1

V1

V2

Wear
situation

Motion/With
or Without Slip

Lubed or
Unlubed

Sliding2

Unidirection

Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed

Without
Without
With
With
Without
Without
With

Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed
Lubed
Unlubed

With
Without
Without
With
With
Without
Without
With
With
Without
Without
With
With
Without
Without
With
With
Without
Without
With
With

Reciprocating
(large
amplitude)
Reciprocating
(small
amplitude)
Rolling3

With slip

Without slip

Impact4

With slip

Without
slip
(compound
impact)

5
6

With or
Without
Particles

Adhesive

Typical Mechanisms1
Single-Cycle
Repeated Deformation
Cycle
Deformation

Chemical

Thermal

5
5

Except in hostile environments, where thermal and chemical wear mechanisms can be
significant and dominate the wear behaviour.
Repeated-cycle deformation mechanisms tend to be dominant, but chemical mechanisms
can be significant; with particles, abrasive wear can be dominant; mild to severe wear
transitions with load and speed common in unlubricated situations; lubrication generally
required for metal and metal-ceramic pairs; galling and fretting are forms of sliding wear.
Mildest wear situation; repeated-cycle deformation mechanisms tend to be dominant;
wear increases with slip and particles; with particles and slip abrasive wear can be
dominant; smooth surface particles preferred.
Repeated-cycle deformation mechanisms tend to be dominant; gross plastic deformation
generally unacceptable, unless in short life applications; stresses should be in the elastic
range for lives greater than 106 impacts; wear increases with slip.
With metals.
With polymers.

Brittle fracture

Asperity Contact

Mutual aperity deformation

and formation opf adhesive bond

Ductile fracture

Two-Body Abrasive Wear

Three-Body Abrasive Wear

Two-Body Abrasive Wear, with Embedded Particles

HighImpact Energy

HighImpact Energy
Brittle
Fracture

Cracks

DuctileExtrusionfromContact

High impact velocity; soft

material
Plastically
Deform
ed
Layers

High impact velocity; very brittle

material
R
em
oval of
O
xideLayers
A
fterIm
pact

O
xygen

M
etal

Slow crack growth in deformed

layers

Impact wear as a form of oxidative

wear

(a)

(b)

Regrowth
Oxide

10

Wear Volume

"Running-in"

Time or Sliding Distance

11

KPS
h

12

Identical
Metals
Compatible
Metals
ADHESIVE
WEAR

Poor
Lube

Unlubed

Poor
Lube

Unlubed

Partly Compatible
Metals

Unlubed

Incompatible Metals

Good
Lube
Good
Lube

Good
Lube

Excellent
Lube

Unlubed

Poor
Lube

Good
Lube

Unlubed

Rampant

Benign - EP Action
Unlubed

FRETTING

10-1

Lubed

High Abr. 3 - Body Low Abr.

Concentr.
Concentr.

2 -Body

CORROSIVE
WEAR

Excellent Lube

Poor
Lube

Non-metal on Metal or Non-Metal

ABRASIVE
WEAR

Excellent Lube

10-2

10-3

10-4

Lubed

10-5

10-6

WEAR COEFFICIENT

13

Wear Mechanism

Model
V

Parameters

KPS
h

V KNv n

2000 ' y
r

N0
1 m

r'

2k tan PS
h

14

~ V
Q
An
~ F
F N
AH
vr
v~ 0
a0

where:
V =
An =
FN =
H =
v =
r0 =
a0 =

Wear volume
Apparent contact area
Normal load
Hardness of the softer material
Sliding velocity
Radius of the pin
Thermal diffusivity of the material

15

Rail Head/Wheel Tread

Rail Gauge/Wheel Flange

Contact Pressure (MPa)

2500

2000

Severe Catastrophic
Transition

1500

UIC60 900A vs R7 Wear Map

Mild
Catastrophic

1000

500

Severe

0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Sliding Velocity (m/s)

16

17

18

INCREASING COMPLEXITY

19

Unidirectional sliding

Reciprocating sliding

Unidirectional or
oscillatory sliding

Unidirectional sliding

Unidirectional sliding

Oscillatory sliding

Unidirectional sliding

Small amplitude
oscillatory sliding
(fretting motion)

Unidirectional sliding
Unidirectional sliding or
unidirectional sliding plus
oscillatory motion
Unidirectional sliding
Normal impact and
normal impact plus
sliding

Small amplitude
oscillatory sliding
(fretting motion)

Pure rolling and rolling

plus sliding

Unidirectional sliding

20

Operational
Parameters

Structure of Test
Configuration

Type of motion

Tribometric
Characteristics

Friction force
(4)
(1)

Contact geometry

Noise, vibrations

(3)

Load

Velocity

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(2)

Friction coefficient

Triboelement
Triboelement
Lubricant
Atmosphere

Temperature

Temperature

Wear

Duration

Contact conditions
Surface characteristics

Surface topography

Surface composition

21

22

23

24