The Original Value of Gr.

-
Author(s): J. Gonda
Source: Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 10, Fasc. 2 (1957), pp. 97-102
Published by: BRILL
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4427968
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THE

OF

VALUE

ORIGINAL

GR.

-de

BY
J.

GONDA

and other
arise whether
Wackernagelx)
question
may
in
that
the
Greek
enclitic
are
postcontending
right
2)
to
and
which
names
of
-de,
places
persons
joined mainly
position
the idea of "motion
towards5'
in the accusative
helps to express
The

scholars

the sense of "in

3), originally
conveyed
"in der Richtung"):
"und zwar mit dem
(German
auf etwas
'in der Richtung
hin', mit dem Ablativ
Akkusativ,
"
: hence the Latin preposition
'in der Richtung
von etwas her'
to the Swiss savant
and
de. The selfsame
is, according
particle
ab
eo
to
in
unde.
Lat. inde,
also found
Being equivalent
others4),

("changement
that direction"

de lieu5')

as having
arisen from *im-de. Since
or de eo, inde can be explained
"from
Mine means
"from there,
Lat. illim,
istim, istinc
since",
there", hinc (<*him + c) "from here, hence, from now", *im alone,
stem i- (Latin is, Skt. ayam, idam
from the pronominal
deriving
be right,
etc.), must have meant "from here" 5). If this conclusion
not a marker of direction.
-de probably
was an emphatic
particle,
the
Arm.
A similar sense is conveyed
-t, which can be derived
by
from
anti

*-?l,
"from

Lat.

endo

to contain

in adverbs

signifying
andust "from

a point
of issue or departure:
-do in
there"
etc. The element

there",
"in" 6) (endogredi
=ingredi),
the particle in the o grade,
or from) either:
this endo

may be considered
a direction
not indicate

which
does

to Hitt.
exactly
corresponds
(towards
"in
near"
and
anda
under,
"in,
between,
(postposition)
(adv.)
direction
however
sometimes
in
within,
position
expressing
(mostly
Vorlesungen ?ber Syntax II2, 209.
?) J. Wackernagel,
2) Cf. also P. Chantraine, Grammaire hom?rique, II (1953), 46: "particule
'lative' ".
3) P. Chantraine, Morphologie historique du grec2 (1947), ?24?
Lat. etym. Wtb., I, 692; cf. also Ernout4) See e.g. Walde-Hofmann,
Meillet, Diet. ?tym. de la langue latine2, I, 562.
5) See also F. Skutsch, Glotta 1, 316.
6) See F. Sommer, Handbuch der lat. Laut- und Formenlehre2, 145; WaldeHofmann, o.e., I, 694.
Mnemosyne, ?

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THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de

98

*en + do *) ; as these meanings

which seems to represent
towards)",
to
I.E.
we
are
in
fortified
our conclusion
that the posten,
belong
was
added
for
sake
of
The Latin
the
'emphasis'.
position
mainly
and

quamde

the

Umbrian

pane<

of quam, (Ose.) pan,

duplicates
The element
under discussion

*pam-de2),
point in the

which
same

are

'stronger'
direction.

is generally
identified
with the
This
of
not
adverb
however
is
????de3).
syllable
only used in
o 492 . . . ????e???
connection
with
movement:
????d' ?????,
I have come hither",
....
but also with verbs of rest:
''wandering
Arist. V. 765 ????de a?t?? ?????. In contradistinction
to those who

last

to

seem

hold

meant

"hither",
maintained
that

and in Homer
primarily,
exclusively,
after
the
"here"
only
epics
4), it must be
in ? 296 ? ??? d' e??at?? ?st? pe??t??p???
???a?t?? /

that

????de

and

"for us is the ninth year at its turn, while we

????de ??????tess?,
abide here"; ? 51 ot ????de ?' e?s?? ???st??; e 2?8, the sense of "here"
is indisputable.
Now ???a likewise
stands
for "there"
and, with
verbs of motion,
as
and this trait must be regarded
"thither",
because it also belongs to the equivalents
in other ancient
'originar
I.E. languages:
Skt. tatra, Lit. ten etc. mean "in and to that place",
and "thither",
the Av. iSa, ida "here, hither".
"there"
In part of
the local adverb
k^de represents
the Slavonic
"where"
languages
as well

place, where to".

?????de "hence",
which
find, beside ???e? "thence",
not only occurs with verbs of motion,
but also in phrases such as
Eur. Or. 1278 ?a???
t? ?5 ?????de, "all is well on this side". Here
We

as "to what

further

d? marks
st?at??,
"this",

: Eur. Suppl. 695 6 ?????de

'ich-deixis'
proximity,
conveys
"the army from this place".
This is also the case in dde
which is formed
from ? which in Homer
has, to a large

its original
demonstrative
force: Skt. sa "that";
Goth, sa
: *so etc. 5) : in its initial stage the phrase ? d? ???? may have
?) See also H. Pedersen, Hittitisch und die anderen IE. Sprachen (1938),
166. For other words which must not be compared, see J. Pokorny, Indogerm.
etym. Wtb., 182.
2) CD. Buck, A Grammar of Osean and Umbrian, 137.
o.e., I, 624; 628; Boisacq, Diet, etym.2, 253:
3) Schwyzer-Debrunner,
"????de ?????de d'apr?s les rapports ??t??: dde: ?".
o.e., II, 158: "????de und ??ta???? sind zun?chst
4) Schwyzer-Debrunner,
Richtungsadverbien".
5) For particulars see E. Schwyzer, Zur Auffassung der zusammengesetzten
extent,
"that"

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THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de

to oi ??? ?????p??.
comparable
Schwyzer
attention
to English
dialectic
nection,
phrases
of "this house here" *) ; a more
house" instead
been

99

drew, in this
such as "this

conhere

interesting
parallel
hierdie man, lit. "here that man",
i.e. "this
is, in S. Afr. Dutch,
man". The Dutch pronoun deze "this" (mase, and fern.) 2) is usually
in a combination
as originating
of the pronominal
stem
explained
I.E. Ho-, Germ. *?a- (which is retained
in the definite
article de
die "that")
and the demonstrative
and a particle
which
pronoun
with the Goth, sai "see ! look!", and the OHGerm.
is mostly identified
se "ecce". The same origin was proposed
with regard to the German
dieser "this",
to the most probable
etc. 3). According
explication
of Lat. iste, this pronoun
is a Compound'
of the above
*inom.
of
and
and a fossilized
its Sanskrit
is, sg.
"this",
esa-

"this"

"this, that"
In favour

these

containing

same

stems

must

likewise

stem

*to-

synonym
have meant

4).
of the

above
the
explication
may also be adduced
???
??
"hunc"
with
an
??
which
t?
element
"hic",
has,
Arc.-Cypr.
with probability,
been identified
5) with Anc. Ind. nu "now, now
which is also used
actually,
just, at once, indeed, surely, certainly",
to lay stress upon a preceding
word 6) ; in Greek itself ?? is mostly
a particle of emphasis,
Lithuanian
relatives

that
been

also a synonym
which

of its German
the

idea

and

of "now";

express
{nu, nu)
nu means
and" etc. (Toch. Hitt.):
"however,
??? may originally
have meant
like "that
now,
something
in the Thess. d?e "this"
has
then". The element
ne, contained

in other
thus

sometimes

languages

compared

to Anc.

Ind.

n?n?

"variously,

differently",

which

Donum Nat. Schrijnen (1929), 364 ff. ; Schwyzer Demonstrativpronomina,

Debrunner, o.e., I, 611 f.?After
having written this article I see that P.
Persson, Indog. Forsch. 2 (1893), 218, ?. 4, identified de in ?de and in d????de
attributing to it the original sense of "here, there".
1) See W. Horn, Sprachk?rper und Sprachfunktion
(1923), 56.
2) See Franck-van Wijk, Etymol. Woordenboek der ? ederlandsche ? aal2
(1929), 114; M. Sch?nfeld, Hist. Gramm, van het Nederlands* (1947), 135.
3) F. Kluge-A. G?tze, Etymol. W?rterbuch der deutschen Sprache15 (1951),
136; E. Prokosch, A Comparative Germanie Grammar (1939), 272.
Lat. etym. Wtb., I, 721 ; Wackernagel 4) For details see Walde-Hofmann,
Debrunner, Altind. Gramm., Ili, 544 f.
o.e., I, 612.
5) See Schwyzer-Debrunner,
6) For the use of nu see Delbr?ck, Altindische Syntax, 514 ff.; ?. ?.
Macdonell, Vedic Grammar for Students, 238 f.

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THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de

100
no doubt

stands

relative

nearer

"as" i).
The evidence
of the
element

on

ly)

of the Av.

na in yaQa-na

of "thus"

"(exactly)

; it may be a
as" beside yaQa

of the

above

words

the
and general relation
between
same
of
The
remark
course
applies
concepts
2).
-da in va?smdnda "homewards"
Avestan
(Yt. io, 86). The
is often clearly
or
of the) destination
expressed
reaching
in the context:
? 159 ?????de ??es?a? (a girl), "bring home

by itself expressing
verbal and nominal
to

na in the sense

and in the first place

etymologies,
induce
us to regard this
-de, may
containing
as
and
a
more
or
less
deictic
certainly
emphatic
essentially
It is therefore
that such was its original
value
probable
"
the idea of
?????de etc. : it seems to have emphasized
(exactthe spot, here, reaching
destination"
etc., the accusative
Greek

particle.
also in

for a double

the

(actual

only

implied
Germ,
(as a bride)",
the
to
war".
"going

a vague

"heimf?hren",

? 448

e????e???

p??e???de,

be correct, the particle

explication
acquired
only in the
verbs
of time, in connection
with accusatives
accompanying
of
of motion,
the character
of a marker of the so-called
accusative
If this

course

The

direction.

a 88 ??????d'
d?de d????de

remarkableness
?se?e?s??a?
the
proleptic

loses

of phrases such as ? 351 e?? ??ade;

by this. With regard to the phrase
5 in the Dutch
internal
adverbs

"in
binnenskamers
"privately";
in illustration
of a double occurrence

ondershands
quoted
inations'.

The

curious

room"

of 'adverbial

of -de and

may be
termforms ?

plural
?
is
ordinary
plurality3)
-de
if
did not belong to the category
perhaps
or local adverbs,
but conveyed
of prepositions
the sense mentioned
a plurbefore : an exact determination
of a place seldom concerns
T??asde

ality
more

and

incompatibility
do not refer to

the

???a?e
also more intelligible

of houses,
towns,
plains
persons,
in which
it
or less fixed phrases

etc.

the often
Compare
occurs:
p????de
actually

Altiranisches W?rterbuch, 1030 f. There

?) See also Chr. Bartholomae,
is some uncertainty about the mutual relations of the other particles of this
form, enumerated by Walde-Pokorny,
Vgl. Wtb. II, 337.
2) See a paper 'The character of the Sanskrit accusative' in 'Estructura lismo e historia', miscel?nea homenaje ? A. Martinet, La Laguna (Can.),
1956.
3) See P. Chantraine, Grammaire hom?rique I (1948), 247.

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THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de

???

?????de "home";
??d?sde "to earth";
??????de; ?????de;
a?ade; ???at??de; ????sde "to bed" (G 447 ?? one person, ? 294 of a
of people) ; f???de etc. In using one of these phrases the
plurality
speaker had a definite town, house, market, ship, bed etc. in view x).
"to town";

on those
in the related
particles
may be added
or
are
identified
with
the above
connected
usually
languages
Lat.
as
Greek particle. The
quando "when?, ever" may be considered
to Gr. p??- < *ku?m in
quam which appears to correspond
containing
? cf. *t?m in Gr.
t????a (i.e. t??-?-?a,
p????a "at what hour?",
cf. d-?a) "at that time, then" ? and *d?, which also occurs in
Some

words

which

donee "as long as, till, until (at last)" 2). There is however
no reason
this etymology,
to feel, with
distrust
Hofmann3),
concerning
because
quando does not mean "till when"
merely
("bis wann"),
for the use of the nearest

of -do, the German group O.H.D.

zu,
te, toe, Engl. to etc. : Orig. Germ, t? 4) is
zuo,
to the expression
of motion
either. In connection
not limited
with
the O.Engl.
verbs of movement
t?, like the modern to, expressed
the idea of "towards,
in the direction
of", with verbs expressing
Mod.H.G.

rest

has
place where or time when: this function
is
at
which
identical
with
Lat.
by
etymologically
ad. The Old Saxon to, te meant "to, towards, in, at etc." With regard
zu Paul5)
observed:
to the German
"es bezeichnet
urspr?nglich
been

it indicated

relatives

Dutch

taken

r?umliche

the

over

R?cksicht
auf die besondere
Lage oder Stelunter
usw.
charakteristisch
ist.
hinter,
vor,
?ber,
lung,
Als Pr?p. regiert zu den Dat., ohne R?cksicht
ob
es
sich
darauf,
oder Bewegung
In High German
um Ruhelage
handelt".
he latter
wie

N?he

ohne

sie f?r

has become predominant,

in contradistinction
to Dutch te,
in
has specialized
to the former use. As an adverb it survives
die T?r ist zu "the door is shut" (in Dutch:
de deur is toe). It also
nach Hause zu, auf jemand zu\ similarly
occurs as a postposition:
function

which

?) Cf. such likewise self-determined

phrases as, in Dutch, naar huis,
huiswaarts, naar school, schoolwaarts, in Engl. to church; to death.
o.e., I, 371; Ernout-Meillet,
2) See also Walde-Hofmann,
II, 974, and
especially O. Szemer?nyi, Glotta 35 (1956), inff.
Lat. Gramm., 741.
3) Hofmann,
4) See e.g. F. Kluge-A. G?tze, Etym. Wtb. der deutschen Spr.lb (1951),
907.
5) H. Paul, Deutsches W?rterbuch, s.v. zu.

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THE ORIGINAL VALUE OF GR. -de

102
in Dutch

naar huis toe, and in Medieval

Dutch we find such phrases
as: dus quamen si den Rijn toe "thus they came to the R."; trecken
te Vilvoorden
toe "go (travel) to V." x). In general this toe indicates
the

that

toe-slaan

end

or goal of the process

is actually
sense of "hit home".

reached:

cf.

also

in the

The form

*do is commonly
considered
the origin of O.Ch.Slav.
do,
which as a preposition
means
"up to, as far as, till", expressing
the limit unto which a process or an object extends,
often inclusive
? and as
of that limit, ? sometimes
the direction
itself is indicated
a prefix,

not

but also denotes

the
only fulfills a parallel function,
a
as
the
of
Other
words
such
Latin
completion
process 2).
preposition de, which is by no means universally
as belonging
to
regarded
Gr. -de 3), appear therefore to be ? at least for the practical purposes
?
of semantics
to it. The emphatic
foreign
d? 4) may, on the
to -d?. The original
of the Ancient
belong
analysis
tad?
kad?
"when"
etc.
was often
which
"then",
group
considered
as containing
*d?, *d? 5) may rather have been: Had-?,
-d? developing
into a suffix
6). It is not clear
(sarvad? "always")
other

hand,

Indian

to

the

particle
obscure

author
how -de and the well-known
connective
present
d? ? the derivation
of which is usually considered
entirely
? could be identified
by Hofmann
7) without
any expla-

nation.
Utrecht,

van

Limburg

Stirumstraat

17.

Woordenboek
?) See also E. Verwijs-J.
Verdam, Middelnederlandsch
Vili
(1916), 106.
2) See also W. Vondr?k-O. Gr?nenthal, Vergi. Slavische Grammatik2 II
(1928), 301 f.; A. Vaillant, Manuel du vieux slave I (1948), 183.
Diet, ?tym.9 I, 295.
3) Cf. e.g. Ernout-Meillet,
4) See J. D. Denniston, The Greek Particles, 203 ff.
5) See e.g. Ernout-Meillet,
I, 326; Pokorny,
o.e., 974; Walde-Hofmann,
o.e., 182.
6) Cf. also T. Burrow, The Sanskrit Language (1955), 279.
7) J. B. Hofmann, Etym. Wtb. d. Griechischen (1950), 52.

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