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PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH- 160 014 (INDIA)

(Estted. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SYLLABI

FOR

M.Sc. ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE

(SEMESTER SYSTEM)

EXAMINATIONS 2014-15

--:O:--

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Outlines of tests, syllabi and courses of reading for M.Sc.(Environment Science)Semester
System for the Session2014-2015

Semester-1
Paper-I

ENV-6101 Geo-Environment and Meteorological

Science

Paper-II

ENV-6102 Ecological Principles

Paper-III

ENV-6103 Environmental Chemistry &Toxicology

Paper-IV

ENV-6104 Solid Waste Management and Techniques

100+25
(Th+Pr)
100+25
(Th+Pr)
100+25
(Th+Pr)
100+25
(Th+Pr)

Semester-2
Paper-I

ENV-6201 Biodiversity and Conservation

Paper-II

ENV-6202 Environmental Analysis: Techniques and

Instrumentation
ENV-6203 Environmental Technology

Paper-III
Paper-IV

ENV-6204 Environmental Impact Assessment and

Auditing

100+25
(Th+Pr)
100+25
(Th+Pr)
100+25
(Th+Pr)
100+25
(Th+Pr)

Semester -3
Paper-I

ENV-6301 Environmental Pollution

100+25
(T+Pr)

Paper-II

ENV-6302 Regional and Global Environmental Issues

100+25
(T+Pr)

Paper-III

ENV-6303 Environment and Energy Management

100+25
(T+Pr)

Paper-IV

ENV-6304 Industrial and Biomedical Waste

Management

100+25
(T+Pr)

Paper-I

ENV-6401 Statistical Applications and Research

Methodology

100+25
(T+Pr)

Paper-II

ENV-6402 Environmental Biotechnology

100+25
(T+Pr)

Paper-III

ENV-6403 Training of at least 4 weeks, project report, 125

presentation, and viva Voce

Paper-IV

ENV-6404 Seminars; and field activity

Semester -4

125

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Each semester shall comprise of 4 Papers, each of 125 marks and a total of
500 marks per semester.
Except for the Paper IV in Semester IV, each paper shall consist of 100 marks
for theory (including 20 of the continuous internal assessment based on tests) and
25 for the Practical.
There shall be no internal assessment for the Paper IV in Semester IV.
For Paper IV in Semester IV, every student shall be required to do a
project training of at least one-month and submit a project report based
upon their training/research undertaken during the course of study. There
shall be a presentation based upon the project submitted by the student.

Instructions for Final Theory Paper Setters:

The question paper shall comprise of a total of nine questions containing two questions
from each unit and one compulsory question from whole of the syllabus. Candidates will
attempt five questions, including one from each section and the compulsory question. Each
question will carry equal marks. The duration of theory paper will be 3 hours.

Instructions / Rules for Continuous Internal Assessment:

There shall two tests each of 20 marks based upon the definitions/ short answer
questions/multiple choice questions, to be conducted during the course of each paper. The
marks obtained by the student in two tests shall be rationalized out of 20 and counted as
Internal Assessment.

To qualify for the degree, a student has to score a total of 50 percent marks in each
semester with a minimum of 40 percent in each paper, including marks of internal
assessment.

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SEMESTER I
Paper-I: Geo-Environment and Meteorological Science
Objective: To acquaint the students with the fundamental concepts of geo-science in
relation to environmental aspects.
UNIT-I
Environmental Geo-science: Fundamental concepts, Primary differentiation and
formation of core, mantle, crust, atmosphere and hydrosphere; magma generation and
formation of rocks: plate tectonics sea floor spreading, mountain building and evolution
of continents.
Mineral Resources and Environment: Resources and reserves. abundance of elements
and mineral resources; classifications; plate tectonics and mineral resources; resources,
population and development; Oceans as new areas for exploration of mineral resources.
Environmental impact of exploration, processing and smelting of minerals.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Atmosphere: Different layers, their characteristics and temperature relationships;
Atmospheric stability, Inversions and mixing heights, windroses.
Meteorology: Weather and Climate, Atmospheric general circulation, Air mass and
weather fronts, Weather elements, Precipitation and types of storms, Indian monsoon, El
Nino effect, and western disturbances Weather forecasting, Methods of weather
forecasting on short-and long range, World Meteorological Organization
(12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Water resources and Environment: Global water balance. Hydrological cycle. Factors
influencing the surface water, Types of water; Human use of surface and ground waters;
Global Water crisis, Rain water harvesting, Ground water recharge.
Ecological and Environmental impacts of dams, with particular reference to Narmada
Dam and Tehri Dam.
Land-use Planning: The land-use plan. Soil surveys in relation to land-use planning.
Methods of site selection and evaluation.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Principles of remote sensing and its application in Environmental Science, Application
of GIS in Environmental Management.
Environmental Geochemistry: The periodic table and geochemical classification of
elements; abundance of elements in the bulk earth, crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere and
biosphere. Biogeochemical factors in environmental health. Human use, trace elements
and health. Possible effects of imbalance of some trace elements. Diseases induced by
human use of land.
(12 lectures)

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Practical
1. Studying the internal structure of earth
2. Studying the hand specimens of rock samples.
3. Diagrammatic representation of different layers of atmosphere, their
characteristics and temperature relationships;
4. Wind Roses: their preparation and interpretation.
5. Reading of topo maps and Geological maps.
6. Interpretation of Remotely sensed data.
7. Map work related to meteorology.
8. Assignments/project as assigned by the teacher.
Suggested Readings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Barrett, E.C. and Curtis, D.E. Introduction to Environmental Remote Sensing.

Springer,USA1992
Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A..Environmental Science: Earth as a Living
th
Planet. 6 ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.
Bouwer, H. Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1978.
Butz, S.D.. Science of Earth Systems. 2nd ed. Thomson Delmar Learning, USA 2004.
DeMers, M.N. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. 3rd ed. Wiley &
Sons, USA. 2002.
Eby, N.. Principles of Environmental Geochemistry. Brooks Cole, USA. 2003.
Faure, G.. Inorganic Geochemistry. Prentice Hall. 1991.
Fetter, C.W.. Applied Hydrogeology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall of India. 2001.
Joseph, G. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing. Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. 2007.
Keller, E.A.. Introduction to Environmental Geology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall of India
2007.
Keller, E.A.. Environmental Geology. 8th ed. Prentice Hall of India 1999.
Krauskopf, K.B.. Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw Hill. 1994.
Mason, B.. Principles of Geochemistry, Wiley Eastern, USA1982.
Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R. and Hassenzahl, David M.. Environment. 6th ed.
John Wiley & Sons., USA. 2008.
Schwartz, F.W. and H. Zhang. Fundamentals of Ground Water. John Wiley & Sons,
USA. 2003.
Todd, D.K. Groundwater Hydrology. 2nd ed., Wiley, New York. 1980.

Paper -II: Ecological Principles

Objective: To acquaint the students with the concept of ecology so that they get well
versed with different ecosystems and try to relate them in their day to day life.

UNIT-I
Ecology: A brief history; Concept, and major branches.

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Population Ecology: Characteristics of population; Dynamics and Interactions; Regulation;
Life history strategies; Population genetics; Metapopulations- demes and dispersal,
interdemic extinction, age- structured Population.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Terrestrial ecosystems: Major terrestrial biomes - Forest, Desert, and Grassland (a brief
account); Relationship between Precipitation and temperature in determining the
vegetation; Forest Types of India (a concise account)
Aquatic Ecosystem: Fresh water and Marine system, their types, characteristics and
components; Wetlands and, their significance.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Community Ecology: Concept, Characteristics and dynamics; Interactions; (positive and
negative); Development of community (Plant Succession); Parasitism; Prey-Predator
relationship; Metacommunities; Fugitive species; Theory of Island biogeography.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Biological Invasion: Concept; Pathways of Invasion; Process of Invasion; Mechanism of
Invasions; Impact of Invasive Species - Ecological, Environmental, Economical; Some
examples of major invasive plants and animals in India.
Speciation: Concepts and types.
Extinction: A brief history and reasons.
(12 lectures)
Practical
1. To determine minimum number and size of quadrat for studying vegetation in a
grassland.
2. To calculate density, frequency, abundance and dominance of plant species in
grassland using quadrat method.
3. To calculate the Importance Value Index (IVI) of species.
4. To find out association between two species using Chi-square method.
5. To calculate similarity index between two adjoining communities.
6. To study and enlist various biotic and abiotic components of pond and forest
ecosystem.
7. To study ecology of some major exotic invasive weeds.
Suggested Readings
1. Begon, M., Townsend, C. R., and Harper, J. L., Ecology from Individuals to
Ecosystems. Wiley-Blackwell, USA. 2005.
2. Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living
Planet. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.

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3. Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M. J. Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge
University Press, UK. 1998.
4. Cotgreave, Peter and Forseth, Irwin. Introductory Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
2002.
5. Cunningham, W. P. and Cunningham, M. A. Principles of Environment Science.
Enquiry and Applications. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2004.
6. Kohli, R. K., Jose, S., Singh, H. P. and Batish, D. R.. Invasive Plants and Forest
Ecosystems. CRC Press / Taylor and Francis. 2009.
7. Leveque, C. Ecology: From Ecosystem to Biosphere. Science Publishers, USA. 2003.
8. Odum, E.P. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders, USA. Indian Reprint 1996 by
Natraj Publishers, Dehradun. 1991.
9. Odum, E.P. Ecology: A Bridge between Science and Society. Sinauer Associates,
Inc., USA. 1997.
10. Ramakrishnan, P. S. Ecology and Sustainable Development. National Book Trust of
India, Delhi, India. 2001.
11. Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R. and Hassenzahl, David M. Environment. 6th ed. John
Wiley & Sons., USA. 2008.
12. Silver town J. W. and Charles worth, D. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. 4th
ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 2001.
13. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2006.
14. Townsend, C. R., Begon, M., and Harper, J. L. Essentials of Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell,
USA. 2008.

Paper -III: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology

Objective: To acquaint the students with the dynamics and principle of environmental
chemistry and their toxicological effects on environment.

UNIT- I
Fundamental of Environmental Chemistry: Henry Law, Photochemistry,
Electrochemistry, Elements and organics in nature, Petroleum and its products, Gibbs
energy; chemical potential; chemical equilibria,
Chemistry of Earth: Mineral and Organic components of soil; Reactions in soil solution;
Ion exchange (Physiosorption); Ligand exchange (Chemisorption); Complexations,
Chelation; Precipitation / dissolution.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Chemical composition of Air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation. Particles,
ions, and radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and
organic particulate matter. Sources of trace gases in the atmosphere; Thermo-chemical and
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Tropospheric oxidation chemistry; Oxygen and

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ozone chemistry. Chemistry of air pollutants. Role of hydrocarbons; Sulphur chemistry;
Halogen Chemistry in the atmosphere
Green Chemistry: Concept and a Brief account
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Water Chemistry: Chemistry of water, dissolution/precipitation reactions; complexation
reactions; concept of DO, BOD, COD; concept of salinity; composition of seawater and
physic-chemical speciation in oceans; Suspended particles; concept of sedimentation,
coagulation, filtration,
Environmental Toxicology: Emergence as a science; concepts and definitions; Factors
affecting toxicity;
Evaluation of Toxicity: Evaluation of LC50, LD50,

(12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Toxic Chemical in the Environment: Metals and other inorganic contaminants; Organic
contaminants; Fate of organic contaminants; Pesticides; Biochemical aspects of Arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, carbon monoxide, ozone and PAN Pesticides; Insecticides, MIC,
carcinogens in the air. Photochemistry of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR)
(12 lectures)
Practical
Based upon the theory classes.
Suggested Readings
1. Banerji, S. K. Environmental Chemistry. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, New Delhi, India. 1999.
2. De, A. K. Environmental Chemistry. 4th ed. New Age International (P) Ltd., New
Delhi, India. 2000.
3. Harrison, R. M. and de Mora, S. J. Introductory Chemistry for the Environment
Science. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New Delhi. 1996.
4. Hobbes, P.B. Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry. Cambridge University Press,
UK. 2000.
5. Kothandaaman, H. and Swaminathan, G. Principles of Environmental Chemistry. B.I.
Publications, Chennai, India. 1997.
6. Mahan, B. M. and Myers, R. J. University Chemistry. 4th ed. International Students
Edition. Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co., USA. 1987.
7. Manahan, S. E. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry. 2nd ed. CRC Press, Inc.,
USA. 2001.
8. Plunkett, E. R. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Edward Arnold (Australia) Pty. Ltd.,
Australia. 1987.
9. Richards, I. S.Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, London. 2008.
10. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., USA. 2006.

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Paper-IV: Solid Waste Management and Techniques
Objective: To acquaint the students with the common municipal solid wastes, their
characteristic and the chaos caused by these wastes in the environment and to study the
latest technologies to dispose of such wastes.
UNIT- I
Waste generation, Need and requirements for management and planning Solid wastetypes, generation trends, quality and quantity aspects.
Types of solid waste Municipal waste, urban -, rural - and industrial wastes.
Integrated Solid Waste Management; Solid waste characterization: ultimate and proximate
analysis; Waste reduction at source, volume reduction.
Collection techniques. Transport of solid waste and its optimization, transfer stations.
(12 lectures)
UNIT- II
Hierarchy in waste management
Materials recovery/recycling; - Recycling of Aluminum, glass, plastic and, paper
Treatment and disposal techniques - Burning, Open dumping,
Landfill: landfilling methods and operation
Landfill liners: clay, Geo-membrane, HDPE, Geonet, Geotextile
Protection at disposal sites, Landfill closure methods and operations
(12 lectures)
UNIT- III
Composting, Vermi-composting, Incineration
Energy from Waste: Pyrolysis, Gasification, Refuse derived fuels, Biogas
Merits and demerits of waste disposal methods
Role of GIS in Waste Managemnt
(12 lectures)
UNIT- IV
Municipal Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000, 2013.
Impacts of landfill on environment
Landfill emissions : Leachate and Landfill gas
Leachate collection & analysis
Landfill gas management
(12 lectures)
Practical
1. A visit to Composting/Vermicomposting Unit/ RDF plant/Sanitary landfill.
2. Ultimate analysis of Solid waste
3. Recycling of paper
4. To prepare a list of materials from municipal waste stream that can be reused /recycled
5. Practice exercises on computer related to handling of data
6. To determine moisture content of sample
7. To determine the pH of the given sample.

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Suggested Readings
1. Hammer, M.J. and Hammer Jr, M.J. Water and Wastewater Technology. 3rd ed.
Prentice Hall of India. 2000.
2. Kreith, F. Handbook of Solid Waste Management. McGraw Hill Publishers, USA.
1999.
3. Kumar, R and Singh, R.N. Municipal Water and Wastewater Treatment. Capitol Pub.
Co., New Delhi. 2006.
4. Noble, G. Sanitary Landfill Design Handbook. Technomic Westport Connecticut,
USA. 1976.
5. Peavey, H. S, Rowe, D. R and Tchobanoglous, G. Environmental Engineering.
International Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA. 1985.
6. Shah, K. L. Basics of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Technology. McGraw
Hill, USA. 1999.
7. Tchobanogloas, G. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering, Principle and
Management. McGraw Hill, USA. 1993.
8. Vesilind, P. A., Worrell, W. and Reinhart, D. Solid Waste Engineering. Brooks/Cole
Thomson Learning Inc., USA. 2002.
9. White, P, Frank, M. and Hindle, P. Integrated Solid Waste Management- A Life Cycle
Inventory. Chapman &Hall, USA. 1999.

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SEMESTER II
Paper-I: B i o d i v e r s i t y a n d Conservation
Objective: To acquaint the students with the basic and applied aspects of
protecting biodiversit y and conservation of natural resources, while providing for
human needs
UNIT-I
Conservation biology-What?
Concept of Biodiversity/Biological diversity; Where Is the Worlds Biological Diversity
Found; levels of diversity; alpha, beta and gamma diversity, and their measurement;
Valuing Biodiversity: Ecological Economics and Direct Use Values; Indirect Use Value;
Ethical Values
Biodiversity Hotspots concept and a brief account; Biodiversity hotspots of India: a
short account.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Threats to Biological Diversity: Extinction; Vulnerability to Extinction; Habitat
Destruction, Fragmentation, Degradation, and Global Climate Change; Overexploitation,
Invasive Species, and Disease
Endangered and threatened species: IUCN Categories of Extinction; E ndangered
and threatened animals and plants (of India);
Biodiversity conservation: Ex situ and In situ conservation Strategies
Concept of Protected Areas: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere
Reserves; Managing Protected Areas; Conservation Outside Protected Areas;
Restoration Ecology (A brief account)
(12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Conservation: Concept, objectives and aims; Renewable and non-renewable resources;
Policies and strategies of Conservation
Conservation of Mineral Resources: Demographic quotient, depletion curves.
Conservation of Forests: Plantation programmes in India; Joint Forest Management,
Forest Conservation Act.
Conservation of Soil: Reasons of soil degradation, Role of soil micro-organisms;
Reclamation of Alkaline and Salines oil.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Conservation of Agriculture: Conservation of arable land, Conservation of crop
genome, Environmental hazards of pesticides their impact on life and life support
system; Role of botanicals and natural plant products in crop protection; Integrated
approach of pest and weed management,
Conservation of Aquatic System: Need and strategies: Conservation of Wetlands.
Conservation of Deserts: Strategies for conservation of wastelands and desert.
Wildlife Conservation: Concept of wildlife, Preservation of Breeding Stock; Artificial
stocking; Wildlife Protection Act.
(12 lectures)

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Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

To calculate index of diversity, richness, evenness and dominance of species.

As si gn m en t on bi odiversi t y (t o be ass i gned b y t h e inst ruct o r)
To undertake a field visit to understand the concept and consequences of oil
degradation
To study different types of plantation systems.
To prepare a list of wild and cultivated varieties of cereal crops commonly used in
adjoining areas of Chandigarh.
To prepare a list of plants which are the sources of botanicals?
To make a list of various botanical pesticides available in the market

Suggested Readings
1.
Botkin, Daniel
B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living
Planet 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons,USA.2007.
2.
Enger, E.D. and Smith, B. F. Environmental Science: A Study of
Interrelationships. 11th ed.McGrawHillInc.,USA.2006.
3.
Frankel, O.H., Brown A.H.D. and Burdon, J.J. Conservation of Plant
Biodiversity. Cambridg eversityPress,UK.1995.
4.
Gaston, K.J.and Spicer ,J.I. Biodiversity: An Introduction. Blackwell, UK.1998.
5.
Gadgil, Madhav and Rao, P.R.S. Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian
Agenda. Centre for
Environment Education, Ahmedabad,India.1999.
6.
Hunter, Malcolm L.,Jr.,andGibbs, James P.Fundamentals of Conservation
Biology. 3rd ed .Wiley- Blackwell. 2006.
7.
Jeffries,M.Biodiversity and Conservation. 2nded. Routledge, UK.1997.
8.
Perrings, Charles, Maler, Karl-Goran, Folke, Carl, Holling, C.S.and Jansson,
Bengt-Owe. Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues. Cambridge
University Press, UK.1997.
9.
Riordan, Tim O' and Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne. Biodiversity, Sustainability
and Human Communities: Protecting Beyond the Protected.
CambridgeUniversityPress,UK.2002.
10. Van Andel,J. and Aronson, J. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier.
Blackwell, UK.2005
11. Odum,E.P.FundamentalsofEcology.W.B.Saunders,USA.1991.
12. Primack, R. B Essentials of Conservation Biology. 5thed. Sinaeur Associates,
Inc., USA.2010.
13. Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R. and Kohli, R.K. Handbook of Sustainable Weed
Management. Haworthess,Inc.,USA.2006.
14. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. Ecology, Environment and source
Conservation.
AnamayaPublishers,NewDelhi,India.2006.
16. Townsend, Colin R. Ecological Applications: Toward a Sustainable World.
Wiley- Blackwell.2007.

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Paper-II: Environmental Analysis: Techniques and Instrumentation
Objective: To upgrade the students with knowledge on instrumental techniques of
chemical analysis, practical work with the realistic samples from the environment so that
they could become familiar with the instrumentation this is inevitable for contemporary
investigations of environmental pollution.
UNIT-I
Concept of accuracy, precision and error, Sample preservations, handling of samples and
chemical in lab, Sample handling of Volatile and non-volatile organic compounds, pH
metry, Solvent partitioning, Titrimetry.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-II
Instrumentation and analytical methods involved in the following techniques and their
applications in environment: Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry, Fluorescence Spectroscopy,
Visible, Atomic and Infrared spectrometry, Flame photometry, Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, HPLC, Supercritical Fluid chromatography,
Reverse phase liquid chromatography, Electrophoresis: Capillary, X-ray diffraction, X-ray
fluorescence, Bomb colorimetrry, Mass Spectroscopy, Microscopy; Fluorescence.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Handling of radioactive and hazardous samples, Determination of radionuclide in the
environmental samples: gamma spectrometry, alpha particle spectrometry, beta particle
spectrometry, Utilization of different techniques for analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Pesticide residues, Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Environment.
Management of chemicals and waste generated in labs, safety measures while handling
chemicals and instruments, familiarity about various symbols used on the bottles of
chemicals etc.
(12 lectures)
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Preparation of a standard solution in lab

Preparation of a standard curve
To analyse the moisture content of a sample using gravimetry
Analysis of sample using titrimetry.
To analyse the pH of a sample
To analyse the sample Using Spectrophotometery
A visit to different labs to demonstrate the functioning of instrumentation as listed in
the syllabi.

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Suggested Readings
1. Chatwal, G. R., and Anand, S. K. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis.
Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi. 2007.
2. De, A.K. Environmental Chemistry, New Age International, New Delhi. 2000.
3. Murphy, W.J. Analytical Chemistry, American Chemical Society, USA. 1977.

Paper-III: Environmental Technology

Objective: To acquaint the students with latest environmental technology on how to
combat with common environmental issues and related problems without altering the
natural environmental conditions.
UNIT-I
Air pollution Sampling and Monitoring Air Matrices : Scope, Purpose and Objectives
of Air Quality Monitoring Programme; Preliminary information required for planning an
air quality survey; Guidelines for planning a survey; Design of an air quality surveillance
network; Period, frequency and duration of sampling; Averaging times; Sample size
determination; Principles and instruments for measurement of (i)ambient air pollutants;
and (ii) stack emissions (monitoring), Sampling of gaseous and particulate air pollutants,
measurement of SO2, NOx, CO, SPM, Oxidants and Ozone, Hydrocarbons and particulate
matter.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Meteorology and Dispersion of Pollutants: Maximum mixing depth, lapse rate, stability
conciliations, plume behaviour, calculation of effective stack height,
Control of Air Pollution: General methods of control of Gaseous pollutants- scrubbers,
condensers, control equipment for particulate matter-gravity settling chambers, cyclone,
fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, Case study of thermal power plants
Control of Mobile Source Emissions. Automobile Exhausts: Type of pollutants: Indian
auto emission standards: Problems associated with automobile pollution.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-III
Water Pollution Control: Treatment for Clean Water: Water Treatment Plant Procedures, flocculation, settling, filtration, reverse sand filter, cleaning, chlorination.
Methods of Cleaning Potable Water: Filtration, Electro-dialysis, principle & theory of
chemical oxidation, Disinfection mechanism: Ozone, permanganate, chlorination. Reverse
osmosis, Ultra filtration; Water quality standards.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Industrial Effluent Treatment: Standards of Stream, River and Industrial discharge;
Disposal of industrial wastes-on land, in creeks/sea/ in inland streams/ impoundments;

14
Importance of planning location of industries and industrial estates; Common Effluent
Treatment plants, their economics and management.
Sewage Treatment: Pre-treatment, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary treatment methods;
Percentage removal and overall efficiency; Physical, chemical and biological methods of
treatment. Screening: Designs of Fixed and Rotary Screens; Separation & design of girt
chambers; Velocity control devices; Detritus tanks; Centrifugal devices; Disposal of grit;
oil and grease separation.
(12 lectures)
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

To study the different methods of air monitoring

To study the different methods of water sampling
A visit to nearby Sewage Treatment Plant
A visit to nearby Effluent Treatment Plant
Ambient air monitoring for SO2, NOx, CO, SPM
Assignments/Project work as assigned by the teacher

Suggested Readings
1. Bhargava, S. K. Practical Methods for Water and Air Pollution Monitoring, New
Age International Pub., New Delhi. 2008.
2. Bhatia, S.C. Textbook of Air Pollution and Its Control. Atlantic Pub., New Delhi. 2007.
3. Clarke, Andrew G. Industrial Air Pollution Monitoring, Gaseous and Particulate
Emissions, Springer. 2008.
4. Eckenfelder. Industrial Water Pollution Control 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Education
(Asia). 2003.
5. Evans, G. Biowaste and Biological Waste Treatment. James and James (Science
Publishers) Ltd, U.K. 2005.
6. Gurnham, C. F. Principle of Industrial Waste Treatment. John Wiley & Sons Inc,
New York. 2004.
7. Hammer, M.J. and Hammer Jr, M.J. Water and Wastewater Technology. 3rd ed.
Prentice Hall of India. 2000.
8. Hammer, M.J. and Hammer, M.J. Jr, Water & Waste Water Technology. Prentice Hall,
USA. 2000.
9. Heck, R.M. and Farrauto, R. J. Catalytic Air Pollution Control: Commercial
Technology. Wiley-Interscience. 2002.
10. Kumar, R and Singh, R.N. Municipal Water and Wastewater Treatment. Capitol
Pub. Co., New Delhi. 2006.
11. Ray, T.K. Air Pollution Control in Industries. Tech Books International, New Delhi
(2 volumes). 2006.
12. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.H., and Stensel, D. Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Reuse. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, USA. 2003.
13. Perkins, H.C. Air Pollution, McGraw Hill. (1974),
14. Stern, A.C. Air Pollution, Vol. 1-VIII, Academic Press. (1980),
15. Nevers, Nod, DAir Pollution Control Engineering, McGraw Hill Int. . (2000),

15

Paper- IV: Environmental Impact Assessment and Auditing

Objective: To acquaint the students with importance of Environment Impact assessment
and various methodologies of impact assessment and auditing.

UNIT-I
Introduction to Environmental Impact Analysis, Environmental impact statement &
environmental management plan Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). EIA
guidelines: notification of the Government of India, 2006; various appendices and forms
for application.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
EIA in project planning and implementation; Component of EIA, EIA Methodology: Project
screening, scoping, base-line data, impact identification; prediction, evaluation, Significant
environmental impacts, stages of environmental impact analysis, mitigation, Public consultation,
presentation, review and decision making, Checklist for EIA.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Guidelines for & Introduction to Environmental Auditing, objective of auditing,
Environmental audit process, Step in environmental auditing, Benefits of auditing,
Environmental Clearance, Types of project activities requiring Environmental Clearance,
Procedure of Public hearing, Composition of EAC, SEAC Influence of EIA on projects
and organizations, Benefits and future of EIA Generic structure of EIA Document.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Mitigation of Impacts, Measurement of environmental impacts, Impact assessment
methods adhoc method, Overlay method, matrix and network method.
Water quality impact analysis, air quality impact analysis.
Role of GIS in EIA
Case Studies: Construction project, Hospitals
(12 lectures)
Practical
1. Preparaton of Public hearing notices
2. Project report on EIA
3. Prepare an environmental audit of hostel / institute / city
3. Assignments as suggested by teacher

16
Suggested Readings
1. Kulkarni, V. and Ramachandra, T.V. Environmental Management. Capital Pub. Co.,
New Delhi. 2006.
2. Petts, J. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment- Volume 1 and 2. Blackwell
Publishers, UK 2005.
3. Glasson, J. Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A. Introduction to Environmental Impact
Assessment. Routledge, London. 2006.
4. Canter, W. L. (1995) Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw-Hill Science/
Engineering/ Math, New York;
5. Fischer, T. B. (2007). Theory and Practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment,
Earthscan, London.
6. Lawrence, D. P. (2003) Environmental Impact Assessment: practical solutions to
recurrent problems, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ;
7. Morris, P. and Therivel, R. (1995) Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment,
UCL Press, London;
8. Petts, J. (1999) (ed) Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment, volume 1 and 2,
Blackwell Science, Oxford;
9. Therivel, R. and Partidario, M. R. (1996) (eds) The Practice of Strategic Environmental
Assessment, Earthscan, London;
10. Vanclay, F. and Bronstein, D. A. (1995) (eds) Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment, Wiley & Sons, Chichester
11. Wood, C. (2003) Environmental Impact Assessment A Comparative Review,
Prentice Hall, London.

17
SEMESTER III
Paper- I: Environmental Pollution
Objective: The students shall be equipped with the knowledge of different types of
pollution; their sources and intensity and its consequence on man, animal, plants and
monuments over a period of time.

UNIT-I
Air: Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. Primary and Secondary
Pollutants. Transport and diffusion of pollutants. Methods of monitoring of air
pollution SO2, NOx, CO, SPM. Effects of pollutants on human beings, plants animals,
materials and on climate. Acid rain, Smog. The Air (Prevention and control of
Pollution) Act (1981) of India.
Indoor Air Pollution: Indoor air pollutants; Pollutants in the homes and work places,
kitchen, living rooms. Control of indoor air quality.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-II
Water: Types, sources and consequences of water pollution. Physico -chemical and
bacteriological sampling and analysis of water quality; testing - turbidity, DO, pH,
conductivity etc. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) of
India.
Marine: Sources of marine pollution and control. Criteria employed for disposal of
pollutants in marine system coastal zone management.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Soil: Physico-chemical properties, sampling and analysis of soil quality; Industrial
waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions with soil components; Different
kinds of synthetic fertilizers and their interactions with different components of the
soil. Degradation of different pesticides in soil. Control of Soil Pollution; Phytoremediation
Thermal Pollution: Sources and its impact on environment.
The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 of India.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Noise: Sources of noise pollution, measurement of noise and indices, effect of
meteorological parameters on noise propagation. Impact of noise on human health.
Noise control and abatement measures. Noise exposure levels and standards.
Biological: Bio-pollutants- seeds, spores, bacteria, viruses trichomes
Microbial Pollutants and Sanitation: Bacterial, Viral, Mycoplamic pollutants
interfering biological processes, man, plants and animals; Means of safety against
them; Sanitation and Hygiene.
(12 lectures)

18
Practical
1. To determine air pollutants from different locations (less polluted, heavily
polluted) of city.
2. To study various Physico-chemical properties of water pH, conductivity, total
hardness, alkalinity
3. To determine various physico-chemical properties of soil collected from
polluted and non-polluted areas: Soil pH, conductivity, bulk density, organic
carbon and organic matter.
4. To study some bio-pollutant weeds like Parthenium, Ageratum or Eucalyptus
plantations
5. To study the Impact of Urban air pollution.
6. Assignments/project as assigned by the teacher

Suggested Readings
1. Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a
Living Planet. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.
2. Charbeneau, R.J. Groundwater Hydraulics and Pollutant Transport. Prentice
Hall, India. 2000.
3. Cunningham, W. P. and Cunningham, M. A. Principles of Environment Science.
Enquiry and Applications. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2004.
4. Cutler, S.L, Environment Risks and Hazard. Prentice Hall of India, Delhi. 1999.
5. De, A.K., Environmental Chemistry. New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers,
New Delhi. 2000.
6. Enger, E.D. and Smith, B. F. Environmental Science: A Study of
Interrelationships. 11th ed. McGraw Hill Inc., USA. 2006.
7. Fetter, C.W. Contaminant Hydrogeology. 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, India. 1999.
8. Hammer, M.J. & Hammer, M.J. Jr., Water & Waste Water Technology. Prentice
Hall. 2000.
9. Hillel, D., Introduction to Soil Physics, Academic Press, New York. 1982.
10. Kapoor, B.S. Environmental Sanitation. S. Chand & Sons, New Delhi. . 2000.
11. Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R. and Hassenzahl, David M. Environment. 6th ed.
John Wiley & Sons., USA. 2008.
12. Sanai, V.S. Fundamentals of Soil. Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi. 1990.
13. Sharma, B.K. Environmental Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut. 2000.
14. Sharma, P.D. Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi.
1997.
15. Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R. and Kohli, R.K. Handbook of Sustainable Weed
Management. Haworth Press, Inc., USA. 2006.
16. Singh, R.A. Soil Physical Analysis, Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi. 1997.

19
Paper- II: Regional and Global Environmental Issues
Objective: To provide assessments of the current status and trends in major
developmental and environmental issues at the national, sub regional, regional and
global levels.

UNIT-I
Major Environmental issues, Stockholm conference, Creation of UNEP and its role,
World earth summits; Agenda 21, UNFCCC, Convention on Biodiversity and
Convention on Climate Change, CoPs, Climate Change and Global Warming; IPPC
and its reports (a brief account).
(12 lectures)

UNIT-II
Human Population and its implications, PAT Formula, Indian census, Population
Regulation, Problems of slums in urban cities, Environmental factors of Cancer and
AIDS, Descriptive and analytical markers and indicators of pollutants in the body;
Impact of population explosion and poverty on the environment, smoking and its
impact on environment.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Stratospheric Ozone depletion, Ozone hole, history, reasons and Impacts on Biota;
Concept of carbon trading; carbon credits; Ecological Footprints; Carbon Footprints;
Basics of CDM, Green Buildings.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Food additives and Preservatives, Food Allergens, New emerging diseases (a brief
concept), Water-borne, air borne, vector-borne, genetic, contagious and noncontagious diseases and their management, Sanitation measures to control infectious
diseases, Bio-terrorism and Eco-terrorism, Scheme of labelling of environmentally
friendly products (Ecomark)
(12 lectures)

Practical
1. To prepare a list of preservatives and additives used in candies, chocolates and
toffees, curd, yoghurt and processed cheese available in the market.
2. To prepare a profile of smokers and analysis in terms of: Type of products like
cigarettes, Bidis and Cigars, Number of persons in the family, Health effects,
Number of cigarettes per person
3. Project file on a global environmental issues
4. To prepare a list of various eco-terrorism and bioterrorism events
5. To calculate the carbon footprint of some anthropogenic activities
6. Enlist various green buildings in India and world

20
Suggested Readings
1. Andel, J. Van and Aronson, J. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier. Blackwell,
UK. 2005.
2. Botkin, Daniel B. and Keller, Edward A. Environmental Science: Earth as a
Living Planet. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, USA. 2007.
3. Burroughs, W.J. Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2nd ed.
Cambridge University Press. 2007.
4. Chandra, P. Global Ecotourism Codes, Protocols & Charters. Kanishka
Publishers, Distributors, New Delhi. 2003.
5. Chasek, P. S. The Global Environment in the Twenty-First Century - Prospects for
International Co-operation. Indian Reprint by Manas Publications, New Delhi.
2004.
6. Cunningham, W. P. and Cunningham, M. A. Principles of Environment Science.
Enquiry and Applications. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2004.
7. Dash, S. K. Climate Change-An Indian Perspective. Centre for Environment
Education and Cambridge University Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 2007.
8. Dodds, F. (ed.). Earth Summit. 2002. A New Deal. Earthscan Publications Ltd.,
UK. 2002.
9. Enger, E.D. and Smith, B. F. Environmental Science: A Study of
Interrelationships. 11th ed. McGraw Hill Inc., USA. 2006.
10. Hardy, John T. Climate Change: Causes, Effects, Solutions. Wiley & Sons, USA.
2003.
11. Harris, F. Global Environmental Issues. Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA. 2004.
12. Kasperson, J. X. and Kasperson, R. E. (ed.). Global Environmental Risk. United
nations University Press & EarthScan Publications, UK. 2001.
13. Metcalfe, S. and Derwent, D. Atmospheric Pollution and Environmental Change.
A. Hodder Arnold Publications. 2005.
14. Raven, Peter H., Berg, Linda R. and Hassenzahl, David M. Environment. 6th ed.
John Wiley & Sons., USA. 2008.
15. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2006.
16. Speth, J. C. Global Environmental Challenges Transitions to a Sustainable
World. Orient Longman Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 2004.
17. UNEP (United Nationals Environment Programme). Agenda 21. Available online
at http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentID=52
18. UNEP. Global Environmental Outlook 3: Past, Present and Future. Earthscan
Publications. 2002.
19. Webber, R. Communicable Diseases: Epidemiology and Control. 2nd ed. CABI.
UK. 1996.

21
Paper- III : Environment and Energy Management
Objective: To provide the students with information on how to manage the natural
resources on a sustainable basis, reducing the threat of degradation, and conforming to
various environmental regulations.

UNIT-I
Environmental Economics and Management: Planning Levels, physical planning
and development Cost-Benefit analysis, methods of economic evaluation of intangible
environmental resources; contingent method, travel cost, opportunity cost concept of
consumer behaviour, environmental consumerism
Disaster Management: Definition, nature, types and classification of disasters, risk
analysis; Disasters - causes and effects; Factors affecting damage- Type, scale,
population density, socio-economic status of population, Factors affecting mitigation
measures- Prediction, preparation, communication, aerial extent, accessibility,
population density
(12 lecture)
UNIT-II
Planning for disaster mitigation
Floods River flooding, flood plains, drainage basins, nature and frequency of
flooding, flood hazards, urbanisation and flooding, flood hydrographs, flood plain
management and control.
Land slides causes, human use and land slide analysis, determination of stability
and safety factor.
Earth quakes causes, intensity and magnitude of earthquakes, geographic
distribution of earthquakes zones, seismic waves, travel-time and location of
epicenter, nature of destruction, quake resistant buildings and dams.
(12 lecture)
UNIT-III
Watershed Management: Definition, concepts, principles; Classification by size;
Rainfall and runoff; Water balance approach; Water budgeting; Topographic
surveying; Water conservation and harvesting methods - Importance and techniques
of Rain Water Harvesting; Agriculture and Water management- Participatory Rural
Appraisal in watershed Programmes.
Energy Environment: Fossil fuels classification, composition, physico-chemical
characteristics and energy content of coal, petroleum and natural gas.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Principles of generation of hydroelectric power, tidal, ocean, wind, geothermal
energy, nuclear energy fission and fusion, magneto hydrodynamic power, bioenergy energy from biomass and biogas
Sun as source of energy; solar collectors, solar ponds
(12 lectures)

22
Practical
Based upon Theory
Suggested Readings
1. Boland, R.G.A. General Environmental Management. Sterling Pub. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi. 1993.
2. Kulkarni, V. and Ramachandra, T.V.. Environmental Management. Capitol Pub.
Co., New Delhi. 2006
3. Aslokar, S.R. and Gopichandran, R. Preventive Environmental Management- An
Indian Perspective. Foundation Book, New Delhi. 2005.
4. Dhameja, S.K.. Environmental Engineering and Management. S.K. Kataria and
Sons, New Delhi. 2000
5. Pandey, G.N.. Environmental Management. Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi 1997.
6. Saxena, H.M. Environmental Management. Rawat Pub., New Delhi 2000.
7. Stavins, R.N.,. Economics of the Environment Selected Readings. 5th ed. W.W.
Nations and Co., New Delhi. 2005
8. Mukherjee, B.. Environmental Management. Vikas Pub. House Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 1997
9. Kolstad, C.D.. Environmental Economics. Oxford University Press. 2000
10. Hussen, A.. Principles of .Environmental Economics. 2nd ed. Routledge, U.K.
2004
11. Tietenberg, T. 2004. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. 6th ed.
Pearson Education.
12. Ravindranath, N.H., Rao, U.K. Natarajan, B. and Monga, P.. Renewable Energy
and Environment A Policy Analysis of India. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
2002
13 Rai, G.D. Non Conventional Energy Sources. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
1998.
15. Coley, D.. Energy and Environment Change. John Wiley and Sons. 2008
16. Quaschning, V. Understanding Renewable Energy Systems. Earthscan Pub Ltd.,
U.K. 2006.
17. Sukhatme, S.P. Solar Energy Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage.
Tata McGraw Hill. 2000.

Paper- IV: Industrial and Biomedical Waste Management

Objective: To acquaint the students to understand the difference in perception of
hazardous and biomedical wastes management, applications and their limitations.
UNIT- I
Radioactive waste and its Management
Electronic waste, types and Management
Basic Considerations of Wastes from Industries like textile, sugar, pulp and paper,
cement, distilleries, dairy, food processing, mining.

23
Types and Environmental problems of hazardous wastes: Lead and Mercury
poisoning.
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Industrial Effluent Treatment: Standards of Disposal of industrial wastes-on land, in
sea / in inland streams; Importance of planning location of industries and industrial
estates; Common Effluent Treatment plants, Types and Environmental problems of
hazardous wastes
Generation, collection, segregation, treatment, transport and disposal of hazardous
waste, Waste destruction, separation and Immobilization Technologies
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Biomedical waste: Introduction: definition, Classification, types and composition,
Types of solids, liquids, sharps, blood and blood tissue, radioactive material,
biological and chemical material
Documentation of Biomedical waste types and guidelines
Storage of hospital waste; Types of bags and containers used for storage; Segregation
of biomedical waste into different type; Handling and transport of hospital waste
Transport of medical waste: Authorization and accidental spilling reporting
(12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Biomedical waste treatment/disposal methods: Incineration, autoclaving, microwave
radiations, chemical treatments
Biomedical Waste Treatment Facility: record keeping, collection, transport and
storage facilities
Hospital Effluent treatment plant: Its structure and Functioning
Bio-medical wastes (Management and Handling) Rules; Green hospitals. (12 lectures)
Practical
1. Survey of the town to make a list of various clinics / nursing homes / tertiary
medical care centers / dispensaries / health care centers / multi-specialty
hospitals and medical centers
2. Knowledge about the different types of wastes generated in clinics, nursing
homes and hospitals in the city/town etc
3. Report about the types and amount of waste generated in a nursing home and
clinic.
4. Data on the various methods of handling and transport of hospital wastes in the city
5. A visit to the Hazardous waste Generation or disposal site.
6. Visit to Industrial area especially the handling Hazardous material
7. Preparation of Project report based on a case study of one hospital

24
Suggested Readings
1. Acharya, D.B. and Singh, M. Hospital Waste Management. Minerva Press,
Delhi. 2003.
2. Blackman, W.C. Basic Hazardous Waste Management. CRC Press, USA. 2001.
3. Pichtel, J.
Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and
Industrial. CRC Press, USA. 2005.
4. Pruss, A., Giroult, E. and Rushbrook, P. Safe Management of Wastes from
Health-care Activities. World Health Organization, Geneva. 1999.
5. Williams, P.T. Waste Treatment and Disposal. John Wiley and Sons, USA.
2005.
6. Jaswal, P.S. and Jaswal, N. Environmental Law. Pioneer Publications, Delhi.
2003.
7. Leelakrishnan, P. Environmental Law in India. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa,
Nagpur. 2005.
8. Shastri, S.C. Environmental law in India. Eastern Book Co, Lucknow. 2008.

25
SEMESTER IV
Paper- I : Statistical Applications and Research Methodology
Objective: To acquaint the students with fundamentals of statistics and research
methodology.

UNIT-I
Basic Statistics: Objectives and applications in environmental sciences; Collection,
compilations and presentation of data; Basic tools of statistical analysis; Central
tendency: mean (arithmetic), median and mode; Measures of variation (standard
deviation and standard error); Probability; Distribution Normal, t and chi square,
Poisson and binomial; Moments, matrices, simultaneous linear equations
(12 lectures)
UNIT-II
Statistical Analysis: Tests for comparing means of one and two-samples; Analysis of
Variance (one-way); Tests of hypothesis and significance (Null hypothesis);
Regression Analysis; Chi square test.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Environmental system analysis: Approaches to development of models; linear simple
and multiple regression models; models of population growth and interactions: LotkaVolterra model, Leslies matrix model, Point source stream pollution model, Gaussian
plume model.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-IV
Research Methodology: Basic principles of research design; Significance of research
design; Concept of research articles, research papers, reviews, scientific popular
articles; Components of a Research Article (title, author-line, address, abstract,
summary, hypothesis, keywords, introduction, methodology, observations, discussion,
conclusion, citing relevant work of others); Reference styles; Copyright Act (in brief),
Plagiarism, Cheating / academic frauds; process of reviewing; List of important
journals in different fields of Environment; Concept of Impact factor; H-Index.
(12 lectures)
Practical
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Collection of data
Calculation of mean, mode, median, standard error, standard deviation
Use of statistical softwares and their usage
Determination of F-value, t-vlaue, one-way analysis of variance
Calculation of r value
Null hypothesis, Chi square test
Application of Duncans multiple range test; Dunnetts and Tukeys test

26
Suggested Readings
1. Aggarwal, Y.P. Statistical Methods Concepts, Applications and Computations.
Sterling Publications Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. 1986.
2. Bailey, N.T.J. Statistical Methods in Biology. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK. 1994.
3. Banerjee, P.K.. Introduction to Biostatistics. S. Chand and Co., New Delhi. 2004
4. Cummings, K., Laws, P. W., Redish, E. F. and Cooney, P. J. Understanding
Physics. John Wiley, USA. 2004.
5. Cutnell, J. D. and Johnson, K. W. Physics. 5th ed. Wiley, USA. 2000.
6. Dobbs, S. and Miller, J. Statistics 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
2006.
7. Dobbs, S. and Miller, J. Statistics 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
2006.
8. Gerstman, B.B. Basic Biostatics Statistics for Public Health Practice. Janes and
Bartlett Pub., U.K. 2008.
9. Hewitt, P.G. Conceptual Physics with Practice book. 10th ed. Pearson Addison
Wesley, USA. 2005.
10. Hewitt, P.G., Lyons, S. and Suchocki, J. Conceptual Integrated Science. Pearson,
USA. 2006.
11. Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology Methods and Techniques. 2nd revised ed.
New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi. 2007.
12. McKillup, S. Statistics Explained. An Introdcutory Guide for Life Scientists.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 2006.
13. Monteith, J. and Unsworth, M. Principles of Atmospheric Physics. 3rd ed.
Academic Press, Inc., USA. 2007.
14. NCERT. Mathematics Text book for Class XI. Part I. NCERT, New Delhi. 2007.
15. NCERT. Mathematics Text book for Class XII. Part II. NCERT, New Delhi. 2008.
16. Resnick, R., Halliday, D. and Wlaker, J. Fundamentals of Physics. 6th ed. Wiley,
Inc., USA. 2001.
17. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., USA. 2006.
18. Selvin, S. Biostatistics How it Works. First Impression. Pearson Education Inc.,
New Delhi. 2007.
19. Serway, R. A. and Jewett, J. W. Principles of Physics. 3rd ed. Thomson, India.
2002.
20. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in
Biological Research. 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., USA. 1995.
21. Rastogi, V.B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Ane Books India, New Delhi. 2007.

27
Paper- II: Environmental Biotechnology
Objective: To acquaint the students with information on how to improve
understanding, identification, and prevention of environmental problems, remediation
& restoration through biotechnological methods.

UNIT-I
Bioremediation: Planning and management of bioremediation; In situ and Ex situ
bioremediation; Constrains and priorities of bioremediation; Evaluating
Bioremediation; Bioremediation of VOCs.
(8 lectures)
Phytoremediation: Phytoremediation of xenobiotics and bioaccumulation of metals
using plants.
(4 lectures)
UNIT-II
Biodegradation: Factors affecting process of biodegradation; Methods in determining
biodegradability; Contaminant availability for biodegradation. Xenobiotics;
Persistence and biomagnification of xenobiotic molecules; Microbial interactions with
xenobiotics; Phase I and Phase II reactions; Cyt P 450 mediated reactions;
Xenobiotics and microbial biotransformation. Use of microbes (bacteria and fungi)
and plants in biodegradation and Biotransformation.
(12 lectures)

UNIT-III
Biodegradation of petroleum constituents and associated heavy metal; Biodegradation
of halogenated hydrocarbons; polycyclic aromatic hydrogen; Pesticides and
Detergents.
Biosorption: Biotechnology and heavy metal pollution; Oil field microbiology;
Improved oil recovery; Biotechnology and oil spills; Hydrocarbon degradation
(12 lectures)
UNIT-IV
Biotechnology for Management of Resources: Role of environmental biotechnology
in management of resources; Reclamation of wasteland; Biomass production; Biogas
and biofuel production; Microorganisms in mineral and energy recovery and fuel and
biomass production.
Application of Biotechnology in Environment.
(12 lectures)

Practical
Based upon theory

28
Suggested Readings
1. Evano, G.H. and Furlong, J.C. Environmental Biotechnology Theory and
Application. John Wiley and Sons, USA. 2004.
2. Jjemba, P.K. Environmental Microbiology Theory and Application. Science
Pub. Inc., USA. 2004.
3. Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. Environmental Microbiology - Laboratory Manaul.
Elsevier, USA. 2005.
4. Ratledge, C. and Kristiansen, B. Basic Biotechnology. 2nd ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK. 2002.
5. Rittman, B. and McCarty, P. L. Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and
Applications. 2nd edition. Tata McGraw-Hill, USA. 2000.
6. Rittmann, B.E. and McCarty, P.L. Environmental Biotechnology Theory and
Application. McGraw Hill, USA. 2001.

Paper III Project Training: Training of at least 4 weeks, project report, presentation,
and Viva Voce

Paper IV Seminars: 2 Seminars; Paper based upon seminars

*********