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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - The transmission...................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2 - Three inputs AND ................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 3 - Three inputs OR ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4 - The Logic Circuit for the 5 inputs ........................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5 - Simulation for row 5 .............................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 6 - Simulation for row 12 ............................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 7 - Simulation for row 13 ............................................................................................................................ 15
Figure 8 - Simulation for row 20 ............................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 9 - Simulation for row 21 ............................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 10 - Simulation for row 28 .......................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 11 - Simulation for row 29 .......................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 12 - Simulation for row 22 .......................................................................................................................... 18
SUMMARY
1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4
DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
INPUTS ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.1
2.4.2
Torque ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
Acceleration/Brake ............................................................................................................ 8
2.5
OUTPUTS ........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.5.1
Accelerator ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.5.2
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3
IMPROVEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 19
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................20
1 INTRODUCTION
Transmissions are widely used in mechanical applications. They are present in
every car and several others transportation method, such as ships, helicopters, buses
bicycles and many others. Transmission can be defined as an assembly of parts including
the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from
an engine to a live axle [1].
In motor vehicles, transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion
engine to the drive wheels. Since engines normally operate at a relatively high rotational
speed, a transmission is necessary to reduce the rotation to a value appropriate for
starting, stopping, and slower travel. By reducing the higher engine speed to the slower
wheel speed, the transmission also increase the torque, which is necessary for moments
when the vehicle is carrying larges loads or travelling in steep streets.
With the advance of technology, objects of every-day use are being modified to
provide a more intuitive and easy operation to the user. Since humans are error-prone,
engineers have been automating vehicles transmission in order to reduce fuel waste and
obtain a better efficiency. An automated transmission would, for instance, change gears
in a more accurate time, depending on the inputs of sensors.
To design an automatic transmission, engineers need to make use of
sensors that would measure torque, rotation velocity and temperature and by a logic
circuit, provide an output that activate a hydraulic system that would change the gears
in order to reduce or increase the speed of the vehicle. In this work, a digital circuit for
an automatic gear shift transmission will be designed to replace the manual one.
2 DEVELOPMENT
2.1 VEHICLES TRANSMISSION
Within a vehicle, a transmission is composed by clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rearwheel drive), differential, and final drive shafts. Modern cars usually have five forward
and one reverse gear. The transmission is connected to the output shaft, which is
connected to the axles, which are connected to the wheels. When the transmission
rotates the output shaft this turns the axles, which in turn rotate the wheels [5].
The crankshaft only connects to the transmission when the car is in gear and the
clutch is engaged. If you press down on the clutch the crankshaft disconnects from the
transmission [5]. The image below shows the gears and the gear stick within a
transmission.
6
on the accelerator pedal.
2.2
CHANGE OF GEARS
There are several relevant factors that should be considered by the driver in order to
make an optimal change of gears. The first factor is desired the speed for the vehicle, if
the car is in a stationary position and the driver desires to move forward, the first gear
should be selected. The driver must be constantly attentive to the car speed and
tachometer (instrument that measures the rotation speed of the shaft), to know
exactly when to change the gears, an experienced driver would know when to do it
by listening to the engine.
The first gear is also used when moving along in traffic queues at very slow speeds,
which is usually combined with clutch control [6]. Each car has an optimal speed for each
gear. A general guide for which gear should be used for the range of speed of the car is
presented below.
1st gear - From 0kph to 8kph
2nd gear - From 8kph to 24kph
3rd gear - From 24kph to 48kph
4th gear - From 48kph to 64kph
5th gear - 64kph upwards
7
of Boolean logic. A logic gate is an arrangement of electrically controlled switches, better
known as transistors [2].
2.4 INPUTS
As shown in 2.2 the change of gears depends on several factors. To make a digital
circuit capable of change de gears, some simplification need to be made. The first
would be to consider all gears the same, the output would be then, just change the
gear but it does not specify to which gear the system will change. This allows to
simplify the circuit by eliminating all the gears in the input. If each gear would be
considered in the output all the six options (five forward and one reverse) should be
inserted in the inputs as well to enable to know which gear the output will go.
Since the circuit designed in this work will not distinguish for which gear the
system will change second stage will be necessary, this stage will not be presented,
but in section 3.1 more information about it will be presented and others
improvements will be discussed. The system will receive five inputs as follow:
2.4.2 Torque
Torque in the transmission will work in parallel with the rotation speed, if either
one is indicating HIGH, then the gear will change depending on the other variables. An
OR gate will be used with these two variables (Rotation speed and Torque). Differently
from the rotation speed, the torque will only be set to HIGH when the car travelling on a
tilted
8
change systematically from 0 to 8 and reduce as needed, depending on the desired speed
and torque required.
2.4.5 Acceleration/Brake
If the car suffers a quick change in acceleration, as when the driver presses the brake
pedal, the system needs to change gear very quickly (reduce) in order to help the
transmission to reduce the car speed. This means that when there is a large change in
acceleration the gear will change, depending only if the variable Forward is set to HIGH.
2.5 OUTPUTS
There are many outputs in a system that change gears, some of them are: accelerator,
change of gear itself and clutch pedal. Since all of them are inwardly connected to the
change of gear variable, they all happens as one output.
Due to the simplifications made in 2.4 then output for the change gear variable is
only HIGH or LOW, it cannot tell to which gear the transmission should change.
2.5.1 Accelerator
In an analogue transmission, the accelerator (throttle) would work as an input, that is,
the gears can only be changed if the throttle is not pressed. However, for a automatic
transmission, the accelerator changes to output, since the driver will press the
accelerator constantly, not removing it for the gears change, the accelerator will,
therefore, stop working (set to LOW) when the change of gear is set to HIGH.
TRUTH TABLE
Function Speed Torque Forward Reverse
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Break
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
10
26
27
28
29
30
31
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
In the above table, the column Function receive the value of 1 (HIGH) for all rows
that have the variables in the desired parameter. For instance the row five has the
variable Forward and Break set to HIGH, that are the parameter desired to have a change
in gears as explained in section 2.4. The same happens with the row 12, 13, 20, 21, 23,
24 and 25. These rows will receive a Boolean expression, which will help to determine
the logic circuitry necessary.
f
S
T
F
R
The table below shows the truth table and the Boolean expressions for the rows
that receive a HIGH value for the column Function:
Boolean Expressions
#
0
Boolean
Function Speed Torque Forward Reverse Breake Expression
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
S'T'FR'B
S'TFR'B'
S'TFR'B
ST'FR'B'
ST'FR'B
STFR'B'
STFR'B
According the table above, the Boolean expressions can be grouped by the Sum
of Products, as presented below:
12
000
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
Once the K-map has been made, it is possible to group the cells which have the
number one in groups multiple of two. The Boolean expression, therefore, is reduced to
the following equation:
f ( FRB) (TFR) (SFR)
Once a reduced function is obtained, the circuit can be designed. The next section shows
the diagram and the operators necessary to implement the system.
A three inputs OR will also be necessary, since there are three Sum terms. Two 2-
13
inputs OR gates will be connected in series to represent a 3-inputs OR, as shown below.
The circuit for the expression f ( FRB) (TFR) (SFR) is presented below.
14
and subsequently to a VCC and Ground source, it is possible to connect a probe in the
Output and test the circuit by switching ON and OFF each Input according to the Truth
table and check if the Output is correct. The figures bellow show the simulation for all
seven lines of the truth table that have 1 in the Function column.
15
16
17
It is important to notice that any other line on the truth table will turn off the blue
18
probe as shown below.
19
3.1 IMPROVEMENTS
3.1.1 Fuzzy logic
An automatic transmission analyse several factors before changing the gears.
However all these factors are analysed in Boolean form, if the value obtained by the
sensor lies in certain range than the value for the variable is set to HIGH or LOW,
depending on the variable. But this system is not the most efficient, there are some other
types of logic that allows to proximate the machine to a human manner of thinking. This
kind of logic is named fuzzy logic, which allows to consider variables not as 1 or 0 but as
functions (linear), a final system that uses fuzzy logic would change gears much more
efficiently enhance, therefore, the effectiveness of the vehicle.
20
4 CONCLUSION
Digital circuits is quite useful for several applications in engineering, and
automation. Most of the electronics products used nowadays have some digital circuit in
its construction and the understanding of this subject is primordial for an engineer.
This work presented that a manual transmission can be transformed to automatic
by an arrangement composed of hydraulic (mechanical) system and a digital circuit.
There is a number of steps for designing a digital circuit. As shown, the designer must
begin by determining what will be the inputs and outputs, this might be the most
important step because if the number of inputs is wrong, the resulting system is useless.
Once the inputs are selected, it is important to make a truth table to determine what will
be the output results. After this some techniques are applied to implement the circuitry
necessary for the design, some of these techniques are: Boolean expressions and
Karnaugh map, together these techniques reduce the size of the expression and make
straightforward to obtain basically any digital circuitry.
21
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] J. J. Uicker; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines and
Mechanisms (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
[2] Maini. A.K. (2007). Digital Electronics Principals, Devices and Applications.
Chichester, England.: Jonh Wiley & Sons Ltd.
[3] Simplifying Logic Circuits with Karnaugh Maps (2012). The University of
Texas at Dallas.
[4] Dwinger, Philip (1971). Introduction to Boolean algebras. Wrzburg: Physica
Verlag.
[5] http://www.driving-test-success.com/gears/gearinfo.htm
[6] http://www.drivingtesttips.biz/