Copyright 1992 ASM International

All rights reserved.

www.asminternational.org

ASM Handbook, Volume 18: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology

P.J. Blau, editor, p 70-75
DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0002250

Appendix: Static and Kinetic Friction

Coefficients for Selected Materials
Peter J. Blau, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

THE DEFINITIONS for static and kinetic friction coefficients are given
in the Glossary of this Handbook. The friction coefficient between solids
sliding, or about to slide, over one another under the influence of a nonzero
normal force is a function of several factors whose relative contributions
vary on a case-by-case basis:

the values only as very approximate guides, unless their applications are
exactly the same as those methods used in generating the data.
The five tables of friction coefficient values in this Appendix contain
both static and kinetic friction coefficients. They are arranged by material
type as follows:

Composition of the materials

Surface finish of each solid
Nature of the surrounding environment
Force holding the solids in contact (load)
Velocity of relative motion
Nature of the relative motion (for example, unidirectional, back and
forth, steady, variable, and so on)
Nature of the contact (contbrming versus nonconforming surfaces)
Temperature ot' the interfacial region
Prior sliding history of the surfaces
Characteristics of the machine and fixtures in which the materials are
affixed

No single source has generated a comprehensive list of friction coefficients

tor materials under identical testing conditions; therefore, nearly all existing handbooks rely on compilations of data produced under a variety of
testing conditions. Readers should be aware of this shortcoming and use

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

1: metals on metals
2: ceramics on various materials
3: polymers on various materials
4: coatings on various materials
5: miscellaneous materials

It should be emphasized that the data in the tables are for unlubricated
solids at room temperature and in ambient air. The reference list provided
with each table lists both the sources of the data for the table and a brief
description of the testing conditions used to generate these data, if such
information was available in the reference. If accurate friction information
is required for a specific application, the use of carefully simulated conditions or instrumentation of the actual machine should be conducted in lieu
of using tabulated values because even a small change in contact conditions (for example, sliding speed or relative humidity for some materials)
can result in a marked change in the measured or apparent friction coefficient.

Appendix: Static and Kinetic Friction Coefficients for Selected Materials / 71

Table 1 Friction coefficient data for metals sliding on metals
Metals tested in air at room temperature
Friction
coefficient

Material
Fixed specimen

Ag

AI
AI, alloy 6061-T6

Au
Brass, 60Cu-4OZn
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu

Cu, OFHC
Fe

In
Mg
Mo
Nb
Ni

Pb

Moving specimen

Ag
Au
Cu
Fe
AI
Ti
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Cu
Steel, 1032
Ti-6AI-4V
Ag
Au
Steel, tool
Cd
Fe
Co
Cr
Co
Cr
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Ni
Zn
Steel, 4619
Co
Cr
Fe
Mg
Mo
Ti
W
Zn
In
Mg
Fe
Mo
Nb
Cr
Ni
Pt
Ag
Au
Co
Cr
Fe
Pb
Steel

Test
geometry(a)

IS
IS
IS
1S
IS
IS
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
IS
IS
POR
1S
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
1S
IS
IS
BOR
IS
IS
IS
1S
1S
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
1S
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
SPOF

Static

0.50
0.53
0.48
0.49
0.57
0.54
0.42
0.28
0.35
0.34
0.53
0.49

0.79
0.52
0.56
0.41
0.4 I
0.46
0.44
0.46
0.55
0.50
0.49
0.56
..
0.4 I
0.48
0.51
0.5 I
0.46
0.49
0.47
0.55
1.46
0.69
0.46
0.44
0.46
0.59
0.50
0.64
0.73
0.61
0.55
0.53
0.54
0.90
..

Kinetic

Friction
coefficient

Material
Ref

Fixed specimen
Pt

Ni

Sn
Steel
0.34
0.23
0.25
0.29

0.24

Steel, 1020
Steel, 1032

Steel, 52100

Steel, mild
Steel, M50 tool
Steel, stainless
Steel, stainless 304
Stellite
Ti
0.82

Ti-6AI-4V

Zn

Zr

Moving specimen

Pt
Fe
Sn
Cu
Pb
Steel, 4619
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Cu
Steel, 1032
Ti-6AI-4V
Ni3AI, alloy
IC-396M
Ni3AI, alloy IC-50
Steel, 1015 annealed
Steel, dual-phase
DP-80
Steel, O2 tool
Steel, mild
Ni3AI, alloy IC-50
Steel, tool
Cu
Steel, tool
AI
Steel, 17-4 stainless
Ti
Ti
Ti-6AI-4V
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Cu-AI (bronze)
Nitronic 60
Steel, 17-4 stainless
Steel, Type 440C
stainless
Stellite 12
Stellite 6
Ta
Ti-6AI-4V
Ti-6AI-4V
Cu
Fe
W
Cu
Fe
Zn
Zr

Test
geometry(a)
IS

IS
IS
IS
SPOF
SPOF
BOR
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
RSOF

Static

Kinetic

Ref

0.64
0.55
0.55
0.74
0.80
1.40

0.47
0.32
0.31
0.36

0.54
0.38
0.25
0.23
0.32
1.08

RSOF
BOR
BOR

0.70
0.74
0.55

BOR
BOR
RSOF
POR
FOF
POR
IS
POF
POF
FOF
POF
FOF
POF
POF
POF
POF

0.49
0.62
0.68
0.53
0.21
0.60

0.54
0.48
0.47
0.55
0.43
0.41
0.36
0.38
0.36
0.44

POF
POF
POF
FOF
POF
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS

0.35
0.45
0.53
0.36
0.36
0.41
0.47
0.51
0.56
0.55
0.75
0.63

0.23

0.48
0.40
0.36
0.38
0.27
0.31
0.31
0.37
0.29
0.36
0.53
0.30
0.31

0.8(

(a)Test geometry codes: BOR,flat block pressed against the cylindrical surface ofa rotatingring; FOF. flat surface sliding on another fiat surface;IS, sliding down an inclined surface; POR, pin sliding against the cylindrical
surface of a rotating ring; RSOF, reciprocating, spherically ended pin on a flat surface;SPOF, spherically ended pin on a flat coupon

REFERENCES/TEST CONDITIONS
1. E. Rabinowicz, ASLE Trans., Vol 14, 1971, p 198; plate sliding on
plate at 50% relative humidity
2. "Friction Data Guide," General Magnaplate Corporation, 1988; TMI
Model 98-5 slip and friction tester, 1.96 N (0.200 kgf) load, ground
specimens, 54% relative humidity, average of five tests
3. J.F. Archard, ASME Wear Control Handbook, M.B. Peterson and
W.O. Winer, Ed., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1980,
p 38; pin-on-rotating ring, 3.9 N (0.40 kgf) load, 1.8 m/s (350 ft/min)
velocity
4. A.W. Ruff, L.K. Ives, and W.A. Glaeser, Fundamentals of Friction
and Wear of Materials, ASM International, 1981, p 235; fiat block-on-

5.
6.
7.
8.

rotating 35 mm (l-Y8 in.) diameter ring, 10 N (1.02 kgf) load, 0.2 m/s
(40 ft/min) velocity
F.P. Bowden and D. Tabor, The Friction and Lubrication of Solids,
Oxford Press, 1986, p 127; sphere-on-flat, unspecified load and velocity
P.J. Blau and C.E. DeVore, Tribol. Int., Vol 23 (No. 4), 1990, p 226;
reciprocating ball-on-flat, 10 Hz, 25 N (2.6 kgf) load, 10 mm stroke
P.J. Blau, J. Tribology, Vol 107, 1985, p 483; flat block-on-rotating
35 mm (13/8 in.) diameter ring, 133 N (13.6 kgf) load, 5.0 cm/s (2.0
in./s) velocity
K.G. Budinski, Proceedings of Wear of Materials, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, 1991, p 289; modified ASTM G 98 galling
test procedure

72 / Solid Friction
Table 2

Friction coefficient data for ceramics sliding on various materials

Specimens tested in air at room temperature

Friction
coefficient

Material
Fixed specimen

Ag
AI
Alumina

Boron carbide
Cr
Cu
Fe

Moving specimen

Alumina
Zirconia
Alumina
Zirconia
Alumina
Alumina
Alumina
WRA(b)
WRZTA(c)
ZTA(d)
Boron carbide
Alumina
Zirconia
Alumina
Zirconia
Alumina
Zirconia

Test
geometry(a1

RPOF
RPOF
RPOF
RPOF
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
POD
RPOF
RPOF
RPOF
RPOF
RPOF
RPOF

Static

Kinetic

Friction
coefficient

Material
Ref

0.37
0.39
0.75
0.63
0.50
0.52
0.33
0.53
0.50
0.56
0.53
0.50
0.61
0.43
0.40
0.45
0.35

Fixedspecimen
Glass, tempered
Silicon carbide

Silicon nitride

Steel, M50 tool

Ti
Tungsten carbide

Moving specimen

AI, alloy 6061-T6

Steel, 1032
Teflon(e)
Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Silicon nitride
Silicon nitride
Silicon carbide
Silicon carbide
Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Boron carbide
Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Tungsten carbide
Alumina
Zirconia
Tungsten carbide

Test
geometry(a)

FOF
FOF
FOF
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD

POD

POD
POD
POD
RPOF
RPOF
POD

Static

Kinetic

Ref

0.17
0.13
0.10

0.14
0.12
0.10
0.52
0.53
0.71
0.63
0.54
0.67
0.84
0.17
0.29
0.29
0.15
0.19
0.42
0.27
0.34

7
7
7
6
4
2
3
4
2
3
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
6

(a) Testgeometrycodes:FOF,Natsurfaceslidingon anotherflatsurface;POD,pin on disk(pintip geometrynotgiven);RPOF,reciprocatingpin on flat;SPOD,sphericallyendedpin on flatdisk;SPOF,sphericallyendedpin

on a flat coupon. (b) WRA, silicon carbide whisker-reinforcedalumina. (c) WRZTA, siheon carbide whisker-reinforced,zirconia-toughenedalumina. (d) ZTA, zirconia-toughenedalumina. (e) Teflon,
polytetrafluoroethylene

REFERENCES/TEST CONDITIONS
I. K. D e m i z u , R. W a d a b a y a s h i m , and H. Ishigaki, Tribol. Trans., Vol
33 (No. 4), 1990, p 505; 1.5 m m (0.060 in.) radius pin reciprocating on
a flat, 4 N (0.4 kgf) load, 0.17 m m / s (0.0067 in#s) velocity, 50%
relative h u m i d i t y
2. P.J. Blau, O a k R i d g e National Laboratory
3. P.J. Blau, O a k Ridge National Laboratory, 1.0 N (0.10 kgf) load and
0.1 m / s (20 ft/min) velocity
4. P.J. Blau, O a k Ridge National Laboratory, 10 N (1.0 kgf) load and O. I

m / s (20 ft/min) velocity

5. C.S. Yust, Tribology of Composite Materials, P . K . Rohatgi, P.J,
Blau, and C . S . Y u s t , Ed., A S M International, 1990, p 27; 9.5 m m (3/8
in.) d i a m e t e r s p h e r e - o n - d i s k , 2 to 9 N (0.2 to 0 . 9 kgf) load, 0.3 m / s (60
ft/min) velocity
6. B. B h u s h a n and B . K . Gupta, table in Handbook of Tribology, M c Graw-Hill, 1991; 20 N (2.0 kgf), 3 m m / s (0.12 in./s) velocity
7. "Friction Data G u i d e , " General M a g n a p l a t e Corporation, 1988; T M I
Model 98-5 slip and friction tester, 1.96 N (0.200 kgf) load, g r o u n d
s p e c i m e n s , 5 4 % relative h u m i d i t y , average o f five tests

Appendix: Static and Kinetic Friction Coefficients for Selected Materials / 73

Table 3 Friction coefficient data for polymers sliding on various materials
Specimens tested in air at room temperature
Friction
coefficient

Material(a)
Fixed specimen

Moving specimen

Test
geometry(b) S t a t i c

Kinetic

Ref

Fixed specimen

0.07
0.07
' -0.24
. -.
' "'
0.07

I
1
2
1
2
2
2
3

Steel, carbon
Steel, mild

Polymers sliding on polymers

Acetal
Nylon 6/6
PMMA
Polyester PBT
Polystyrene
Polyethylene
Teflon

Acetal
Nylon 6/6
PMMA
Polyester PBT
Polystyrene
Polyethylene
Teflon
Teflon

UHMWPE

Moving specimen

Test
geometry(b) S t a t i c

Kinetic

Ref

0.27
0.35
0.16
0.21
0.31
0.25
0.23
0.28
0.60
0.32
0.37
0.26
0.38
0.28
0.38
0.31
0.31
0.25
0.44
0.68
0.50
0.38
0.25
0.13
0.34
O. 17
0.26
0.1 t
0.37
0.32
0.37
0.38
0.09
0.18
0.19
0.10
0. t9
0.16
0.21
0.11

6
1
1
1
7
7
6
6
7
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
1
1
6
7
6
I
1
1
6
6
6
I
6
1
I
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Dissimilar pairs with the polymer as the moving specimen

TW
TW
NSp
TW
NSp
NSp
NSp
FOF

0.06
0.06
0.80
0.17
0.50
0.20
0.04
0.08

Dissimilar pairs with the polymer as the fixed specimen

Nylon 6 (cast)
(extruded)
Nylon 6/6
Nylon 6/6 (+ PTFE)
PA 66
PA 66 (+ 15%
PTFE)
PA 66 (PTFE/glass)
PEEK
PEEK (+ 15%
PTFE)
PEEK (PTFE/glass)
PEI
PEI (+ 15% PTFE)
PEI (PTFE/glass)
PETP
PETP (+ 15%
PTFE)
PETP (PTFE/glass)
Polyurethane(c)
Polyurethane(d)
POM
POM (+ 15% PTFE)
POM (PTFE/glass)
PPS
PPS (+ 15% PTFE)
PPS (PTFE/glass)
Teflon

Friction
coefficient

Material(a)

Steel, mild
Steel, mild
Polycarbonate
Steel, mild
Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100

TPOD
TPOD
TW
TPOD
BOR
BOR

Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100
Steel, 521 O0

BOR
BOR
BOR

0.31
0.49
0.18

Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100
Steel, 521 O0
Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100

BOR
BOR
BOR
BOR
BOR
BOR

0.20
0.43
0.21
0.21
0.68
0.14

Steel, 52100
Steel, mild
Steel, mild
Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100
Steel, 52100
Steel, 521 O0
Steel, 52100
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Cr plate
Cu
Ni (0.001 P)
Steel, 1032
Ti-6AI-4V
TiN (Magnagold)
Steel, mild

BOR
TPOD
TPOD
BOR
BOR
BOR
BOR
BOR
BOR
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
TOPD

0.18
0.51
0.35
0.45
0.21
0.23
0.70
0.30
0.39
0.19
0.08
0.11
0.12
0.27
0.t4
0.12
0.14

0.25

0.24
0.09
0.13
0.15
0.27
0.t7
0.15

0.35
0.37
0.04
0.35
0.57
0.13

4
4
l
4
5
5

Steel, 52100
Steel, carbon
Steel, 52100
Steel, mild
Steel, carbon
Steel, mild
Steel, carbon
Steel, mild
Steel, carbon
Steel, mild
Steel, carbon
Steel, 52100
Steel, carbon
Steel, mild
Steel, carbon

5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4

Steel, mild
Steel, carbon
Steel, mild
Steel, carbon
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Cr plate
Glass, tempered
Ni (0.001 P)
Steel, 1032
Ti-6AI-4V
TiN (Magnagold)

ABS resin
ABS
ABS + 15% PTFE
Acetal
Acetal
HDPE
HDPE
LDPE
Lexan 101
Nylon (amorphous)
Nylon 6
Nylon 6
Nylon 6/6
Nylon 6/6
Nylon 6/10
Nylon 6/10
Nylon 6/12
PEEK (Victrex)
Phenol formaldehyde
PMMA
PMMA
Polycarbonate
Polyesther PBT
Polyethylene
Polyimide
Polyoxylmethylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Polystyrene
Polysulfone
PVC
PTFE
Teflon
Teflon
Teflon
Teflon
Teflon
Teflon
Teflon

POF
TW
TW
TW
POD
POD
POF
POF
POD
TW
POF
TW
POF
TW
POF
TW
TW
TW
POF
POD
POF
TW
TW
TW
POF
POF
POF
TW
POF
TW
TW
POF
POF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF

OAO
0.30
0.13
0.14

.
0.36
0.48
..
0.23
0.54
0.22
0.53
0.20
0.53
0.23
0.24
0.20
0.51

0.64
0.31
0.19
0.09
0.46
030
0.36
0.08
0.43
0.28
0.29
0.53
0.37
0.19
0.21
0.10
0.22
0.18
0.23
0.16

(a) ABS,acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene;HDPE, high-densitypolyethylene;LDPE, Iow-densitypotyethylene;Lexan,trademark of the General ElectricCo. (polycarbonate);nylon,one of a groupof polyamideresins(see also
PA); PA, polyamide; PBT, polybutylene terephthalate; PEEK, polyetheretherketone; PEI, polyetherimide; PETP, polyethylene terephthalate; PMMA,polymethylmethacrylate; POM, polyoxymethyiene PPS,
polyphenylenesulphide;PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene;PVC, polyvinylchloride;UHMWPE, ultra high molecular weightpolyethylene;Magnagold,productof General Magnaplate,Inc.;Teflon,trademark of E.I. Du Pont
de Nemours& Co., Inc. (PTFE). (b) Test geometry codes:BOR, flat block-on-rotatingring; FOF, flat surface slidingon another flat surface; NSp,not specifled;POD, pin on disk; POF, pin on flat;TPOD, triple pin-on-disk;
TW, thrust washer test. (c) Green polyurethane. (d) Cream-colored polyurethane

REFERENCES/TEST C O N D I T I O N S
1. " L u b r i c o m p (R) I n t e r n a l l y - L u b r i c a t e d R e i n f o r c e d T h e r m o p l a s t i c s a n d
Fluoropolymer Composites," Bulletin 254-688, ICI Advanced Materials; t h r u s t w a s h e r a p p a r a t u s , 0 . 2 8 M P a (40 p s i ) , 0 . 2 5 m / s (50 f t / m i n ) ,
a f t e r r u n n i n g - i n for o n e full r o t a t i o n
2. F . P . B o w d e n a n d D. T a b o r , A p p e n d i x I V , The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, O x f o r d P r e s s , 1986; u n s p e c i f i e d t e s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s
3. " F r i c t i o n D a t a G u i d e , " G e n e r a l M a g n a p l a t e C o r p o r a t i o n , 1988; T M I
M o d e l 9 8 - 5 s l i p a n d f r i c t i o n t e s t e r , 1.96 N ( 0 . 2 0 0 k g f ) l o a d , g r o u n d
specimens, 54% relative humidity, average of five tests

4. J . M . T h o r p , Tribol. Int., V o l 15 ( N o . 2), 1982, p 69; t h r e e - p i n - o n r o t a t i n g d i s k a p p a r a t u s , 0.1 m / s ( 2 0 f t / m i n )

5. J . W . M . M e n s a n d A . W . J . d e G e e , Wear, V o l 149, 1991, p 2 5 5 ; flat
b l o c k - o n - r o t a t i n g r i n g , 1.5 M P a ( 0 . 2 2 k s i ) p r e s s u r e , 150 N (15 k g f )
l o a d , 0.1 m / s (20 f t / m i n ) v e l o c i t y
6. R . P . S t e i j n , Metall. Eng. Quart., V o l 7, 1967, p 9; 12.7 m m ( 0 . 5 0 0
in.) d i a m e t e r b a l l - o n - f l a t , 9 . 8 N ( 1 . 0 k g f ) l o a d , 0.01 m m / s (4 10 4
in./s) velocity
7. N . P . S u h , Tribophysics, P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1986, p 2 2 6 ; p i n - o n - d i s k ,
4 . 4 N ( 0 . 4 5 k g f ) l o a d , 3.3 c m / s ( 1 . 3 i n . / s ) v e l o c i t y , 6 5 % r e l a t i v e
humidity

74 / Solid Friction
Table 4

Friction coefficient data for coatings sliding on various materials

Specimens tested in air at room temperature

Friction
coefficient

Material
Fixed specimen

AI, alloy 6061-T6

Au, electroplate

Cr plate

Niobium carbide,
coating
Ni (0.001 P) plate

Steel

Steel, 1032
Steel, type 440C
stainless

Moving specimen

Cr plate
Ni (0.001 P) plate
TiN (Magnagold)(c)
60Pd-40Ag, plate
60Pd-40Au, plate
70Au-30Ag, plate
80Pd-20Au, plate
99Au- 1Co, plate
Au plate
Au-0.6Co, plate
Pd plate
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Ni (0.001 P) plate
Steel, 1032
Teflon(b)
Ti-6AI-4V
Niobium carbide,
coating
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Cr plate
Ni (0.001 P) plate
Steel, 1032
Steel, D2 tool
Teflon(b)
TiN (Magnagold)(c)
Cu film on steel
In film on Ag
In film on steel
Pb film on Cu
Cr plate
Ni (0.001 P) plate
TiN (Magnagold)(c)
TiC on type 304
stainless
TiN on type 304
stainless

Test
geometry(a)

Static

Kinetic

FOF
FOF
FOF
POF
POF
POF
POF
POF
POF
POF
POF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF

0.27
0.33
0.25
.,
.,
. ..
. ,.
. . ..,
. 0.20
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.38
0.19

0.22
0.25
0.22
2.40
0.30
3.00
1.80
2.40
2.80
0.40
0.60
0.19
0.17
0.17
O.19
0.33
0.13

FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
SPOD
FOF

0.26
0.41
0.32
0.35
0.43
0.22
0.33
0.30
0.10
0.08
0.18
0.25
0.37
0.31
0.12

0.23
0.36
0.28
0.31
0.33
0.19
0.26
.
...
.''
...
0.21
0.30
0.28
0.17

FOF
FOF
POD

Ref

Fixed specimen

Steel, bearing

Steel, stainless

0.50

0.75

Moving specimen

Test
geometry(a)

Chrome carbide
SiC (CVD)(d)
TiC (CVD)(d)
TiN (CVD)(d)
AI203, plasmasprayed
Cr plate

POD
POD
POD
POD
Ams

Cr203, plasma-

Ares

Static

Kinetic

.
..
.

0.79
0.23
0.25
0.49

..
-

Ams

sprayed

Teflon(b)
TiC on type 440C
stainless steel

TiN on type 440C

stainless steel

TiN (Magnagold)(c)
POD

Friction
coefficient

Material

TiO2, plasma
sprayed
WC-12 Co, plasmasprayed
Cr plate
Ni (0.001 P) plate
TiN (Magnagold)(c)
AI
Ti
TiC on type 440C
stainless steel
TiN on type 440C
stainless steel
AI
Steel, type 304
stainless
Ti
TiC on type 440C
stainless steel
TiN on type 440C
stainless steel
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Steel, 1032
Teflon(b)
Ti-6AI-4V
TiN (Magnagold)(c)

Ams
Ams

Ref

0.130.20

0.300.38
0.140.15
0.100.15
0.110.13
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.85

FOF
FOF
FOF
POD

0.09
0.15
0.15
0.50

POD
POD

0.65

0.80

0.22

0.20

POD

0.25

0.20

POD

0.27

0.40

POD

0.29

0.41

POD
POD

0.50
0.05

0.76
0.06

5
5

POD

0.65

0.45

FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF

0,30
0.38
0.16
0.26
0.25

0.26
0.31
0.11
0.23
0.21

1
1
1
l
I

(a) Ams,Amslercircumferential,rotatingdisk-on-disk machine;FOF,flat surfaceslidingon anotherflat surface;POD,pin on disk;POF,pin on flat;SPOD sphericallyended pin-on-flatdisk. (b) Teflonis a registered
trademark of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours& Co., Inc. (polytetrafluoroethylene).(c) Magnagoldis a product of General Magnaplate. Inc. (d) CVD,chemical vapordeposition

REFERENCES/TEST C O N D I T I O N S

1. "Friction Data G u i d e , " General Magnaplate Corporation, 1988; T M I

Model 98-5 slip and friction tester, 1.96 N (0.200 kgf) load, ground
specimens, 54% relative humidity, average o f five tests
2. M. Antler and E.T. Ratcliff, Proceedings of the Holm Conference on
Electrical Contacts, 1982, p 19; sphere-on-reciprocating flat, 0.49 N
(0.050 kgf) load, 1.0 m m / s (0.039 in./s) velocity
3. M.J. Manjoine, Bearing and Seal Design in Nuclear Power Machinery, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1967; flat plate-onflat plate, 28 MPa (4.1 ksi) contact pressure, 0.25 mrn/s (0.010 in./s)
velocity

4. F.P. B o w d e n and D. Tabor, The Friction and Lubrication of Solids,

Oxford Press, 1986, p 127; sphere-on-flat, low-speed sliding, 39.2 N
(4 kgf) load
5. B. B h u s h a n and B.K. Gupta, Handbook of Tribology, McGraw-Hill,
1991, Table 14.16a; pin-on-disk, 12 N (1.2 kgf) load, 14 to 16 cm/s
(0.55 to 0.63 in./s) velocity
6. B. Bhushan and B.K. Gupta, Handbook of Tribology, McGraw-Hill,
1991, Table 14.65; pin-on-disk, 5 N (0.5 kgf) load, 1.0 cm/s (0.39
in./s) velocity, 50% relative humidity
7. B. B h u s h a n and B.K. Gupta, Handbook of Tribology, McGraw-Hill,
1991, Table 14.12; A m s l e r disk machine, 400 rev/min, 250 N (26 kgf)
load

Appendix: Static and Kinetic Friction Coefficients for Selected Materials / 75

Table 5 Friction coefficient data for miscellaneousmaterials
Specimens tested in air at room temperature
Friction
coefficient

Material
Fixed specimen

Brick
Cotton thread
Diamond
Explosives(b)
HMX(c)
PETN(d)
RDX(e)
Lead azide
[Pb(N3)2]
Silver azide (AgN 3)
Glass, tempered
Glass, thin fiber

Glass, clean
Graphite, molded

Moving specimen

Test
geometry(a)

Static

Kinetic

Ref

Wood
Cotton thread
Diamond

UnSp
UnSp
UnSp

0.6
0.3
0.1

-.
' "'
' -

1
1

Glass
Glass
Glass
Glass

RPOF
RPOF
RPOF
RPOF

-...
- ..

055
0.40
0.35
0.28

2
2
2
2

Glass
AI, alloy 6061-T6
Steel, 1032
Teflon(f)
Brass

RPOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
StOD

..
0.17
0.13
0.10
-

0.40
0.14
0.12
O. 10

2
3
3
3

0.16-

Graphite
Porcelain
Steel, stainless
Teflon(f)
Glass (clean)

StOD
StOD
StOD
StOD
UnSp

AI, alloy 2024

AI, alloy 2219
Graphite, extruded
Graphite, molded
lnconel X-750(g)
Steel, type 304
stainless
Steel, type 347
stainless

Friction
coefficient

Material

0.26
0.15
0.36
0.31
0.10

Moving specimen

Test
geometry(a)

Graphite (clean)
Graphite (outgassed)

Graphite (clean)
Graphite (outgassed)

UnSp
UnSp

Hickory wood, waxed

Ice

Snow
Bronze
Ebonite
Ice

UnSp
UnSp
UnSp
UnSp

Leather
Metal

Ice
Ice
Metal (clean)
Glass (clean)

UnSp
FOF
UnSp
UnSp

Mica (cleaved)
Mica (contaminated)

Mica (cleaved)
Mica (contaminated)

UnSp
UnSp

Nylon fibers

Nylon fibers

UnSp

Paper, copier
Sapphire
Silk fibers

Paper, copier
Sapphire
Silk fibers

FOF
UnSp
UnSp

Steel (clean)
Wood (clean)

Graphite
Metals

UnSp
UnSp

Wood (clean)

UnSp

FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF
FOF

-
...

0.9 . . . .
1.0
0.16
. -.
0.22
'''
0.20
O. 17
0.18
0.14
0.16
'''
0.18
..

5
5
5
5
5
5

FOF

0.19

...

Fixed specimen

4
4
4
4
1

Static

0.10
0.50.8
--
-

0.05
0.15
.,.
>0.01
0.6
0.50.7
1.0
0.20.4
0.150.25
0.28
0.2
0.20.3
0.1
0.20.6
0.250.5

Kinetic

Ref

"-

'''

1
l

0.14
0.02
0.02
--

6
6
6
6

0.02
>0.01

0.26

(a) FOF flat surface slidingon another flat surface;RPOF, reciprocatingpin-on flat;StOD, strand wrapped over a drum; UnSp, unspecifiedmethod. (b) Explosivesreported here were tested as reciprocating,single-crystal,
flat-ended pin-on-movingflat.(c) HMX,cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine;(d)PETN,pentaerithritol tetranitrate. (e) RDX, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine.(f) Teflon is a registeredtrademark ofE.l. Du Pont de Nemours
& Co., Inc. (g) lnconel is a product of INCO, Inc.

REFERENCES/TEST CONDITIONS

1. F . P . B o w d e n a n d D . T a b o r , A p p e n d i x I V , The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, O x f o r d P r e s s , 1986; m e t h o d u n s p e c i f i e d

2. J . K . A . A m u z u , B . J . B r i s c o e , a n d M . M . C h a u d h r i , J. Phys. D, Appl.
Phys., V o l 9, 1 9 7 6 , p 133; r e c i p r o c a t i n g , s i n g l e - c r y s t a l flat s l i d i n g o n
s m o o t h f i r e d g l a s s s u r f a c e s , r a n g e 5 to 2 0 g f ( 0 . 0 4 9 to 0 . 1 9 6 2 N l o a d ) ,
0.20 mm/s (0.008 in./s) velocity
3. " F r i c t i o n D a t a G u i d e , " G e n e r a l M a g n a p l a t e C o r p o r a t i o n , 1988; T M I
M o d e l 9 8 - 5 s l i p a n d f r i c t i o n t e s t e r , 1.96 N ( 0 . 2 0 0 k g f ) l o a d , g r o u n d

s p e c i m e n s , 5 4 % r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y , a v e r a g e o f five t e s t s
4. P . K . G u p t a , J. Am, Ceram. Soc., V o l 7 4 ( N o . 7), 1991, p 1692; s t r a n d
l y i n g o n a r o t a t i n g d r u m , 1.96 N ( 0 . 2 0 0 k g t ) l o a d , 8.5 m m / s ( 0 . 3 3
in./s) velocity
5. M . J . M a n j o i n e , Bearing and Seal Design in Nuclear Power Machine r y , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s , 1967; flat p l a t e - o n flat p l a t e , 2 8 M P a (4.1 k s i ) c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e , 0 . 2 5 m m / s ( 0 . 0 1 0 i n . / s )
velocity
6. F.P. B o w d e n a n d D. T a b o r , The Friction and Lubrication of Solids,
O x f o r d P r e s s , 1986; u n s p e c i f i e d m e t h o d , 4 . 0 m / s ( 7 9 0 f t / m i n ) at 0 C