Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
UPDATED
8/18/03
12:07 PM
Page 1
CHAPTER 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN EXAMPLES
NOTATION
9.0
INTRODUCTION
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
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CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
A
A
Ab
Ac
Ac
Acv
Ao
Aps
APT
As
As
As
Asf
Asr
A*s
As
Av
Av
Avf
Avh
Av-min
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
b
be
bv
bv
bv
bw
CRc
CRs
c
c
D
D
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CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
DC
DFD
DFM
DFm
DFV
DW
d
db
dc
de
de
dp
dv
E
Ec
Ec
Eci
Ep
ES
Es
Es
e
e
e
ec
ee
eg
Fb
Fpi
F
fb
f c
f c
fcdp
fcds
fcir
f ci
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CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
f ci
fcgp
fd
fpb
fpc
fpc
fpe
fpe
fpi
fpo
fps
fpt
fpu
fpy
fr
fr
fs
f s
fse
fsi
f *su
ft
ftc
ftg
fy
fy
fy
f y
fyh
H
H
h
h
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CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
hc
hf
I
I
I
Ic
IM
J
K
Kg
k
k
L
L
L
L
L
Lc
LL
ld
lx
Ma
Mb
Mb
Mc
MCIP
Mconst
Mcol
Mcr
Mcr
M *cr
MD
Md
Md/nc
Mf
Mg
MLL
MLL+I
MLL+I
MLT
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
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Page 7
CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Mmax
Mn
Mn
Mn/dc
Mr
Ms
Ms
MSDL
Mservice
MSIP
Mu
Mu
Mws
Mx
m
m
Nb
NL
Nu
n
P
P
Pc
Peff
Pi
Ppe
Pr
Ps
Pse
Psi
P20
Q
Qi
q
RH
Rn
Ru
Rw
S
S
S
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CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
S
S
Sb
Sbc
SH
SR
St
Stc
Stg
s
s
s
T
t
t
tf
ts
ts
Vc
Vc
Vci
Vcw
Vd
Vi
VLL
VLL+I
VLL+I
VLT
Vmu
Vn
Vnh
Vp
Vp
Vs
Vs
Vu
[STD]
LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
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Page 9
CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
Vu
= factored shear force at section
[LRFD]
Vuh
= factored horizontal shear force per unit length of the beam
[LRFD]
Vx
= shear force at a distance (x) from the support
v
= factored shear stress
[LRFD]
W
= overall width of bridge measured perpendicular to the longitudinal beams
[STD]
w
= a uniformly distributed load
[LRFD]
w
= width of clear roadway
[LRFD]
wb
= weight of barriers
wc
= unit weight of concrete
[STD]
wc
= unit weight of concrete
[LRFD]
wg
= beam self-weight
ws
= slab and haunch weights
wws
= weight of future wearing surface
X
= distance from load to point of support
[STD]
x
= the distance from the support to the section under question
yb
= distance from centroid to the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam
ybc
= distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam
ybs
= distance from the center of gravity of strands to the bottom fiber of the beam
yt
= distance from centroid to the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
ytc
= distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme top fiber of the slab
ytg
= distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme top fiber of the precast beam
Z (or z)= factor reflecting exposure conditions
[LRFD], [STD]
= factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension (a value indicating
concrete contribution)
[LRFD]
D
= load combination coefficient for dead loads
[STD]
L
= load combination coefficient for live loads
[STD]
1
= factor for concrete strength
[STD]
1
= ratio of the depth of the equivalent uniformly stressed compression zone assumed in the
strength limit state to the depth of the actual compression zone
[LRFD]
beam = deflection due to beam self-weight
b+ws = deflection due to barrier and wearing surface weights
fcdp = change in concrete stress at center of gravity of pretensioning steel due to dead loads except
the dead load acting at the time of the pretensioning force is applied
[LRFD]
fpCR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to creep
[LRFD]
fpES = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to elastic shortening
[LRFD]
fpi
= total loss in pretensioning steel stress immediately after transfer
fpR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel
[LRFD]
fpR1 = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel at transfer
[LRFD]
fpR2 = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel after transfer
[LRFD]
fpSR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to shrinkage
[LRFD]
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CHAPTER 9
NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES
fpT
D
L
LL+I
LL
LT
max
p
SDL
slab
x
*
i
actual
b
*
A *s
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[LRFD]
[LRFD]
[STD]
[STD]
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Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOX BEAM (BIII-48), SINGLE SPAN, NON-COMPOSITE SURFACE, STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
9.1.1
INTRODUCTION
9.1.2
MATERIALS
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
9.1.6
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
9.1.7
PRESTRESS LOSSES
9.1.7.1 Shrinkage
9.1.7.2 Elastic Shortening
9.1.7.3 Creep of Concrete
9.1.7.4 Relaxation of Pretensioning Steel
9.1.7.5 Total Losses at Transfer
9.1.7.6 Total Losses at Service Loads
9.1.8
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOX BEAM (BIII-48), SINGLE SPAN, NON-COMPOSITE SURFACE, STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
9.1.9
9.1.10
DUCTILITY LIMITS
9.1.10.1 Maximum Reinforcement
9.1.10.2 Minimum Reinforcement
9.1.11
SHEAR DESIGN
9.1.12
9.1.13
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Figure 9.1.1-1
Bridge Cross-Section
This design example demonstrates the design of a 95-ft single-span AASHTO Type
BIII-48 box beam bridge with no skew. This example illustrates in detail the design
of a typical interior beam at the critical sections in positive flexure, shear and deflection due to pretension, dead loads and live load. The superstructure consists of seven
beams abutted as shown in Figure 9.1.1-1. A 3 in. bituminous surfacing will be
placed on the beams as a wearing surface. Beams are transversely post-tensioned
through 8 in.-thick full-depth diaphragms located at quarter points. Design live load
is AASHTO HS25. The design is carried out in accordance with the AASHTO
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, 2002.
1'- 6"
25'- 0"
1'- 6"
(2) 7/8 in. dia. - 150 ksi bars through 2 in. dia.
hole in each diaphragm
3" Bituminous wearing surface
9.1.2
MATERIALS
Precast beams: AASHTO Type BIII-48 Box Beams (as shown in Fig. 9.1.2-1)
Concrete strength at release, fci = 4,000 psi
Concrete strength at 28 days, fc = 5,000 psi
Concrete unit weight, wc = 150 pcf
Overall beam length = 96.0 ft
Design span = 95.0 ft
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Figure 9.1.2-1
AASHTO Type BIII-48
Box Beam
3/8" (TYP)
6" (TYP)
5 1/2"
6" (TYP)
3/4" (TYP)
39"
28"
3" (TYP)
3" (TYP)
5 1/2"
5"
38"
5"
48"
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9.1.3
CROSS-SECTION
PROPERTIES FOR
A TYPICAL
INTERIOR BEAM
The standard precast concrete boxes shown in Appendix B have dimensions such that
the entire top flange is effective in resisting flexural loads. This is because 12 times the
top flange thickness of the box is greater than the entire width of the top flange.
A
yb = distance from centroid to the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam = 19.29 in.
yt
= distance from centroid to the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast
beam = 19.71 in.
Sb = section modulus for the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast
beam = I/yb = 8,728 in.3
St
= section modulus for the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
= I/yt = 8,542 in.3
where
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi
wc = unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
Standard Specifications [STD Art. 8.7.1] indicates that the unit weight of
normal weight concrete is 145 pcf. However, precast concrete mixes typically have a relatively low water/cement ratio and high density. Therefore, a
unit weight of 150 pcf is used in this example. For high strength concrete,
this value may need to be increased based on test results.
fc = specified strength of concrete, psi
Therefore, the modulus of elasticity of the beam at release, using fc = fci = 4,000 psi, is:
Eci = (150)1.5(33) 4,000 /1000 = 3,834 ksi
Modulus of elasticity of the beam at service loads, using fc= 5,000 psi is:
Ec = (150)1.5(33) 5,000 /1000 = 4,287 ksi
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9.1.4
SHEAR FORCES
AND BENDING
MOMENTS
[STD Art. 3.3]
9.1.4.1
Shear Forces and
Bending Moments
Due to Dead Loads
9.1.4.1.1
Dead Loads
Figure 9.1.4.1.1-1
Diaphragm Loads
per Beam
0.73 kip
0.73 kip
0.73 kip
0.73 kip
0.73 kip
CL Bearing
CL Bearing
23.75 ft
23.75 ft
23.75 ft
23.75 ft
95.00 ft
300
1
Barrier weight = 2
= 0.086 kip/ft
1,000 (7 beams)
1
3 in. bituminous surface weight = 3 150 (25)
= 0.134 kip/ft
12 1,000
(7 beams)
Note that barriers and wearing surface are placed after the transverse post-tensioning
has been applied. Therefore, superimposed dead loads are distributed equally to all
beams.
[STD Art. 3.23.2.3.2.1]
9.1.4.1.2
Unfactored Shear Forces
and Bending Moments
For a simply supported beam with a span length (L) loaded with a uniformly distributed load (w), the shear force (Vx) and the bending moment (Mx) at a distance (x)
from the support are given by:
Vx = w(0.5L x)
(Eq. 9.1.4.1.2-1)
Mx = 0.5wx(L x)
(Eq. 9.1.4.1.2-2)
Using the above equations, values of shear forces and bending moments for a typical
interior beam under dead loads (weight of beam, diaphragms, barriers and wearing
surface) are computed and given in Table 9.1.4.2.4-1. For these calculations, the span
length is the design span (95 ft). However, for calculation of stresses and deformations
at the time of pretension release, the span length used is the overall length of the precast member (96 ft) as illustrated later in this example.
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9.1.4.2
Shear Forces and Bending
Moments Due to Live Load
9.1.4.2.1
Live Load
Live load consists of either the standard truck or lane loading. In this example, an
HS25 loading is used. For the 95 ft span used in this example, the standard truck
loading governs design for both shear and flexure.
9.1.4.2.2
Live Load Distribution Factor
for a Typical Interior Beam
The live load bending moments and shear forces in multi-beam precast concrete
bridges are determined by applying to each beam the fraction of a wheel load using
the following equation:
[STD Art. 3.23.4.3]
Distribution Factor:
DF = S
D
where
S = width of precast beam in feet = 4.00 ft
D = (5.75 0.5NL ) + 0.7NL(1 0.2 C)2
where
NL = number of traffic lanes = integer part of 25 = 2 lanes
12
C = K(W/L) for W/L < 1
= K for W/L 1
where
W = overall width of bridge measured perpendicular to the longitudinal
beam in feet = 28 ft
L = span length measured parallel to longitudinal beams = 95 ft
K = {(1 + ) I/J}1/2
where
= Poissons ratio for beams = 0.20
2 t t f (b t)2 (h t f )2
bt + h t f t 2 t 2f
where
b = width of beam = 48.00 in.
h = overall depth of beam = 39.0 in.
t = thickness of web = 5.00 in.
t f = thickness of flange = 5.50 in.
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J =
I/J =
168, 367
= 0.589
285, 854
O.K.
9.1.4.2.3
Live Load Impact
The live load impact is computed using Eq. (3-1) in the Standard Specifications.
I =
50
L + 125
where
I = impact fraction (maximum 30%)
L = the length in feet of the span under consideration =95 ft
I =
50
= 0.23
95 + 125
Impact for shear varies along the span according to the location of the truck [STD
Art. 3.8.2.2 (d)]. For simplicity, the impact factor computed above is used for shear.
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9.1.4.2.4
Unfactored Shear Forces
and Bending Moments
Shear force and bending moment envelopes on a per-lane-basis are calculated at tenth
points of the span using the equations given in Chapter 8. However, this generally can
be done by means of commercially available computer software that has the ability to
deal with moving loads.
Live load shear force and bending moment per beam are:
VLL+I = (shear force per lane)(Distribution Factor)(1 + I)
= (shear force per lane)(0.334)(1 + 0.23)
= (shear force per lane)(0.411) kips
MLL+I = (bending moment per lane)(Distribution Factor)(1 + I)
= (bending moment per lane)(0.334)(1 + 0.23)
= (bending moment per lane)(0.411) ft-kips
At any section along the span, the maximum bending moment and shear are
computed for the standard truck loading and for the lane loading separately. The larger of the two loading types controls the design for the section in question. At each section, the load position must be determined to give the maximum shears and
moments. This can be done by means of commercially available programs.
Values of VLL+I and MLL+I at different points are given in Table 9.1.4.2.4-1.
Table 9.1.4.2.4-1 Unfactored Shear Forces and Bending Moments for a Typical Interior Beam
Distance
x
ft
0.0
[1]
1.625
9.5
19.0
28.5
38.0
47.5
Section
x/L
0.000
Beam weight
Diaphragm weight
Shear
Moment Shear
Moment
Vg
Mg
MD
VD
kips
ft-kips
kips
ft-kips
40.2
0.0
1.1
0.0
0.017
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
38.9
32.2
24.1
16.1
8.0
0.0
64.3
344.0
611.5
802.6
917.3
955.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.8
10.4
20.8
27.7
31.2
34.7
Barrier weight
Shear
Moment
Vb
Mb
kips
ft-kips
4.1
0.0
3.9
3.3
2.5
1.6
0.8
0.0
6.5
34.9
62.1
81.5
93.1
97.0
10.2
54.4
96.7
127.0
145.1
151.2
53.2
281.7
493.2
634.4
716.8
734.7
9.1.4.3
Load Combinations
where
D = dead load
L = live load
I = impact fraction
For load factor design, Group I is 1.3(1.00D + 1.67(L + I))
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9.1.5
ESTIMATE REQUIRED
PRESTRESS
9.1.5.1
Service Load Stresses
at Midspan
The required number of strands is usually governed by concrete tensile stresses at the
bottom fiber at the section of maximum moment, i.e., positive moment at midspan.
Bottom tensile stress due to applied loads is:
fb =
M g + M D + M b + M ws + M LL+I
Sb
where
fb
Mg
MD
Mb
9.1.5.2
Allowable Stress Limit
9.1.5.3
Required Number
of Strands
Pse
P e
+ se c
Ac
Sb
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where Pse = effective prestress force after allowing for all losses
Set the required precompression (2.289 ksi) equal to the bottom fiber stress due to
pretension and solve for the required minimum, Pse:
2.289 =
Pse
Pse
P (15.29)
+ se
813
8,728
= 767.6 kips
767.6
= 30.95
24.8
9.1.5.4
Strand Pattern
Figure 9.1.5.4-1 shows the assumed strand pattern for the 31 strands at midspan with
a straight strand pattern.
Figure 9.1.5.4-1
Strand Pattern at Midspan
2 @ 36"
6 @ 4"
23 @ 2"
Calculate the distance from center of gravity of the strands to the bottom fiber of the
beam, (ybs):
ybs = 23( 2) + 6 ( 4 ) + 2 (36) = 4.58 in.
31
Strand eccentricity at midspan
ec = yb ybs = 19.29 4.58 = 14.71 in.
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9.1.6
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
* * f s
)
1 f c
where
fsu* = average stress in pretensioning steel at ultimate load.
* = 0.28 for low relaxation strand
1 = 0.85 0.05
= 0.85 0.05
(f c
4.437
A *s
=
= 0.00253
48 (36.59)
bd
0.28
270.0
fsu* = 270.0 1
(0.00253)
= 257.1 ksi
5.0
0.80
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A *s f su*
0.85 f c b
4.437 ( 257.1)
= 5.59 in. > 5.50 in.
0.85(5)( 48)
Therefore, the depth of the compression block is greater than the flange thickness and
the section must be considered as a flanged section.
Ultimate moment capacity of flanged section:
A f*
Mn = A srf su* d (1 0.6 sr su ) + 0.85f c (b b )(t)(d 0.5t)
b df c
where
= strength reduction factor = 1.0
Mn = nominal moment strength of a section.
b = width of web of the section = 2(5) = 10 in.
Asr = steel area required to develop the compressive strength of the web of a
flanged section.
= A*s Asf
Asf = steel area required to develop the ultimate compressive strength of the
overhanging portions of the flange.
t
= 0.85 f c (b b ) *
[STD Eq. 9-16]
f su
5.5
2
= 0.85(5.0)(48 10)
= 3.455 in.
257.1
Asr = 4.437 3.455 = 0.982 in.2
0.982 (257.1)
Mn = 1.0 0.982 (257.1)(36.59) 1 0.6
+
10 (36.59)(5.0)
1
+ 0.85(5.0)( 48 10)(5.5)[36.59 0.5(5.5)]
12
= 3,211.0 ft-kips > Mu = 3,205.0 ft-kips
O.K.
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9.1.7
PRESTRESS LOSSES
Total losses = SH + ES + CRc + CRs
where
SH = loss of prestress due to concrete shrinkage, ksi
ES = loss of prestress due to elastic shortening, ksi
CRc = loss of prestress due to creep of concrete, ksi
CRs = loss of prestress due to relaxation of pretensioning steel, ksi
9.1.7.1
Shrinkage
1
= 6.5 ksi
1, 000
9.1.7.2
Elastic Shortening
where
2
(M g + M D ) e c
Psie c
Psi
fcir =
+
A
I
I
fcir = average concrete stress at the center of gravity of the pretensioning steel due
to pretensioning force and dead load of beam immediately after transfer
where
Psi = pretension force after allowing for the initial losses. The Standard
Specifications allow that the reduction to initial tendon stress be estimated as 0.69f s for low relaxation strands
= (number of strands)(area of strands)(0.69f s)
= 31(0.153)(0.69)(270) = 883.6 kips
Mg = unfactored bending moment due to beam self-weight, ft-kips
MD = unfactored bending moment due to diaphragm weight, ft-kips
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Mg and MD should be calculated based on the overall beam length of 96 ft. However,
since the elastic shortening losses will be a part of the total losses, fcir is conservatively computed based on Mg using the design span length of 95 ft.
fcir =
883.6
883.6(14.71) 2
(955.5 + 34.7 )(12)(14.71)
+
813
168,367
168,367
28,500
Es
(1.185) = 8.8 ksi
f cir =
3,834
E ci
9.1.7.3
Creep of Concrete
where
fcds = concrete stress at the center of gravity of the pretensioning steel due to all dead
loads except the dead load present at the time the pretensioning force is applied.
=
MSDL e c
I
where
MSDL = super-imposed dead load moment = Mb + Mws
= 97.0 + 151.2 = 248.2 ft-kips
fcds =
248.2(12)(14.71)
= 0.260 ksi
168,367
9.1.7.4
Relaxation of
Pretensioning Steel
9.1.7.5
Total Losses at Transfer
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9.1.7.6
Total Losses at
Service Loads
SH
ES
CR c
CR s
= 6.5 ksi
= 8.8 ksi
= 12.4 ksi
= 3.2 ksi
9.1.8
CONCRETE STRESSES
AT TRANSFER
9.1.8.1
Allowable Stress Limits
9.1.8.2
Stresses at Transfer
Length Section
This section is located at a distance equal to the transfer length from the end of the
beam. Stresses at this location need only be checked at release, because it almost
always governs. Also, losses with time will reduce the concrete stresses making them
less critical.
Transfer length = 50(strand diameter)
8/18/03
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Page 17
813
8,728
8,728
N.G.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
Even though the LRFD Specifications do not address staggering of the debonding
length, it is recommended that the maximum number of strands debonded for any
given length be kept at 25% and that debonding length can be done in increments of
5 ft. To minimize the shock impact of detensioning and cracks at corners and bottom, assume the strand pattern shown in Figure 9.1.8.2-1.
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Figure 9.1.8.2-1
Strand Pattern at End of Beam
2 @ 36"
Bonded
Debonded (5 ft from end)
6 @ 4"
23 @ 2"
Recompute the concrete stresses at transfer length section due to the debonded
strands.
Compute center of gravity of strand pattern at transfer length section to the bottom
fiber of the beam.
ybs = 16( 2) + 6( 4 ) + 2(36) = 5.33 in.
24
ee = the eccentricity of the strands at the transfer length section
ec = yb ybs = 19.29 5.33 = 13.96 in.
Pretension force at transfer:
Psi = 24(0.153)(193.7) = 711.3 kips
ft =
711.3
711.3(13.96)
(82.7 + 2.3)(12)
= 0.875 + 1.162 + 0.119
+
813
8,542
8,542
= 0.168 ksi
Allowable tension with no bonded reinforcement = 0.190 ksi
O.K.
Note: Since the top fiber stress is smaller than 3 f ci , there is no need for additional bonded reinforcement.
fb =
711.3
711.3(13.96)
(82.7 + 2.3)(12)
= 0.875 + 1.138 + 0.117
+
813
8,728
8,728
= +1.896 ksi
Allowable compression = +2.400 ksi
9.1.8.3
Stresses at Transfer
Length Section of
Debonded Strands
O.K.
Bending moments due to the self-weight of the beam and diaphragm, at (5.00 + 2.08 =
7.08 ft) from the end of the beam, based on overall length, are 266.6 ft-kips and 7.8 ftkips respectively. All strands are effective at this location, therefore use full value of Pi.
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ft =
Pi Pi e c (M g + M D )
+
A
St
St
ft =
918.7 918.7(14.71)
(266.6 + 7.8)(12)
= 1.130 1.582 + 0.385
+
813
8,542
8,542
= 0.067 ksi
Allowable tension with no bonded reinforcement = 0.190 ksi
O.K.
(M + MD )
fb = Pi + Pi e c g
A
Sb
Sb
fb =
918.7
918.7 (14.71)
( 266.6 + 7.8)(12)
= 1.130 + 1.548 0.377
+
813
8,728
8,728
= +2.301 ksi
Allowable compression = +2.400 ksi
9.1.8.4
Stresses at Midspan
O.K.
Bending moments due to beam self-weight and diaphragm weight at midspan, based
on overall length, are 975.7 ft-kips and 35.2 ft-kips respectively.
ft =
Pi Pi e c (M g + M D )
+
A
St
St
ft =
918.7
918.7 (14.71)
(975.7 + 35.2)(12)
= 1.130 1.582 + 1.420
+
813
8,542
8,542
= +0.968 ksi
Allowable compression = +2.400 ksi
O.K.
fb =
Pi Pi e c (M g + M D )
+
A
Sb
Sb
fb =
918.7
918.7 (14.71)
(975.7 + 35.2)(12)
= 1.130 + 1.548 1.390
+
813
8,728
8,728
= +1.288 ksi
Allowable compression = +2.400 ksi
O.K.
Top of Beam
Bottom of Beam
ft (ksi)
fb (ksi)
0.168
+1.896
0.067
+2.301
At midspan
+0.968
+1.288
9.1.8.5
Summary of Stresses
at Transfer
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9.1.9
CONCRETE STRESSES
AT SERVICE LOADS
[STD Art. 9.15.2.2]
9.1.9.1
Allowable Stress Limits
Compression:
(Case I): for all load combinations
= 0.60fc = 0.6(5,000)/1,000 = +3.000 ksi
(Case II): for effective pretension force plus permanent dead loads
= 0.40fc = 0.4(5,000)/1,000 = +2.000 ksi
(Case III): for live loads plus 1/2 (pretension + permanent (dead) loads)
= 0.40fc = 0.4(5,000)/1,000 = +2.000 ksi
Tension = 6 f c = 6 5, 000 /1,000 = 0.424 ksi
9.1.9.2
Stresses at Midspan
Pse Pse e c M g + M D + M b + M ws M LL + I
+
+
A
St
St
St
ft =
+
+
813
8,542
8,542
8,542
O.K.
Case II:
ft = 1.001 1.402 + 1.740 = +1.339
Allowable compression = +2.000 ksi
O.K.
Case III:
ft = 1.032 + 0.5(+1.001 1.402 + 1.740) = +1.702 ksi;
Allowable compression = +2.000 ksi
O.K.
A
Sb
Sb
Sb
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fb =
813
8,728
8,728
8,728
9.1.9.3
Summary of Stresses at
Service Load
O.K.
Case I
Case II
Case III
At midspan: +2.371
+1.339
+1.702
0.340
9.1.10
DUCTILITY LIMITS
[STD Art. 9.18.1]
9.1.10.1
Maximum Reinforcement
Pretensioned concrete members are designed so that the steel is yielding as ultimate
capacity is approached.
Reinforcement index for flanged section:
A sr f su*
0.982(257.1)
0.36 1 =
= 0.138 < 0.36 (0.80) = 0.288
10.0(36.59)(5.0)
bdf c
O.K.
9.1.10.2
Minimum Reinforcement
M*cr = (f r + f pe )S c M d/nc c 1
[STD Art. 9.18.2.1]
Sb
where
Md/nc = moment due to non-composite dead loads
Since there is no composite action, substitute Sb for the section modulus
of a composite section, Sc. Thus, the second term,
S
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fr
fpe
5, 000
= modulus of rupture = 7.5
[STD Art. 9.15.2.3]
= 0.530 ksi
1, 000
= compressive stress in concrete due to effective pretension forces only (after
allowance for all pretension losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads.
=
814.0 814.0(14.71)
Pse Pse e c
=
+
+
= 2.373 ksi
813
8,728
A
Sb
8, 728
= 2,111.4 ft-kips
12
= 2,533.7 ft-kips < Mn = 3,211.0 ft-kips
O.K.
9.1.11
SHEAR DESIGN
[Art. 9.20]
Vu ( Vc + Vs)
where
Vu = the factored shear force at the section considered
Vc = the nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Vs = the nominal shear strength provided by web reinforcement
= strength reduction factor for shear = 0.90
The critical section in pretensioned concrete beams is located at a distance h/2 from
the face of the support, according to the Standard Specifications, Article 9.20.1.4.
Since the width of the bearing has not yet been determined, it will be conservatively
assumed to be zero.
Therefore, detailed calculations are shown here for the section at h/2 (0.017 L = 1.625 ft)
from the center line of support or 2.125 ft from the end of the member. The following
calculations demonstrate how to compute Vci and Vcw at this location.
Shear forces at this section are given in Table 9.1.4.2.4-1
Compute Vci:
VM
Vci = 0.6 f c b d + Vd + i cr
M max
Vd
where
= shear force at section due to unfactored dead load
= 38.9 + 1.1 + 3.9 + 6.1 = 50.0 kips
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Md
Vu
Mu
Vmu
Vi
fpe
The beam at this section is under positive flexure. Thus, fpe should be
evaluated at the bottom of the beam. This section is also within the
debonded length, so only 24 strands are effective. Thus,
Pse e
P
= se +
A
Sb
fpe
where
e = eccentricity of the strands at h/2 = 13.96 in.
fpe
fd
Md
82.8(12)
=
Sb
8, 728
= 0.114 ksi
Mcr = moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally applied loads
(after dead load).
= (6 f c + fpe fd)Sb
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8, 728
6 5, 000
+ 1.783 0.114
=
= 1,522.5 ft-kips
12
1, 000
d
ViM cr
M max
O.K.
where
fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all pretension losses)
at centroid of cross-section resisting externally applied loads. For a noncomposite section
Pse 630.1
= 0.775 ksi
=
813
A
= vertical component of effective pretension force at section
fpc =
Vp
3.5 5, 000
+ 0.3( 0.775) (10)(33.67 ) + 0 = 161.6 kips
Vcw =
1, 000
The allowable nominal shear provided by concrete should be the lesser of Vci (997.5
kips) and Vcw (161.6 kips). Therefore,
Vc = 161.6 kips
Vu = 136.0 < Vc = 0.9(161.6) = 145.4 kips
O.K.
Since Vc > Vu, the concrete resists the total shear and shear steel is not required to
assist in resisting Vu. Therefore, provide minimum reinforcement.
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Set s = 12 in.
50(10)(12)
Av-min =
= 0.10 in.2 (per foot)
60,000
Maximum spacing = 0.75h = 0.75(39) = 29.25 in.
or 24.00 in.
9.1.12
PRETENSIONED
ANCHORAGE ZONE
9.1.12.1
Minimum Vertical
Reinforcement
In pretensioned beams, vertical stirrups acting at a unit stress of 20,000 psi to resist
at least 4% of the total pretensioning force should be placed within the distance of
d/4 of the end of the beam.
[STD Art. 9.22.1]
Note that the force in the bonded strands prior to release is used.
Minimum steel at the end of the beam:
Psi = 24(0.153)(202.5) = 743.6 kips
4% Psi = 0.04(743.6) = 29.7 kips
Av =
29.7
= 1.485 in.2
20.0
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9.1.12.2
Confinement
Reinforcement
9.1.13
DEFLECTION AND
CAMBER
9.1.13.1
Deflection Due
to Pretensioning Force
at Transfer
p =
9.1.13.2
Deflection Due to
Beam Self-Weight
918.7(14.71)[(96)(12)]
= 3.47 in.
8(3, 834 )(168, 367 )
beam =
5w g L4
384 E ci I
9.1.13.3
Deflection Due to
Diaphragm Weight
D =
= 2.40 in.
19 P L3
384 E ci I
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D =
19 (0.73)[(96)(12)]3
= 0.09 in.
384 (3,834) (168, 367)
19(0.73)[(95)(12)]3
= 0.08 in.
384 (3, 834 )(168, 367 )
9.1.13.5
Deflection Due to
Barrier and Wearing
Surface Weights
Since these loads are applied to the structure in its final location, L is the design span
= 95 ft
0.086 + 0.134
4
5
[ (95) (12)]
12
5(w b + w ws )L
= 0.56 in.
SDL =
=
384 E cI
384 ( 4 , 287 )(168, 367 )
4
9.1.13.6
Deflection Due to Live
Load and Impact
95(12)
= 1.43 in.
800
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Figure 9.1.13.6-1
Design Truck Axle Loads
Positions on the Span for
Maximum Moment
32 kips
8 kips
32 kips
2.333'
37.77 kips
34.23 kips
2.333'
Midspan
35.833'
31.167'
14'
11.667'
95'
To get maximum moment and deflection at midspan section, arrange the wheel loads
for the truck as shown in the Figure 9.1.13.6-1.
Some state DOTs consider that all beams act together in resisting deflection due to
live load and impact. Using that assumption, the distribution factor for deflection is:
DF =
number of lanes
number of beams
2
= 0.286 lanes/beam
7
For all design examples, deflection is conservatively computed based on the distribution factor used to calculate the bending stresses.
Using the elastic moment area method:
LL+I = 2.77(I)(DFm)
LL+I = 2.77(1.230)(0.334) = 1.14 in. < 1.43 in.
9.1.14
TRANSVERSE POSTTENSIONING
O.K.
The Standard Specifications do not have any provisions for transverse design of adjacent boxes. Therefore, the transverse design will be done according to LRFD
Specifications.
Article C4.6.2.2.1 in the LRFD Specifications, states that for this type of bridge, the
structure acts as a monolithic unit if sufficiently interconnected. To satisfy this
requirement, the LRFD Specifications recommend that a minimum average transverse
pretension of 0.250 ksi be used. However, definition of the contact area for that posttensioning is unclear as to whether it is the shear key, the diaphragm, or the entire
box-side surface. Instead of an empirical minimum, El-Remaily (1996) recommends
that the entire deck surface be modeled as a rigid assembly of gridwork with adequate
post-tensioning to provide for a continuous transverse member at the diaphragm locations. A design chart based on this theory is given in Chapter 8 for the required transverse post-tensioning per unit length of the span.
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According to the chart, for a 28 ft-wide bridge with 39 in.-deep beams, an effective
post-tensioning force of 4.0 kips/ft is required. Since diaphragms are provided at
quarter-points of the span, the post-tensioning force required is:
4.0 (23.75) = 95 kips/diaphragm
It is recommended that transverse post-tensioning consist of one tendon near the top
and another near the bottom in order to provide sufficient flexural strength.
Use 160 ksi pretensioning bars. Assume the effective pretension to be 55 percent of
the ultimate strength of the bar:
Peff = 0.55(160)APT = 88.0APT kips
Thus, total required APT =
95.0
= 1.08 in.2
88.0
O.K.
If the post-tensioning bars are positioned so that they are concentric with the
diaphragm cross-section, concrete stress due to effective pretensioning force is:
105.8/[(8)(39)] = 0.339 ksi
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