EXPRESSING MENTAL ACTIVITIES:
to agree, to believe, to distrust, to doubt, to find, to foresee, to forget, to guess, to imagine,
to know, to mean, to mind, to remember, to recognize, to recollect, to suppose, to think
(that), to trust, to understand
e.g. I understand the tenses now.
He thinks that we should go home now.
But
e.g. You are imagining things (you are making up).
She is minding her old mother. (looks after her)
3.VERBS EXPRESSING WISH: to desire, to intend, to want, to wish
I want that dress right now!
We intend to get married next week.
4. VERBS EXPRESSING ATTITUDES, FEELINGS, EMOTIONAL STATES:
to abhor, to adore, to detest, to dislike, to displease, to like, to love , to hate, to please, to
prefer
I love English grammar now.
5. VERBS EXPRESSING POSSESSION: to belong to, to have, to hold, to keep to owe, to
own, to possess
He has a lot of money now.
6. VERBS EXPRESSING A STATE, A CONDITION: to appear, to be, to consist of, to
contain, to differ, to deserve, to equal, to resemble, to seem, to suit
You seem upset today.

3. PAST SIMPLE
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT+V2
I went to the theatre yesterday.
INTERROGATIVE:DID +SUBJECT+V1
Did you visit your grandparents last week?
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+DID NOT+V1
DIDNT
I didnt go to the theatre, I went to the cinema.
NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DIDNT+SUBJECT+V1
DID+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1
Did you not understand what I told you?
SPELLING RULES OF THE PAST FORM
1. when the verbs end in e only d is added
She smiled at him and left.
2. when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant (with the exception of c, w, or x)
preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled and ed is added
They stopped and greeted each other.
3. the verbs ending in c add k after c then ed is added
Everybody panicked when hearing about the test.
4. a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel,
the final consonant is doubled if the final syllable is stressed.
They referred to our project.
the final consonant is not doubled when the final consonant is not stressed ( visited,
listened)
I visited Rome instead of staying at home.
Exceptions: kidnapped, handicapped
5. When the short infinitive of a verb ends in y, if the y is preceded by a consonant, it is
changed into I and then ed is added
I cried at the end of the Titanic movie.

USE:
1. for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. In this case a past adverbial
is used such as when, the other day, then, yesterday, last week, last month, in 1998, ago,
etc.
They went camping by the lake last month.
2. for actions which happened one after the other in the past
First she paid the driver, then she got out of the taxi.
3. for past habits or states which are now finished. In such cases we can also use the
expression "used to" or modal "would" (only for dynamic verbs)
I played football every weekend when I was young.
I used to play football when I was young....
I would play football when I was young...
4. in conditional clauses (type II) to express a probable action
If I were you, I would call him.
If she had time, she would call you.
Obs. 'to be' has the form were for all persons in literary English.
5. to express Present Simple in Reported Speech introduced by a verb in the past
I like English grammar, she said. She said that she liked English grammar.
6. to express an action with duration but completed at the moment of speaking.
I lived in New York for 10 years. Then I moved to London.
7. after wish, had better, would rather, as if/though, it's time to express present reference
I wish I were at the seaside now.
He behaves as if he were our boss.
It's time you learnt the English tenses.
I'd rather/better you came early at the party. (we use past only when we have different
subjects.)

4. PAST CONTINUOUS
FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT+WAS/WERE+V-ING
I was doing my homework when you called.
INTERROGATIVE:WAS/WERE+SUBJECT+V-ING
Were you doing some shopping yesterday in the Mall?
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+WAS NOT/WERE NOT +V-ing

- WASNT / WERENT
I wasn't doing anything so you did not bother me.

USE:
1. To express an action in progress at a certain moment in the past:
This time yesterday I was writing.
2. For two or more simultaneous actions in the past
While mother was cooking, I was helping her.
3. for a temporary action in the past
I was working as a translator at that time.
4. to express a repeated annoying situation or action
They were always asking for money.
5. to express a background action
When I was going to school yesterday, I saw a house on fire.
6. To render a Present Continuous in Reported Speech
I am working, she said. She said that she was working.
7. in Reported Speech+time/conditional clauses
She said she wouldn't disturb them if they were studying.

5.PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+V3
I have been here for two hours.
INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+V3
Have you understood the question?
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT+V3

- HAVENT/HASNT
I haven't seen him yet.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVENT/HASNT+SUBJECT+V3
HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3
Have you not heard my question?
USE
1. to express an action in the past with present consequences
I've lost my car keys. (I can't drive home)
2. to express an action or state which started in the past and continues to the present
moment.
I've been here for a week.
3. to express a recent action (yet, already, recently, just)
I've just woken up.
4. in time and conditional clauses to replace a Future Perfect
If/When I have done my homework, I will meet with my friends.
5. with an unfinished period of time.
I've missed the bus this morning. (it's before noon)
The most common adverbials for Present Perfect are just, lately, recently, of late, latterly,
till now, up to now, so far, up to the present, during the last week, the last few days, these
twenty minutes, today, this week, this month, this year, all day, all night, this morning, how
long, when concerned with a period of time extending into the present, ever, never, often,
seldom, always, several times, already and yet, with since and for. Note that these adverbs
are used with the PRESENT PERFECT when the point of reference in THE PRESENT
MOMENT

6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+BEEN+V-ING
I have been working in this school for 12 years.
INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING
Have you been studying English?
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT + BEEN+V-ING

HAVENT/HASNT
I havent been working hard lately.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVENT/HASNT+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-ING

HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-ING
Have you not been doing your homework since last week?
USE:
1. to express an uninterrupted action which has duration and is in progress at the moment
of speaking. (it should be an action and not a state)
Ive been drinking a lot of coffee this morning. But Ive drunk three cups of coffee this
morning.
2. to express a finished action with dramatic effects in the present
Your room is a mess. What have you been doing?

7. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT+HAD+V3
I had done my work by the time they left.
INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+V3
Had he forgotten his umbrella at home?
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAD NOT +V3

HADNT
I hadnt realized at that time that they were married.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADNT+SUBJECT+V3
HAD+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3
Had you not understood how wrong everything was?
USE:
1. to express an action or a state prior to another moment or action. The most common
adverbials are when, before, now that, as soon as, and after.
I had completed the questionnaire when the clerk came in the office.
2. to express duration up to a moment in the past (especially with states):
I had been there for five hours when he finally showed up.
3. in sentences with the constructions just, hardly/barely/scarcely+ when and no
sooner+ than
No sooner had I got home than he called me.
Hardly had I got in the classroom when the teacher came in.
4. with since and for when they show duration up to a past moment
In 2010 I had been a teacher for 10 years.
5. to express Past Tense Simple and Present Perfect Simple in Indirect Speech
I met with him a minute ago she said She said that she had met with him a minute
before.
I have just met with him she said She said that she had just met with him.
6. in the Conditional Clause Type III to express an impossible condition
I would have got a good grade if I had organised my time better.
7. to express a regret (with if only, wish)
If only I had worked every day at least a bit...
I wish I had done more to improve my grammar skills before the Cambridge exam
8. after had/would rather(when subjects are different) or as if/as though
Id rather you had helped him with his homework.
He acted as if he had been our master.

10

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD+BEEN+V-ING
I had been waiting for him for 30 minutes when he finally came.
INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING
Had he been bothering you a lot?
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT+HAD NOT + BEEN+V-ING

HADNT
I had not been reading my school books by the time of the exam

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADNT+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-ING

HAD+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-ING
Had he not been working hard like the rest of the team?
USE:
1. To show that an action had duration up to a certain moment in the past:
I had been studying hard for more than 5 hours when my mother arrived at home.
2. in Reported Speech to express a past continuous or a present perfect continuous
I was crossing the street when I saw her he explained He explained that he had been
crossing the street when he had seen her.
I have been waiting for hours she complained She complained that she had been
waiting for hours.

11

FUTURE TENSES AND EXPRESSIONS

1. THE SIMPLE FUTURE
FORMS:

SUBJECT+SHALL(I,WE)/WILL+V1

USE:
Will
1. is used to express a neutral future event, yet there are grammarians who include this use
in the category of modality:
He will pass the exams for sure. (rather a prediction)
2. a future action in the main clause of conditional and time sentences
I will help you if/when you need me to.
3. to express on-the-spot decisions:
-This suitcase is so heavy!
-I will help you!
2. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
WILL+BE+V-ING
1. to express a future activity or state in progress at a certain time in the future
This time tomorrow I will be doing shopping.
2. to express an activity or state that will take place over a future period
We will be working hard all next week.
3. to express planned actions
We will be visiting Rome for Christmas.

3. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

WILL+ HAVE +V3
USE:
1. to express a completed action at a future moment
This time tomorrow, I will have finished my project.
2. the duration up to a certain time in the future (especially with states)
He will have been in this company for a long year when he retires.

12

3. possibility or assumption
He will have finished his homework by now.
4.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
WILL+ HAVE +BEEN+V3
It is used to express the duration of an action up to a certain moment in the future and the
fact that the action is in progress at the moment of reference:
This time next year, I will have been teaching English for 15 years.
5. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST SIMPLE
SHOULD/WOULD+V1
It is used to express a future action or state in reported speech:
She said she would help me.
Observation: The same happens with the other future tenses, as a matter of fact, will turns
into would in Reported Speech introduced by a verb in the past.
7. TO BE TO
1.to express an official plan or an arrangement
The PM is to resign this morning.
2. a demand or obligation
You are to do your homework.
3. a possible action
He is to become rich one day
8. TO BE ABOUT TO
To express immediate future:
You are about to get good news.
9. TO BE GOING TO (NEAR FUTURE)
It is used to express:
1. premeditation of an action:
I am going to study hard this year.
2. to make predictions with clear evidence:
The sky is clear, it is going to be a wonderful day.

13

3. planned actions
I am going to have a party tonight.
PRACTICE
Fill in the blanks with the right tense of the verb between the brackets:
Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense and voice:
1. When I.(1.be) a little girl, my brother and I used to visit our grandparents
mysterious house which..(2.say) to have been haunted. Just before New Years Eve,
the house was cold and gloomy because it(3.snow) heavily all day; we ..(4.sit)
around the fire listening to grandmas favourite stories when suddenly there .(5.be) a
tremendous crash upstairs. We all thought in horror of the ghost that she ..(6.tell) us
about. We ..(7.rush) up the stairs to discover that a tree (8.snap) in the wind
smashing the bedroom window. I(9.remember/always) the expression on my
grandmas face. I (10.be) so scared in my life! was all she could say.
2. I .(1. walk) along the main street one day when I suddenly ..(2. see) something
strange: a man I ..(3.see) before, the same height as me who..(4.have) a beard just
like mine.(5.cross) the street a few steps from me, coming to my direction. He ..
(6.pass) by me and I ..(7. freeze) amazed. He (8.wear) a blue shirt and a dark suit
and he ..(9. carry) a suitcase. I .(10. turn) around and followed him.
3. When Hamlet first saw the ghost of his father he doubted, as any reasonable man
(1.do). If he ..(2.trust) it from start, he ..(3.kill) Claudius sooner and the
complicated story of betrayal, inquiry and strategy of revenge (4. exist). Supposing he ..
(5.kill) Polonius, Ophelia .(6.lose) her mind and finally drowned; and Laertes .
(7.have) any reason to challenge Hamlet to a duel. Moreover, if Hamlet .(8.fake)
madness, Claudius ..(9.lower) his guard and finally given himself away; but then again,
who would know about their story ..(10.be) for Shakespeare?
4. Mary had a row with her parents and she decided to leave home. If she .(1.think)
twice she would still be with them. Later, she wished she .(2.not say) those harsh
words to them, and that they ..(3.be) on good terms again. She experienced very hard
times for a month or two, and she often wished she ..(4.be) born. If she ..(5.be)
strong, she .(6.have) a break down. Luckily, her friends supported and advised her. If it
(7.not be) for them, she.(8.not be) on her own. Her career changed due to
them; she may even become successful provided that she (9.work) hard from now
on. She even tried to make up with her parents and she often thinks If only these things
..(10.happen)!
5. People all over the world have seen UFOs for centuries. Aliens ..(1.say).(2.be)
little green transparent creatures that ..(3. come) here in order to study us.
People ..(4.say) (5.kidnap) and tested and each victim has very strong
memories about this experience. They .(6.often/suspect) of lying or at least
exaggerating but they cant all be crooks, can they? Doctors and UFOscientists.(7.know).(8.examine) them carefully even under hypnosis.
Some of the events and experiences (9.share) by all of them. Alien ..(10.

14

always/see) as the most intriguing contemporary subject due to our hope of not being alone
in the Universe.
KEY:
1.
1. was
2. was said
3. had been snowing
4. were sitting
5. was
6. had told/was telling
7. rushed
8. had snapped
9. will always remember
10. have never been
2.
1. was walking
2. saw
3. had never seen
4. had
5. was crossing
6. passed
7. froze
8. was wearing
9. was carrying
10. turned
3.
1. would have done/would do
2. had trusted
3. would have killed
4. wouldnt have existed
5. hadnt killed
6. wouldnt have lost
7. wouldnt have had
8. hadnt faked
9. wouldnt have lowered
10. hadnt it been
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

had thought
hadnt said
were
hadnt been born
hadnt been
would have had
had not been
wouldnt be

15

9. works
10. hadnt happened
5.
1. are said
2. to be
3. come/have come
4. are said
5. have been kidnapped
6. are often suspected
7. are known
8. to have examined
9. are shared
10. have always been seen

16

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

Infinitive

Past Tense

Past Participle Prezent Participle

to arise
to awake
to backbite
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to beget
to begin
to bend
to beset
to bid
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to blend
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring
to broadcast
to build
to burn
to burst
to buy
to cast
to catch
to chide
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to clothe
to come
to cost
to creep
to crow
to cut
to dare
to deal
to dig

arose
awoke
backbit
was/were
bore
beat
became
begot
began
bent
beset
bid/bade
bound
bit
bled
blent/blended
blessed/blest
to blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt/burned
burst
bought
cast
caught
chid
chose
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/clad
came
cost
crept
crowed/crew
cut
dared/durst
dealt
dug

arisen
awaked
backbitten
been
born
beaten
become
begotten
begun
bent/bended
beset
bid/bidden
bound
bit/bitten
bled
blent/blended
blessed/blest
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chid/chidden
chosen
cleft/clove
clung
clothed/clad
come
cost
crept
crowed
cut
dared
dealt
dug

arising
awaking
backbiting
being
bearing
beating
becoming
begetting
beginning
bending
besetting
bidding
binding
biting
bleeding
blending
blessing
blowing
breaking
breeding
bringing
broadcasting
building
burning
bursting
buying
casting
catching
chiding
choosing
cleaving
clinging
clothing
coming
costing
creeping
crowing
cutting
daring
dealing
digging

Traducere

a se ridica/urca/sui/ivi/rasari/isca
a se trezi/destepta/scula
a defaima/ponegri/birfi/calomnia
a fi/a se afla/gasi
a purta/duce/transporta/cara/rodi
a bate/lovi/suna
a deveni/ajunge/a se potrivi
a procrea/a da nastere la/ a cauza
a incepe/debuta/a porni
a (se) indoi/incovoia/inclina/supune
a aranja/pune/potrivi/bloca/coplesi
a ruga/implora/porunci/ordona/licita
a (se) lega/uni/consolida/captusi
a musca/ciupi/apuca/defaima
a stoarce/slei/singera
a (se) amesteca/combina/asorta
a binecuvinta/slavi/glorifica/apara
a bate/sufla/adia/rasuna/erupe
a (se) rupe/sparge/fringe
a creste/cultiva/hrani/nutri/educa
a aduce/mina/impinge/determina
a difuza/raspindi/transmite/semana
a construi/cladi/zidi
a arde/cauteriza
a izbucni/plesni/crapa
a cumpara/corupe/mitui
a arunca/azvirli/distribui
a (se) prinde/apuca/fixa
a certa/mustra/dojeni/cicali
a alege/selecta/prefera/a vrea
a (se) crapa/despica/detasa
a se lipi/agata de/a se tine de
a (se) imbraca/invesminta/acoperi
a veni/sosi/a se apropia/a exagera
a costa/face, fixa pretul
a (se) tiri/furisa, a fi plecat/umil
a cinta cucurigu/a-si manifesta
a taia/reteza/sectiona/despica/ciopli
a indrazni/cuteza/a avea curajul
a imparti/repartiza/a face comert cu
a sapa/a dezgropa/scormoni/rascoli

17

to do
to draw
to dream
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to flee
to fly
to forbear
to forbid
to forecast
to forego
to forknow
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forsake
to forswear
to freeze
to gainsay
to get
to gird
to give
to go
to grave
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to inlay
to keep
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lade
to lay
to lead

did
drew
dreamed
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flew
forbore
forbade
forecast(ed)
forewent
foreknew
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forsook
forswore
froze
gainsaid
got/gotten
girt/girded
gave
went
graved
ground
grew
hung/hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
inlaid
kept
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
knew
laded
laid
led

done
doing
drawn
drawing
dreamed
dreaming
dreamt
dreaming
drunk
drinking
driven
driving
dwelt
dwelling
eaten
eating
fallen
falling
fed
feeding
felt
feeling
fought
fighting
found
finding
fled
fleeing
flown
flying
forborne
forbearing
forbidden
forbidding
forecast(ed) forecasting
foregone
foregoing
foreknown
foreknowing
foreseen
foreseeing
foretold
foretelling
forgotten
forgetting
forgiven
forgiving
forsaken
forsaking
forsworn
forswearing
frozen
freezing
gainsaid
gainsaying
got/gotten
getting
girt/girded
girding
given
giving
gone
going
graved/graven graving
ground
grinding
grown
growing
hung/hanged hanging
had
having
heard
hearing
hid/hidden
hidding
hit
hitting
held
holding
hurt
hurting
inlaid
inlaying
kept
keeping
knelt/kneeled kneeling
knit/knitted knitting
known
knowing
laden/laded lading
laid
laying
led
leading

a face/savirsi/executa/infaptui
a trage/intinde/remorca/a trasa
a visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindi
a visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindi
a bea/sorbi/a suge
a conduce masina/a circula
a locui/trai/domicilia/salasui
a minca/a lua/servi masa/hrani cu
a cadea/pica/a se prabusi
a (se) hrani/a alimenta/nutri
a simti/resimti/percepe/a pipai
a (se) lupta/bate/a disputa
a gasi/intilni/a vedea/a da de
a fugi/a se refugia din/a parasi
a zbura/a trece in zbor
a se abtine de la/a se feri de/a evita
a interzice/a nu ingadui/permite
a prevedea/a calcula dinainte
a anticipa/a preceda
a cunoaste/sti dinainte/a prevedea
a prevedea
a prezice/prevesti/prooroci
a uita/neglija/nesocoti/omite
a ierta
a parasi/abandona/a renunta la
a jura fals/a depune marturie falsa
a ingheta/degera/congela
a contrazice/contesta/nega/tagadui
a capata/obtine/procura/face/dobindi
a incinge/inconjura
a da/darui/oferi/a face cadou
a merge/pleca/deplasa/duce/umbla
a grava/sculpta/ciopli/sapa
a macina/rasni/pisa/slefui/poliza
a creste/spori/dezvolta/maturiza
a (se) spinzura/agata/atirna/fixa
a avea/poseda/a suferi de/a bea
a auzi/audia/asculta
a (se) ascunde/piti/dosi/tainui
a lovi/nimeri/bate/izbi/atinge
a tine/pastra/detine/mentine
a rani/leza/dauna/strica/lovi/a durea
a intercala/introduce/insera
a pastra/respecta/tine seama de
a ingenunchea/a aseza in genunchi
a croseta/tricota/impleti/deosebi
a sti/a cunoaste
a incarca/imbarca
a pune/aseza/intinde/depune/expune
a duce/conduce/ghida/comanda

18

to lean
leant/leaned leant/leaned leaning
a se rezema/sprijini/a se aplica
to leap
leapt/leaped leapt/leaped leaping
a sari/salta/face salturi
to learn
learnt/learned learnt/learned learning
a invata/afla/studia/a se instrui
to leave
left
left
leaving
a lasa/abandona/parasi/pleca din
to lend
lent
lent
lending
a da imprumut/a se preta la
to let
let
let
letting
a lasa/ingadui/permite/a inchiria
to lie
lay
lain
lying
a sta intins/culcat/a zacea/a exista
to light
lighted/lit
lighted/lit
lighting
a aprinde (foc)/a lumina/ a poposi
to lose
lost
lost
losing
a pierde
to make
made
made
making
a fabrica/face/confectiona/construi
to mean
meant
meant
meaning
a insemna/a vrea sa spuna/a crede
to meet
met
met
meeting
a (se) intilni/intimpina/impreuna
to mel
melted
melted/molten melting
a se topi/dizolva/lichefia/induiosa
to misgive
misgave
misgiven
misgiving
a presimti ceva rau/a inspira frica
to mislay
mislaid
mislaid
mislaying
a pierde/rataci (un obiect)
to mislead
misled
misled
misleading
a conduce/indruma gresit
to mistake
mistook
mistaken
mistaking
a intelege gresit
to misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood misunderstanding a intelege/interpreta gresit
cuvintele
to mow
mowed
mowed/mown mowing
a cosi/secera/tunde
to outride
outrode
outridden
outriding
a intrece/depasi pe cineva calare
to outrun
outran
outrun
outrunning
depasi pe cineva in fuga
to overcast
overcast
overcast
overcasting a intuneca/surfila/inchide
to overcome overcame
overcome
overcoming a invinge/birui/coplesi/dobori/infringe
to overdo
overdid
overdone
overdoing
a exagera/intrece masura
to overeat
overate
overeaten
overeating
a minca prea mult/a se ghiftui
to overfeed overfed
overfed
overfeeding a supraalimenta
to overlie
overlay
overlain
overlying
a se intinde peste
to overrun
overran
overrun
overrunning a se revarsa/a depasi limitele
to oversee
oversaw
overseen
overseeing
a supraveghea/controla
to overset
overset
overset
oversetting a rasturna ordinea/a zadarnici
to oversleep overslept
overslept
oversleeping a dormi prea mult/a se scula tirziu
to overtake overtook
overtaken
overtaking
a depasi un autovehicul
to overthrow overthrew
overthrown overthrowing a rasturna/dobori/infringe/invinge
to partake
partook
partaken
partaking
a profita/uza de/a lua parte la ceva
to pay
paid
paid
paying
a plati/achita/a prezenta avantaj
to put
put
put
putting
a aseza/pune/supune
to read
read
read
reading
a citi/interpreta/studia/a se pregati
to rend
rent
rent
rending
a (se) rupe/sfisia/despica/crapa
to repay
repaid
repaid
repaying
a rasplati/recompensa
to reset
reset
reset
resetting
a restabili/repune/potrivi ceasul
to retell
retold
retold
retelling
a spune/povesti din nou/repeta
to rid
rid/ridden
rid/ridden
ridding
a se descotorosi/debarasa/elibera de
to ride
rode
ridden
riding
a calari (calul)/domina/stapini
to ring
rang
rung
ringing
a suna/rasuna/anunta/semnala
to rise
rose
risen
rising
a se ridica/inalta/scula/a se agita
to rive
rived
riven/rived
riving
a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupe
to run
ran
run
running
a fugi/alerga/conduce/administra
to saw
sawed
sawn/sawed sawing
a taia cu ferastraul
to say
said
said
saying
a zice/spune/grai/afirma/mentiona

19

to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shear
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to slit
to smell
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
to spill

saw
seen
sought
sought
sold
sold
sent
sent
set
set
sewed
sewn/sewen
shook
shaken
sheared/shore shorn/sheared
shed
shed
shone
shone
shod
shod
shot
shot
showed
shown/showed
shrank
shrunk/shrunken
shut
shut
sang
sung
sank
sunk
sat
sat
slew
slain
slept
slept
slid
slid/sliden
slit
slit
smelt
smelt
sowed
sown/sowed
spoke
spoken
sped/speeded sped/speeded
spelt/spelled spelt/speld
spent
spent
spilt/spilled spilt/spilled

seeing
seeking
selling
sending
setting
sewing
shaking
shearing
shedding
shining
shoeing
shooting
showing
shrinking
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
slaying
sleeping
sliding
slitting
smelling
sowing
speaking
speeding
spelling
spending
spilling

a vedea/intelege/remarca/observa
a cauta/cerceta/explora/solicita
a vinde/desface marfuri/a pacali
a expedia/trimite/transmite/lansa
a pune/aseza/instala/culege
a coase/lucra cu acul
a scutura/zgudui/agita
a tunde/despuia/pagubi
a varsa (lacrimi)/pierde/lepada
a straluci/luci/izbindi
a incalta/pingeli/potcovi/talpui
a trage (in)/impusca/vina/revarsa
a arata/indica/demonstra/dovedi/ivi
a se scurta/micsora/strimba
a (se) inchide
a cinta/suiera
a se scufunda/scadea/amortiza
a sedea/sta jos/poza ca model
a omori/asasina/ucide/masacra
a dormi/a adormi
a aluneca/a se da pe gheata
a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupe
a mirosi/adulmeca
a semana/insaminta
a vorbi/grai/rosti
a accelera/goni/merge cu viteza
a ortografia/a rosti un cuvint
a cheltui/consuma/epuiza
a (se) revarsa/varsa/imprastia

to spin
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swell

spun/span
spun
spat/spit
spat/spit
split
split
spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled
spread
spread
sprang
sprung
stood
stood
stole
stolen
stuck
stuck
stung
stung
stank/stunk stunk
struck
struck/stricken
strung
strung
strove
striven
swore
sworn
swept
swept
swelled
swollen
swelled
swam
swum
swung
swung

spinning
spitting
spiting
spoiling
spreading
springing
standing
stealing
sticking
stinging
stinking
striking
stringing
striving
swearing
sweeping
swelling

a toarce/fila/rasuci/invirti/roti
a scuipa/expectora/poua marunt
a (se) scinda/descompune/diviza
a strica/deteriora/altera/rasfata/jefui
a intinde/desfasura/desface/lungi
a sari/tisni/incolti/rasari/izvori/exploda
a sta in picioare/a se tine drept
a fura/sterpeli/amagi/seduce/cuceri
a infige/intepa/introduce/adera
a impunge/intepa/rani/insela/amagi
a mirosi urit/a puti/a duhni
a (se) lovi/izbi/ciocni/bate
a lega cu sfoara/intinde coarda
a se stradui/lupta/zbate/a tinde/nazui
a jura/depune juramintul/injura
a matura/sterge praful
a umfla/mari/bomba

swimming
swinging

a inota/pluti/trece inot/inunda
a se legana/balansa/roti/invirti/oscila

to swim
to swing

20

to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to unbend
to unbind
to undergo
to undersell
to understand
to undertake
to undo
to upset
to wake
to wear
to weave
to wed
to weep
to win
to wind
to withdraw
to withhold
to withstand
to write

took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
unbent
unbound
underwent
undersold
understood
undertook
undid
upset
woke/woked
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
withdrew
withheld
withstood
wrote

taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden/trod
unbent
unbound
undergone
undersold
understood
undertaken
undone
upset
waked/woken
worn
woven/wove
wedded/wed
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
withheld
withstood
written

taking
a lua/imprumuta/pune mina
teaching
a invata pe cineva/instrui/preda
tearing
a rupe/sfisia/distruge/smulge
telling
a spune/povesti/exprima/arata/indica
thinking
a (se) gindi/crede/imagina/inchipui
throwing
a (se) arunca/lansa/azvirli/lepada/fata
thrusting
a implinta/viri/indesa
treading
a calca/pasi/calca pe
unbending
a (se) intinde/destinde/relaxa
unbinding
a dezlega/desface/desprinde/slobozi
undergoing a suferi/indura/suporta/trece prin
underselling a vinde mai ieftin/vinde sub pretul de
understanding a intelege/pricepe/sesiza
undertaking a intreprinde/lua asupra sa/asuma
undoing
a anula/desfiinta/desface/distruge
upsetting
a (se) rasturna/dezorganiza/afecta
waking
a (se) trezi/destepta/priveghea/stirni
wearing
a purta/a fi imbracat cu/a se uza
weaving
a tese/impleti/a se amesteca/baga in
wedding
a (se) casatori/da/lua in casatorie
weeping
a plinge/varsa lacrimi
winning
a cistiga/obtine/reusi/a ajunge la
winding
a serpui/rasuci/infasura/inveli
withdrawing a retrage/retracta/lua inapoi/renunta
withholding a opri/retine de la/interzice ceva
withstanding a se impotrivi/opune la/a rezista
writing
a scrie/a redacta

21

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Chilrescu, Mihaela, Paidos, Constantin, Proficiency in English, Institutul European, Iai,
1997
Rafiroiu, A., Popa, F., Roset, S. et al (2005) Steps-the IX-th grade-admitere in clasele
cu predare bilingva si intensiv engleza, Ed. Rovimed, Bacau
Acklam, R. (2005): Advanced Gold Coursebook, Longman, London
Aklam, R. and Crace, A. (2006): Going for Gold Upper-Intermediate Coursebook,
Longman, London
Newbrook, J. et al (2008): New First Certificate Gold Coursebook, Pearson Longman,
London
Newbrook, J. and Wilson, J. (2006): New Proficiency Gold Coursebook, Longman,
London

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