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Radio Networks
G. Araniti+ , J. Cosmas , A. Iera+ , A. Molinaro+ , A. Orsino+ , P. Scopelliti+
+ ARTS Lab., DIIES Dep., University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy
WNCC, Brunel University, London, UK
email: {araniti, antonio.iera, antonella.molinaro, antonino.orsino}@unirc.it,
john.cosmas@brunel.ac.uk
I. I NTRODUCTION
HE fast diffusion of advanced user terminals and multimedia applications such as mobile web-browsing, video
downloading, on-line gaming, and social networking, leads to
the growing demand of high data rate for wireless communications. In addition, the lack of radio spectrum due to the
more and more request of bandwidth by the end users in order
to achieve high transmission rates and high levels of Quality
of Service (QoS) represents still an open issue.
Since the existing cellular networks are not able to solve
this problem, a new paradigm called Long Term Evolution
(LTE) has been proposed as the basis for the fourth generation
mobile cellular networks (4G) [1]. The aims of the LTE
standard are higher user bit rates, lower delays, increased
spectrum efficiency, reduced cost, and operational simplicity.
However, the presence of coverage holes and weak signal areas
due to the cell edge and high level of inter-cell interference,
leads the scientific community to consider new paradigms
and approaches [2], [3]. A possible enhancement of the LTE
systems is to overlap different low power base stations (BSs)
within an existing macro cellular coverage. Such a system is
called Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) [4].
LTE HetNet can be a possible solution to enhance indoor
coverage, delivers high bandwidths and off-loads traffic from
the macro base stations. The high power BSs (i.e. macrocells)
are integrated with low power BSs (i.e.: pico, femtocell, and
relay nodes) that are dynamically arranged and turned on/off
directly by the end users. Although the usage of small BSs
enhances the coverage of the system and the network performance, the inter-cell interference increases linearly and has to
be taken into account. In addition, the use of a high number of
small cells causes a high power consumption and increases the
inter-cell interference. Power consumption, power saving, and
energy efficiency are the main topics of the Green Networks
[5] [6] [7]. The aim of these networks is to design power
control schemes and Radio Resource Management (RRM)
algorithms in order to guarantee the power saving and the
energy reduction of the networks without decrease the users
and system performance. These goals can be achieved by
minimizing the base station energy consumption through the
implementation of energy efficient hardware, power saving
protocols, and switching-off the BSs through efficient handover procedures.
Frequent and unnecessary handover by the users to low
power BSs are a serious problem for the system performance.
Indeed, they cause a high overhead due to the exchange of
signalling messages with a consequent decreasing of system
performance. Three different kinds of handover can be executed: (i) Outbound (femto macro), (ii) Inbound (macro
femto) and (iii) inter-Femto-Access-Point(FAP) (femto
femto) [8]. Both Inbound and Inter-FAP handover are quite
complex since there are hundreds of possible target FAPs. Vice
versa the Outbound handover is more simple, because there is
only one macrocell target in the considered coverage area.
In this paper, we propose a new handover algorithm based
on green policies in order to guarantee an efficient management of the BSs transmitted power and to reduce the
unnecessary handovers. The proposed algorithm rejects the
Inbound handover requests from the users with high mobility
and allows only the handovers that do not increase the overall
transmitted power of the BS target. It will be demonstrated
that the proposed scheme increases the power saving and
minimizes the number of unnecessary handovers.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In
Section II we briefly discuss the related work of the handover
procedures in LTE HetNets. In Section III we introduce the
proposed green handover algorithm, whereas the simulation
campaign and the achieved results are given in Section IV.
residence time in a cell and by exploiting two different thresholds for the serving and the target cell, respectively. Authors
demonstrated that such an approach allows to reduces the
number of unnecessary handovers. Two different thresholds
are exploited
In [15] authors developed a green handover protocol in
two-tier OFDMA networks (macrocell and femtocell). This
is mainly based on the prediction of the dwell time (tdwell )
and average expected transmission time (texpected ) of the UE.
The algorithm consists of three phases: (i) free spectrum
configuration, (ii) transmission time estimation, and (iii) green
handover decision. In order to improve the energy efficiency of
the network, the handover framework proposed in [15] wakeup periodically the BSs from the idle mode. In this way, they
have a timely response to the network changes.
III. T HE G REEN A LGORITHM
Much of the power consumption takes place in the base
stations. In addition, in a high density femtocell deployment,
the signaling overhead due to frequent handovers between
macrocell and femtocells causes the decrease of network
performance. Following these considerations, we propose a
handover algorithm based on green policies in order to guarantee an efficient management of the transmitted power of the
base stations and the reduction of the unnecessary handover
procedures.
[W att]
(1)
n
UE
X
PG (k)
[W att]
(2)
k=1
P nU E
where k=1
PG (k) is the sum of all the power gain of the
users within a BS and PBS in the transmitted power.
Modulation
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
Code Rate
1/12
1/9
1/6
1/3
1/2
3/5
1/3
1/2
3/5
1/2
1/2
3/5
3/4
5/6
11/12
SINR
-6.50
-4.00
-2.60
-1.00
1.00
3.00
6.60
10.00
11.40
11.80
13.00
13.80
15.60
16.80
17.60
SE
0.15
0.23
0.38
0.60
0.88
1.18
1.48
1.91
2.41
2.73
3.32
3.90
4.52
5.12
5.55
[dB]
[dB]
(3)
(4)
T BRBi
TTI
i=1
[Kbps]
bits
[
]
Joule
Th
EE =
Pt
(5)
(6)
Macro-cell
15kHz
Doppler Frequency
60Hz
180kHz
12
Resource
block
OFDM symbols
7
30dBm
8dBm
174dBm/Hz
Pathloss (distance R)
log normal, = 8 dB
7, 10, 15dB
Frame duration
10ms
1ms
5 105
Cell coverage
BS distance
UE
10
15
Number of Femtocells
20
25
30
250
NoGreen 1UE
Green 1UE
NoGreen 10UE
Green 10UE
NoGreen 20UE
Green 20UE
200
150
100
10dB
50
300
Shadow fading
1.5
10M Hz
Sub-Carrier
Bandwidth
TX
Femtocell
Downlink Bandwidth
BS downlink
power
2.5
2110M Hz
NoGreen
Green 1UE
Green 10UE
Green 20UE
0.5
3
Total Power Femtocells [Watt]
T =
3.5
500m
50m
400m
10
15
Number of Femtocells
20
25
30
30
NoGreen 1UE
Green 1UE
NoGreen 10UE
Green 10UE
NoGreen 20UE
Green 20UE
UE Throughput [Mbps]
25
20
15
10
10
15
Number of Femtocells
20
25
30
NoGreen 1UE
Green 1UE
NoGreen 10UE
Green 10UE
NoGreen 20UE
Green 20UE
250
200
150
100
50
10
15
Number of Femtocells
20
25
30
140
NoGreen 10UE
Green 10UE
120
Accepted Handover
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
Number of Femtocells
20
30