Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Areas of study
What is a text?
A text is "a communicative occurrence which meets []
the standards of textuality" (de Beaugrande & Dressler,
1983, p. 3).
Standards of textuality:
1. Cohesion "[...] concerns the ways in which the components
of the surface text, i.e. the actual words we hear or see,
are mutually connected within a sequence.
2. Coherence "[...] concerns the ways in which the components
of the textual world, i.e. the configuration of concepts and
relations which underlie the surface text, are mutually
accessible and relevant". Coherence is the outcome of
cognitive processes among text users (see below).
3. Intentionality "[...] the text producers attitude that the set of
occurrences should constitute a cohesive and coherent
text instrumental in fulfilling the producers intentions, e.g.,
to distribute knowledge or to attain a goal specified in a
plan"
What is a text?
Cohesion and coherence
Background knowledge
Spoken vs. written style
Genre analysis
Conversation analysis
Gricean maxims of communication
Reference
Reference
Arthur's very proud of his Chihuahuas. I don't
like them.
Grammatical
Substitution
Tell a story. I don't know one.
Ellipsis
Lexicogrammatical
Lexical
Conjunction
Lexical cohesion
He met an old lady. The lady was looking at
him for a while...
Spoken language
Intonation expresses grammatical, attitudinal, and
discourse meaning.
Tone (melody): fall, rise-fall, rise, fall-rise, level
Prominence
It was INteresting.
It WAS interesting.
Functions of spoken language:
action: guidelines or directions given, teacher
instructions;
social contact: telephone conversations, chats;
information: lecture, presentation, political speech;
entertainment: jokes, radio programs
Genre analysis
All text-types have their own system of linguistic, rhetorical
and organisational characteristics. Therefore, genre
analysts set out to investigate what makes a letter a
letter, or what makes a radio announcement a radio
announcement.
"A genre comprises a class of communicative events the
members of which share some set of communicative
purposes. These purposes are recognized by the expert
members of the parent discourse community, and
thereby constitute the rationale for the genre. This
rationale shapes the schematic structure of the
discourse and influences and constrains choice of
content and style. Exemplars of a genre exhibit
various patterns of similarity in terms of structure, style,
content and intended audience. If all high probability
expectations are realized, the exemplar will be viewed as
prototypical by the parent discourse community"
(Swales, 1990, p. 58).
Spoken language
Written language
Shared situation
No shared situation
On-line interaction
(two-way)
Verbal and non-verbal
means
No careful editing
Delayed interaction
(one-way)
Time pressure
Verbal means
Revising, editing
possible
No time pressure
Frequency
Formal (informational
genres) informal genres
Formal (informational
genres) informal genres
Formal (informational
genres) informal genres
Formal (informational
genres) informal genres
Formal (informational
genres) informal genres
Conversation analysis
Non-observance of maxims
Overview