Untitled 1

Constructing the
WJP Rule of Law Index
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINING THE RULE

OF LAW
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PART I: CONSTRUCTING THE WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX |
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Box 1 : The rule of law in everyday life

Suppose the owner of a small business has a dispute with a client over a large, unpaid bill. What if her
only recourse to settle the dispute is through the threat of physical violence? Consider the bridges,
roads, or runways we traverse dailyor the offices and buildings in which we live, work, and play. What
if building codes governing their design and safety were not enforced? Or suppose someone broke into
your home and stole your belongings, and there was no means to reclaim your property and bring the
perpetrator to justice? Although we may not be aware of it, the rule of law is a profoundly important
part of our lives. It is the foundation for a system of rules to keep us safe, resolve disputes, and enable
us to prosper. Lets consider a few examples:
a. Business environment
Imagine an investor seeking to commit resources abroad. She would probably think twice
before investing in a country where corruption is rampant, property rights are ill-defined,
and contracts are difficult to enforce. Uneven enforcement of regulation, corruption,
insecure property rights, and ineffective means to settle disputes undermine legitimate
business and drive away both domestic and foreign investment.
b. Public works
Safe and reliable physical structures are essential to a thriving economy and an efficient
society. Yet corrupt practices in the construction process abound, discouraging honest
practitioners from entering the market through prohibitive bribery and kickback costs. In
many cases, for instance, it has been alleged that government officials and contractors have
been complicit in using low-quality materials in order to pocket the surplus. Transparency in
the procurement process and effectively enforced regulations and safety codes help curtail
illegal practices and increase the reliability and security of physical infrastructure.
| The WJP Rule of Law Index
c. Public health
Maintaining the physical health of a society is hugely reliant on its health care delivery
systems. Absenteeism, mismanagement, bribes, and informal payments undermine health
care delivery and waste scarce resources. Unfortunately, it is in poor countries that people
are most likely to have to pay bribes to obtain medical attention. As a result, many people do
not receive adequate medical care.
d. Environment
Countries around the world have laws to protect the environment. Unfortunately, these
laws are not always enforced. Weak enforcement of environmental laws can lead to major
problems, including pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, natural disasters, and poor
waste management. Effective enforcement and appropriate management are useful tools
in protecting the environment and public health without unduly constraining economic
development. Adherence to the rule of law is essential to hold the government, businesses,
civil society organizations, and communities accountable for sound environmental policies.
The rule of law affects all of us in our everyday lives. It is not only important to lawyers and judges;
it matters to businessmen, builders, consumers, doctors, and journalists. Every sector of society is a
stakeholder in the rule of law.
Box 2 : Four Universal Principles of the Rule of Law

rights and freedoms. On the one hand,
it was felt that if the Index was to have
utility and gain wide acceptance, the
definition must be broadly applicable
to many types of social and political
systems, including some which lack
many of the features that characterize
democratic nations. On the other hand, it
was recognized that the rule of law must
be more than merely a system of rules
- that indeed, a system of positive law
that fails to respect core human rights
guaranteed under international law is at
best rule by law, and does not deserve
to be called a rule of law system. In the
words of Arthur Chaskalson, former
Chief Justice of South Africa,
The four universal principles that

emerged from our deliberations are
featured in Box 2.
These principles represent an effort to
strike a balance between thinner and
thicker conceptions of the rule of law,
incorporating both substantive and
procedural elements - a decision which
was broadly endorsed by the many
international experts with whom we
have consulted. A few examples may be
instructive:
> The laws are clear, publicized, stable, and just, are
applied evenly, and protect fundamental rights,
including the security of persons and property.
> The
process by which the laws are enacted,

administered, and enforced is accessible, fair, and
efficient.
> Justice
is delivered timely by competent, ethical,

and independent representatives and neutrals who
are of sufficient number, have adequate resources,
and reflect the makeup of the communities they
serve.
The principles address the extent
to which a country provides for

fair participation in the making of
the lawscertainly an essential
attribute of self-government. But the
principles do not address the further
question of whether the laws are
enacted by democratically elected
representatives.
The principles address the extent
to which a country protects

fundamental human rights. But
given the impossibility of assessing
adherence to the full panoply of civil,
political, economic, social, cultural,
and environmental rights recognized
in the Universal Declaration, the
principles treat a more modest
menu of rights, primarily civil and
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under international law and bear the
most immediate relationship to rule
of law concerns.
The principles address access to
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access to legal representation and
access to the courts, rather than
in the thicker sense in which
access to justice is sometimes seen
as synonymous with broad legal
empowerment of the poor and
[T]he apartheid government, its ocers and

agents were accountable in accordance with
the laws; the laws were clear; publicized, and
stable, and were upheld by law enforcement
ocials and judges. What was missing was the
substantive component of the rule of law. The
process by which the laws were made was not
fair (only whites, a minority of the population,
had the vote). And the laws themselves were not
fair. They institutionalized discrimination, vested
broad discretionary powers in the executive, and
failed to protect fundamental rights. Without a
substantive content there would be no answer to
the criticism, sometimes voiced, that the rule of
law is an empty vessel into which any law could
be poured.
The WJP uses a working definition of the rule of law

based on four universal principles:
> The government and its officials and agents as well
as individuals and private entities are accountable
under the law.
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THE 2012-2013 WJP

RULE OF LAW INDEX
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Box 3 : Updates to the Conceptual Framework
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The WJP Rule of Law Index 2012-2013 report introduces
several conceptual changes. First, several sub-factors
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courts) from the Index 2011 report have been merged to
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form sub-factor 7.1 (people have access to affordable

civil justice) of the current report. Second, sub-factor
5.1 (the laws are comprehensible to the public) and
sub-factor 5.2 (the laws are publicized and widely
accessible) have been combined into sub-factor 5.1
(the laws are publicized and accessible) of this years
report. Similarly, sub-factor 5.5 (official drafts of laws
are available to the public) and sub-factor 5.6 (official
information is available to the public) have been merged
into sub-factor 5.4 (official information is available
on request). Third, for the first time data has been
collected on sub-factor 2.4 (government officials in the
legislative branch do not use public office for private
gain). Finally, in the measurement of Factor 2 (Absence
of Corruption), several variables related to the crime of
embezzlement have been incorporated into the Index.
Limited Government Powers

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THE WORLD JUSTICE PROJECT RULE OF LAW INDEX

The rule of law is a system in which the following four universal principles are upheld:
> The government and its ocials and agents as well as individuals and private entities are accountable
under the law.
> The
laws are clear, publicized, stable, and just, are applied evenly, and protect fundamental rights,
including the security of persons and property.
> The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, fair, and ecient.
> Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are
of sucient number, have adequate resources, and reect the makeup of the communities they serve.
These four universal principles which comprise the WJPs notion of the rule of law are further developed in
the nine factors of the WJP Rule of Law Index.
Factors & Sub-Factors

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
FACTOR 1: Limited Government Powers

Government powers are dened in the fundamental law
Government powers are eectively limited by the legislature
Government powers are eectively limited by the judiciary
Government powers are eectively limited by independent auditing
and review
Government ocials are sanctioned for misconduct
Government powers are subject to non-governmental checks
Transition of power is subject to the law
6.2
Government regulations are applied and enforced without improper

inuence
6.3
Administrative proceedings are conducted

without unreasonable delay
6.4
Due process is respected in administrative proceedings
6.5
The Government does not expropriate without adequate

compensation
2.4
Government ocials in the executive branch do not use public oce

for private gain
Government ocials in the judicial branch do not use public oce for
private gain
Government ocials in the police and the military do not use public
oce for private gain
Government ocials in the legislative branch do not use public oce
for private gain
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
People can access and aord civil justice

Civil justice is free of discrimination
Civil justice is free of corruption
Civil justice is free of improper government inuence
Civil justice is not subject to unreasonable delays
Civil justice is eectively enforced
ADRs are accessible, impartial, and eective
3.1
3.2
3.3
Crime is eectively controlled

Civil conict is eectively limited
People do not resort to violence to redress personal grievances
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Equal treatment and absence of discrimination

The right to life and security of the person is eectively guaranteed
Due process of law and rights of the accused
Freedom of opinion and expression is eectively guaranteed
Freedom of belief and religion is eectively guaranteed
Freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy is eectively
guaranteed
Freedom of assembly and association is eectively guaranteed
Fundamental labor rights are eectively guaranteed
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
The laws are publicized and accessible

The laws are stable
Right to petition the government and public participation
Ocial information is available on request
2.2
2.3
FACTOR 3: Order and Security
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Criminal investigation system is eective

Criminal adjudication system is timely and eective
Correctional system is eective in reducing criminal behavior
Criminal system is impartial
Criminal system is free of corruption
Criminal system is free of improper government inuence
Due process of law and rights of the accused
FACTOR 4: Fundamental Rights
9.1
9.2
9.3
Informal justice is timely and eective

Informal justice is impartial and free of improper inuence
Informal justice respects and protects fundamental rights
FACTOR 5: Open Government
FACTOR 7: Civil Justice
FACTOR 8: Criminal Justice
FACTOR 9: Informal Justice
Government regulations are eectively enforced
FACTOR 2: Absence of Corruption

2.1
FACTOR 6: Regulatory Enforcement
6.1
11
Box 4 : The WJP Rule of Law Index methodology in a nutshell

The production of the WJP Rule of Law Index may be summarized in ten steps:
1. The WJP developed the conceptual framework summarized in the Indexs 9 factors and 48
sub-factors, in consultation with academics, practitioners, and community leaders from
around the world.
2. The Index team developed a set of five questionnaires based on the Indexs conceptual
framework, to be administered to experts and the general public. Questionnaires were
translated into several languages and adapted to reflect commonly used terms and
expressions.
3. The team identified, on average, more than 300 potential local experts per country to
respond to the qualified respondents questionnaires, and engaged the services of leading
local polling companies.
4. Polling companies conducted pre-test pilot surveys of the general public in consultation with
the Index team, and launched the final survey.
5. The team sent the questionnaires to local experts and engaged in continual interaction with
them.
6. The Index team collected and mapped the data onto the 48 sub-factors.
7. The Index team constructed the final scores using a five-step process:
a. Codified the questionnaire items as numeric values.

b. Produced raw country scores by aggregating the responses from several individuals
(experts or general public).
c. Normalized the raw scores.

d. Aggregated the normalized scores into sub-factors and factors using simple averages.
e. Produced the final rankings using the normalized scores.
8. The data were subject to a series of tests to identify possible biases and errors. For example,
the Index team cross-checked all sub-factors against more than 60 third-party sources,
including quantitative data and qualitative assessments drawn from local and international
organizations.
12
9. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by the Econometrics and Applied Statistics Unit of the
European Commissions Joint Research Centre, in collaboration with the Index team, to assess
the statistical reliability of the results.
10.Finally, the data were organized into country reports, tables, and figures to facilitate their
presentation and interpretation.
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C:@5KG99?GHC58J5B79
,<=G :57HCF =B7@I89G H<F99 8=A9BG=CBG

56G9B79 C: 7F=A9 D5FH=7I@5F@M
7CBJ9BH=CB5@ 7F=A9 56G9B79 C:
DC@=H=75@ J=C@9B79 =B7@I8=B; H9FFCF=GA
5FA98 7CB:@=7H 5B8 DC@=H=75@ IBF9GH
5B8 56G9B79 C: J=C@9B79 5G 5 GC7=5@@M
Absence of Corruption
5779DH56@9 A95BG HC F98F9GG D9FGCB5@
57HCF A95GIF9G H<9 56G9B79 C: ;F=9J5B79G
7CFFIDH=CB ,<9 !B89L 7CBG=89FG H<F99
7KLVLQFOXGHVDZLGHUDQJHRILQVWLWXWLRQVIURPQDQFLDOFRPSWURO
@9FG5B85I8=H=B;5;9B7=9GHCH<98=J9FG95FF5MC:9BH=H=9GH<5HACB=HCF
<IA5BF=;<HG7CAD@=5B799 ; Y IA5B*=;<HG9:9B89FZY'A6I8GA5BZ
3HRSOHV$GYRFDWH'HIHQVRUGHO3XHEOR2XYLGRULD+XPDQ5LJKWV
&RPPLVVLRQHULJXVNDQWVOHU0pGLDWHXUGHOD5pSXEOLTXH&LWL]HQV
8JC75H9ZYJC75HI@(CDCFI@I=Z !BGCA97CIBHF=9GH<9G9:IB7H=CBG5F9
SHUIRUPHGE\MXGJHVRURWKHUVWDWHRIFLDOVLQRWKHUVWKH\DUHFDUULHGRXWE\
=B89D9B89BH5;9B7=9G
,<9 :=FGH GI6:57HCF A95GIF9G H<9

9::97H=J9 @=A=H5H=CB C: ;CJ9FBA9BH
DCK9FG=BH<9:IB85A9BH5@@5K=B7@I8=B;
DFCJ=G=CBG H<5H DFC<=6=H 7CBGH=HIH=CB5@
5A9B8A9BHG 5B8 GIGD9BG=CBG C:
7CBGH=HIH=CB5@ F=;<HG 5B8 DF=J=@9;9G
9L79DH=B577CF85B79K=H<H<9FI@9G5B8
DFC798IF9GDFCJ=898=BH<9:IB85A9BH5@
@5K =HG9@: ,<9 F9A5=B=B; G=L
GI6:57HCFG588F9GGH<99::97H=J9B9GGC:
H<9 =BGH=HIH=CB5@ 7<97?G CB ;CJ9FBA9BH
DCK9F 6M H<9 @9;=G@5HIF9 H<9 >I8=7=5FM
5B8 =B89D9B89BH 5I8=H=B; 5B8 F9J=9K
5;9B7=9G K<9H<9F;CJ9FBA9BHC::=7=5@G
5F9G5B7H=CB98:CFA=G7CB8I7H5B8H<9
9::97H=J9B9GG C: BCB;CJ9FBA9BH5@
CJ9FG=;<H 6M H<9 A98=5 5B8 7=J=@
GC7=9HM K<=7< G9FJ9 5B =ADCFH5BH FC@9
=B ACB=HCF=B; ;CJ9FBA9BH 57H=CBG 5B8
<C@8=B; C::=7=5@G 577CIBH56@9 ,<9
@5GH GI6:57HCF 7CB79FBG H<9 9LH9BH HC
K<=7< HF5BG=H=CBG C: DCK9F C77IF =B
577CF85B79K=H<H<9@5K ,<=GGI6:57HCF
8C9G BCH 588F9GG H<9 =GGI9 C: K<9H<9F
HF5BG=H=CBGC:DC@=H=75@DCK9FH5?9D@579
H<FCI;< 89AC7F5H=7 9@97H=CBG *5H<9F
=H 9L5A=B9G K<9H<9F H<9 FI@9G :CF H<9
CF89F@M HF5BG:9F C: DCK9F 5F9 57HI5@@M
C6G9FJ98 ,<=G GI6:57HCF @CC?G 5H
H<9 DF9J5@9B79 C: 9@97HCF5@ :F5I8 5B8
=BH=A=85H=CB :CF H<CG9 7CIBHF=9G =B
K<=7<9@97H=CBG5F9<9@8H<9:F9EI9B7M
RIFRXSVGpWDWVDQGWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFK
HF5BG=H=CB DFC79GG9G 5F9 CD9B HC DI6@=7
G7FIH=BM
!BH<=G75H9;CFMK9=B7@I89A95GIF9GC:7F=A=B5@J=7H=A=N5H=CBGI7<5G
<CA=7=89?=8B5DD=B;6IF;@5FM5FA98FC669FM9LHCFH=CB5B8:F5I8
13
Fundamental Rights
57HCF A95GIF9G DFCH97H=CB C:
:IB85A9BH5@<IA5BF=;<HG !HF97C;B=N9G
H<5H H<9 FI@9 C: @5K AIGH 69 ACF9 H<5B
A9F9@M5GMGH9AC:FI@9GH<5H=B8998
5 GMGH9A C: DCG=H=J9 @5K H<5H :5=@G HC
F9GD97H 7CF9 <IA5B F=;<HG 9GH56@=G<98
IB89F =BH9FB5H=CB5@ @5K =G 5H 69GH YFI@9
5 @5KZ 5B8 8C9G BCH 89G9FJ9 HC 69
75@@985FI@9C:@5KGMGH9A
%CF9 H<5B M95FG 5:H9F =HG 58CDH=CB

H<9 -B=J9FG5@ 97@5F5H=CB F9A5=BG
H<9 HCI7<GHCB9 :CF 89H9FA=B=B; K<=7<
F=;<HG A5M 69 7CBG=89F98 :IB85A9BH5@
9J9B5GB9K9FF=;<HG7CBH=BI9HC9A9F;9
5B8 ;5=B 5779DH5B79 H /"( F9;=CB5@
A99H=B;G7CB8I7H98:FCA HC
H<9F9 K5G GD=F=H98 8=G7IGG=CB CJ9F
K<=7< F=;<HG G<CI@8 69 9B7CAD5GG98
K=H<=B H<9 !B89L %5BM IF;98 H<5H H<9
@=GH 69 7CB:=B98 HC 7=J=@ 5B8 DC@=H=75@
F=;<HG D5FH=7I@5F@M :F998CA C: H<CI;<H
5B8 CD=B=CB K<=7< 695F 5B 9GG9BH=5@
F9@5H=CBG<=D HC H<9 FI@9 C: @5K =HG9@:
'H<9FG 5F;I98 :CF 5 6FC589F HF95HA9BH
H<5HKCI@89B7CAD5GGGC7=5@97CBCA=7
5B87I@HIF5@F=;<HG
Open government
57HCF A95GIF9G CD9B ;CJ9FBA9BH
K<=7< =G 9GG9BH=5@ HC DC@=H=75@
D5FH=7=D5H=CB5B85779GGHC=B:CFA5H=CB
9ADCK9F=B; 7=H=N9BG HC JC=79 H<9=F
7CB79FBG 5B8 89A5B8 577CIBH56=@=HM
:FCAH<9=F;CJ9FBA9BH
,<=G:57HCFA95GIF9GH<99LH9BHHCK<=7<
H<9 GC7=9HM <5G 7@95F DI6@=7=N98 5B8
GH56@9 @5KG K<9H<9F 58A=B=GHF5H=J9
DFC7998=B;G 5F9 CD9B HC DI6@=7
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG ZKHWKHU RIFLDO
=B:CFA5H=CB=B7@I8=B;8F5:HGC:@5KG5B8
F9;I@5H=CBG=G5J5=@56@9HCH<9DI6@=7
,<9 :=FGH C: H<9G9 9@9A9BHG F9@5H9G HC

@H<CI;< H<9 8965H9 A5M B9J9F 69 H<9 7@5F=HM DI6@=7=HM 5B8 GH56=@=HM H<5H
:I@@M F9GC@J98 =H K5G 89H9FA=B98 5G 5 F5797C@CF9H<B=7CFGC7=5@CF=;=B75GH9B5H=CB5@=HM5@=9B5;9F9@=;=CB
DF57H=75@ A5HH9F H<5H G=B79 H<9F9 5F9 ODQJXDJHSROLWLFDORSLQLRQRUDIOLDWLRQJHQGHUPDULWDOVWDWXVVH[XDO
CF=9BH5H=CBCF;9B89F=89BH=HM5;95B88=G56=@=HM !HAIGH6957?BCK@98;98
A5BMCH<9F=B8=79GH<5H588F9GG<IA5B H<5H:CFGCA9GC7=9H=9G=B7@I8=B;GCA9HF58=H=CB5@GC7=9H=9G79FH5=BC:
H<9G975H9;CF=9GA5M69DFC6@9A5H=7 !B588=H=CBH<9F9A5M698=::9F9B79G
F=;<HG =B 5@@ C: H<9G9 8=A9BG=CBG 5B8 6CH<K=H<=B5B85ACB;GI7<GC7=9H=9G5GHCK<9H<9F5;=J9B8=GH=B7H=CB=G
5G=HKCI@869=ADCGG=6@9:CFH<9!B89L DUELWUDU\RULUUDWLRQDO'HVSLWHWKHVHGLIFXOWLHVLWZDVGHWHUPLQHGWKDWRQO\
5B=B7@IG=J9@=GHKCI@8577CF8:I@@F9GD97HHCH<9DF=B7=D@9GC:9EI5@=HM5B8
HC 5GG9GG 58<9F9B79 HC H<9 :I@@ F5B;9 BCB8=G7F=A=B5H=CB9A6C8=98=BH<9-B=J9FG5@97@5F5H=CB5B89A9F;=B;
BCFAGC:=BH9FB5H=CB5@@5K
C: F=;<HG H<9 !B89L G<CI@8 :C7IG CB 5 +I6:57HCF =B7@I89GH<9:CIF:IB85A9BH5@DF=B7=D@9GF97C;B=N98
F9@5H=J9@MAC89GHA9BIC:F=;<HGH<5H5F9 6MH<9!$'97@5F5H=CBCBIB85A9BH5@(F=B7=D@9G5B8*=;<HG5H/CF?C:
H<9:F998CAC:5GGC7=5H=CB5B8H<99::97H=J9F97C;B=H=CBC:H<9
:=FA@M 9GH56@=G<98 IB89F =BH9FB5H=CB5@ F=;<HHC7C@@97H=J965F;5=B=B; H<99@=A=B5H=CBC:5@@:CFAGC::CF798
CF7CADI@GCFM@56CFH<99::97H=J956C@=H=CBC:7<=@8@56CF5B8H<9
@5K5B85F9ACGH7@CG9@MF9@5H98HCFI@9 9@=A=B5H=CBC:8=G7F=A=B5H=CB=BF9GD97HC:9AD@CMA9BH5B8C77ID5H=CB
+I6:57HCF 7CB79FBGDC@=796FIH5@=HM5B8CH<9F56IG9GX=B7@I8=B;
C:@5K7CB79FBG 77CF8=B;@M57HCF 5F6=HF5FM89H9BH=CBHCFHIF95B89LHF5>I8=7=5@9L97IH=CBXD9FD9HF5H986M
7CJ9FG 9::97H=J9 9B:CF79A9BH C: @5KG 5;9BHGC:H<9GH5H95;5=BGH7F=A=B5@GIGD97HGDC@=H=75@8=GG=89BHGA9A69FGC:
H<9A98=55B8CF8=B5FMD9CD@9
H<5H 9BGIF9 9EI5@ DFCH97H=CB :F998CA ,<=G=B7@I89GH<9DF9GIADH=CBC:=BBC79B795B8H<9CDDCFHIB=HMHC
,<9@5KG75B69:5=FCB@M=:H<9M8CBCHA5?95F6=HF5FMCF=FF5H=CB5@
GLVWLQFWLRQVEDVHGRQHFRQRPLFRUVRFLDOVWDWXVWKHODWWHUGHQHGWRLQFOXGH
14
C: H<CI;<H F9@=;=CB 5B8 9LDF9GG=CB

:F998CA C: 5GG9A6@M 5B8 5GGC7=5H=CB
:IB85A9BH5@ @56CF F=;<HG =B7@I8=B;
H<9 F=;<H HC 7C@@97H=J9 65F;5=B=B; H<9
DFC<=6=H=CB C: :CF798 5B8 7<=@8 @56CF
5B8H<99@=A=B5H=CBC:8=G7F=A=B5H=CB
H<9 F=;<HG HC DF=J57M 5B8 F9@=;=CB H<9
F=;<HHC@=:95B8G97IF=HMC:H<9D9FGCB
5B88I9DFC79GGC:@5K5B8H<9F=;<HGC:
H<9577IG98
GI6A=H5B87<5@@9B;99J=89B7969:CF9DI6@=7DFC7998=B;G:F998CA:FCA
5F6=HF5FM5FF9GH89H9BH=CBHCFHIF95B856IG=J9HF95HA9BH5B85779GGHC@9;5@
7CIBG9@5B8HF5BG@5HCFG
5F9 F9EI=F98 :CF H<9 DI6@=7 HC ?BCK

K<5H H<9 @5K =G 5B8 K<5H 7CB8I7H
=G D9FA=HH98 5B8 DFC<=6=H98 ,<9
@5K AIGH 69 7CADF9<9BG=6@9 5B8 =HG
A95B=B; GI::=7=9BH@M 7@95F DI6@=7=N98
5B8 9LD@5=B98 HC H<9 ;9B9F5@ DI6@=7
=B D@5=B @5B;I5;9 :CF H<9A HC 69 56@9
HC 56=89 6M =H ,<=G =G CB9 C: H<9 ACGH
65G=7 DF97CB8=H=CBG :CF 57<=9J=B;
5B8 A5=BH5=B=B; 5 FI@9 C: @5K GC7=9HM
75D56@9 C: ;I5F5BH99=B; DI6@=7 CF89F
D9FGCB5@ G97IF=HM 5B8 :IB85A9BH5@
F=;<HG
Regulatory enforcement
57HCF A95GIF9G H<9 9LH9BH HC K<=7<
F9;I@5H=CBG 5F9 :5=F@M 5B8 9::97H=J9@M
9B:CF798 *9;I@5H=CBG 5F9 5 D9FJ5G=J9
:95HIF9 C: AC89FB GC7=9H=9G 5B8 =H
=G =ADCFH5BH H<5H H<9M 69 9B:CF798
=B 577CF85B79 K=H< 58A=B=GHF5H=J9
DFC798IF9GH<5H5F9:5=F7CBG=GH9BH5B8
DF98=7H56@9K=H<CIH=ADFCD9F=B:@I9B79
6M DI6@=7 C::=7=5@G CF DF=J5H9 =BH9F9GHG
5B8 H<5H DF=J5H9 DFCD9FHM BCH 69 H5?9B
K=H<CIH589EI5H97CAD9BG5H=CB
Civil Justice
57HCF A95GIF9G K<9H<9F CF8=B5FM
D9CD@9 75B F9GC@J9 H<9=F ;F=9J5B79G
D9579:I@@M 5B8 9::97H=J9@M H<FCI;< H<9
7=J=@>IGH=79GMGH9A ::97H=J97=J=@>IGH=79
F9EI=F9G H<5H H<9 GMGH9A 69 5779GG=6@9
5::CF856@9 9::97H=J9 =AD5FH=5@ 5B8
7I@HIF5@@M 7CAD9H9BH 779GG=6=@=HM
=B7@I89G;9B9F5@5K5F9B9GGC:5J5=@56@9
F9A98=9G 5J5=@56=@=HM 5B8 5::CF856=@=HM
C: @9;5@ 58J=79 5B8 F9DF9G9BH5H=CB 5B8
56G9B79 C: 9L79GG=J9 CF IBF95GCB56@9
:99G DFC798IF5@ <IF8@9G @=B;I=GH=7 CF
D<MG=75@65FF=9FG5B8CH<9F=AD98=A9BHG
!AD5FH=5@=HM=B7@I89G56G9B79C:5F6=HF5FM
CF=FF5H=CB5@8=GH=B7H=CBG65G98CBGC7=5@
CF 97CBCA=7 GH5HIG 5B8 CH<9F :CFAG C:
6=5G5GK9@@5G897=G=CBGH<5H5F9:F99C:
LPSURSHULQXHQFHE\SXEOLFRIFLDOVRU
DF=J5H9 =BH9F9GHG ::97H=J9 7=J=@ >IGH=79
5@GC F9EI=F9G H<5H 7CIFH DFC7998=B;G 5F9
7CB8I7H985B8>I8;A9BHG9B:CF798:5=F@M
5B89::97H=J9@M5B8K=H<CIHIBF95GCB56@9
89@5M
,<=G :57HCF 5@GC A95GIF9G H<9
DFFHVVLELOLW\LPSDUWLDOLW\DQGHIFLHQF\
C:A98=5H=CB5B85F6=HF5H=CBGMGH9AGH<5H
9B56@9D5FH=9GHCF9GC@J97=J=@8=GDIH9G
Criminal Justice
,<9 :57HCF 8C9G BCH 5GG9GG K<=7<
57H=J=H=9G 5 ;CJ9FBA9BH 7<CCG9G HC 57HCF895@GK=H<H<97F=A=B5@>IGH=79
F9;I@5H9 CF <CK AI7< F9;I@5H=CB C: GMGH9A B 9::97H=J9 7F=A=B5@ >IGH=79
5 D5FH=7I@5F 57H=J=HM =G 5DDFCDF=5H9 GMGH9A=G5?9M5GD97HC:H<9FI@9C:@5K
,<9 G97CB8 9@9A9BH 9B7CAD5GG9G

H<9 CDDCFHIB=HM HC D5FH=7=D5H9 =B H<9
DFC79GG 6M K<=7< H<9 @5KG 5F9 A589
5B858A=B=GH9F98 ACB;H<9=B8=7=5C:
D5FH=7=D5H=CB 5F9 K<9H<9F D9CD@9 <5J9
H<9 56=@=HM HC D9H=H=CB H<9 ;CJ9FBA9BH
K<9H<9F DFC7998=B;G 5F9 <9@8 K=H<
H=A9@MBCH=795B85F9CD9BHCH<9DI6@=7
5B8 K<9H<9F 8F5:HG C: @9;=G@5H=CB
F97CF8GC:@9;=G@5H=J95B858A=B=GHF5H=J9
DFC7998=B;G5B8CH<9F?=B8GC:C::=7=5@
=B:CFA5H=CB5F95J5=@56@9HCH<9DI6@=7
*5H<9F=H9L5A=B9G<CKF9;I@5H=CBG5F9
=AD@9A9BH985B89B:CF798 ,C:57=@=H5H9
7CAD5F=GCBGH<9:57HCF7CBG=89FG5F95G
H<5H5@@7CIBHF=9GF9;I@5H9HCCB989;F99
CF 5BCH<9F GI7< 5G DI6@=7 <95@H<
KCF?D@579
G5:9HM
9BJ=FCBA9BH5@
DFCH97H=CB5B87CAA9F7=5@57H=J=HM
15
Table 1: Countries Indexed in 2012-2013
16
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C86?E:?2
FDEC2=:2
FDEC:2
2?8=256D9
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92?2
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Box 5 : Law in practice vs. law on books

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In order to evaluate the rule of law in a given

country, it is important to have an understanding
of the countrys laws and institutions. However,
this is not enough. It is necessary to look not
only at the laws as written (de jure) but at how
they are actually implemented in practice and
experienced by those who are subject to them (de
facto). The WJPs Rule of Law Index methodology
focuses entirely on adherence to the rule of law
in practice.
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Constructing the

WJP Rule of Law Index

DEFINING THE RULE

PART I: CONSTRUCTING THE WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX |

Box 1 : The rule of law in everyday life

 | The WJP Rule of Law Index

Box 2 : Four Universal Principles of the Rule of Law

The four universal principles that

process by which the laws are enacted,

is delivered timely by competent, ethical,

The principles address the extent

to which a country provides for

The principles address the extent

to which a country protects

The principles address access to

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PART I: CONSTRUCTING THE WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX |

[T]he apartheid government, its ocers and

The WJP uses a working definition of the rule of law

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THE 2012-2013 WJP

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form sub-factor 7.1 (people have access to affordable

Limited Government Powers

THE WORLD JUSTICE PROJECT RULE OF LAW INDEX

Factors & Sub-Factors

FACTOR 1: Limited Government Powers

Government regulations are applied and enforced without improper

Administrative proceedings are conducted

Due process is respected in administrative proceedings

The Government does not expropriate without adequate

Government ocials in the executive branch do not use public oce

People can access and aord civil justice

Crime is eectively controlled

Equal treatment and absence of discrimination

The laws are publicized and accessible

FACTOR 3: Order and Security

Criminal investigation system is eective

FACTOR 4: Fundamental Rights

Informal justice is timely and eective

FACTOR 5: Open Government

FACTOR 7: Civil Justice

FACTOR 8: Criminal Justice

FACTOR 9: Informal Justice

PART I: CONSTRUCTING THE WJP RULE OF LAW INDEX |

Government regulations are eectively enforced

FACTOR 2: Absence of Corruption

FACTOR 6: Regulatory Enforcement

Box 4 : The WJP Rule of Law Index methodology in a nutshell

a. Codified the questionnaire items as numeric values.

c. Normalized the raw scores.

 | The WJP Rule of Law Index

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