DUCT - DESIGN Class Material PDF

Contents
Fan Basics
-
Fans
Fan Laws
Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct
Dos and Dont
Duct Design
3
4
5
6
- Duct Sizing Methods

- Considerations for Duct Design
- Example Problem with Equal Friction Method
- Friction Chart
- Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts
- Friction of Rectangular Elbows
- Components of Ducting
- Types of Joints
- Plenum
- Plenum Design
- Grilles, Diffusers
- Grilles, Diffusers Selection
- Turning Vanes, Splitter Vanes
- Design of Transition Ducts
- Dos and Dont of Ducting
Duct Basics
-
What is Duct
Air Distribution System Components
Supply, Return and Fresh Air
Type of Pressure
Static Pressure
Total Pressure
Velocity Pressure
Aspect Ratio
Effect of Aspect Ratio
Advantages and Disadvantages of various Ducts
Velocity in Ducts
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Appendix
- Legend
- Recommended GI Sheet Metal Gauge
- Friction Chart
Good Installation Excellent Performance
22
23
25
28
33
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
55
56
57
Fan Basics
Fans
A fan is a power driven rotary machine which causes
a continuous flow of air. A fan has rotating bladed
impeller. The blades exert force on the air, raising
its pressure and maintaining a continuous flow.
A fan may be directly driven or belt driven
FanFan
System
Curve
Laws
Fan Laws
Laws
Fan
Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct
BLAST AREA
Baffle Plate
CUT OFF
OUTLET AREA
DISCHARGE
DUCT
25%
INLET
COLLER
50%
75%
FAN HOUSING
CENTRIFUGAL
100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH
Dos and Dont of Ducting

Dont
Dos
An upward elbow just after the blower outlet
First Elbow should be after three times the

blower diameter
3xD
Fan Efficiency = 1/4 x ( 100% Normal Efficiency )
A downward elbow just after the blower outlet
If D = Blower Diameter
Fan Efficiency = 1/2 x ( 100% Normal Efficiency )
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dos and
and Dont
Dont
Dos
Flexible Connection
Flexible Connection
No Beam !!
IDU
IDU
Side View
IDU
Side View
Duct
IDU
Top View
Top View
Duct
Duct Basics
What is a Duct
A Duct can be described as a device used to provide an isolation path to carry an item
from one place to other place without bringing the product in contact with the
atmosphere before the delivery point.
Air Distribution System Components

TRANSITION
FITTING
SUPPLY
GRILL
SUPPLY FAN
RETURN
AIR DUCT
COIL
FILTER
RETURN
AIR GRILL
FRESH
AIR DUCT
The major purpose of a duct is to carry the air from one point to the other without bringing
it in contact with the outside atmosphere. This can be either Supply Air or Return Air
10
Supply, Return and Fresh Air

Supply Air
It is defined as the conditioned air being supplied from the air conditioner
outlet. This air is treated air & contains all the desired qualities as provided by the air
conditioning system
Return Air
It is defined as the air being supplied back to the air conditioner from the
air conditioned area. This air is returned back to the air conditioner after being circulated in
the conditioned area.
Return air path should be 1.25 to 1.5 times the Supply air path
Fresh Air
It is defined as the ambient air being supplied to the air conditioner
inlet from the outside atmosphere. This air is supplied to the air conditioner inlet from the
outside atmosphere after being initially treated.
11
Type of Pressure
Total Pressure
Static Pressure
Velocity Pressure
TOTAL PRESSURE = STATIC PRESSURE + VELOCITY PRESSURE
12
Type of Pressure
Static Pressure
Balloon filled with Air

and tied with thread
Static Pressure
Velocity Pressure
After opening the thread
12
Static Pressure
+ve
-ve
Ps
Ps
Static Pressure is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow of the air.

May be +ve or -ve
13
Total Pressure
Total Pressure - Static Pressure = Velocity Pressure
14
Velocity Pressure
The Pressure due to velocity of the air flowing in a duct is termed as Velocity
Pressure. It is always +ve & always exerted in the direction of flow.
15
Aspect Ratio
h
idt
Height
Aspect Ratio = Long Side / Short Side

= Width of the duct / Height of the duct
Best Aspect Ratio is 1 : 1
Maximum permissible aspect ratio is 4 : 1
16
Effect of Aspect Ratio

In rectangular ducts the best aspect ratio is 1:1
i.e. 1, as the aspect ratio increases
the friction per running feet of the duct increases due to increase in surface area
Aspect Ratio 1 : 1
1 Feet
et
4F
Aspect Ratio 4 : 1
4 Feet
1 Feet
16 Feet
t
ee
2 Feet
8F
20 Feet
1F
1F
8F
For 1 Feet Length of the Duct
4F
For 1 Feet Length of the Duct
Surface Area of the Contact between duct and air
Surface Area of the Contact between duct and air
= 16 x 1 = 16 Sq. Feet
2F
= 20 x 1 = 20 Sq. Feet
17
More Area !!
More Friction !!
Advantages and Disadvantages of various Ducts

Round Duct
Square Duct
Rectangular Duct
Advantages :
Advantages :
Advantages :
> Lowest Friction
> Less Friction as compare to

rectangular duct
> Height Required to install the

rectangular duct is less.
> Less material required for

fabrication as compared to
rectangular duct.
> Easy to fabricate at site.
Disadvantages :
> Friction is more in rectangular duct

as compared to round and square
duct.
> Less material required for

fabrication.
Disadvantages :
> Height Required to install round
Duct is more.
> Fabrication time is more.
> Height Required to install square

Duct is more as compared to
Rectangular Duct.
18
Disadvantages :
Velocity in Ducts
Supply Air Duct Velocities
Application
Commercial Comfort Air

Conditioning
Low Velocity
800 fpm to 1600 fpm
High Velocity
Above 1800 fpm
Return Air Duct Velocities

Application
Commercial Comfort Air

Conditioning
Low Velocity
800 fpm to 1600 fpm
High Velocity
Above 1800 fpm
Grill Velocities
Max. Permissible grill velocity
19
450 fpm
Velocity
in Ducts
Ducts
Velocity in
Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems
Controlling Factor Duct Friction
Application
Controlling Factor
Noise Generation
Main Ducts
Main Ducts
Supply
Return
Branch Ducts
Supply
Return
Residences
600
800
640
600
500
Apartments, Hotel Bedrooms, Hospital

Bedrooms
1000
1000
800
900
700
Private Offices, Directors Rooms, Libraries
1200
1400
1100
1200
1000
Theatres, Auditoriums
800
800
650
800
600
General Offices, High Class Restaurants, High

Class Stores, Banks
1500
1600
1300
1200
1000
Average Stores, Cafeterias
1500
1800
1400
1400
1100
20
Duct Design
21
Duct
Sizing
Ducts
SizingMethods
Methods
Velocity Reduction
Not used as it requires broad background of duct design

experience.
Equal Friction
In this method ducts are sized for a constant pressure loss

per unit length.
(Generally Used
Method)
Static Regain
For rectangular duct the recommended unit friction rate is

0.08 to 0.1 in. Aq for 100 feet length of the duct. The
Maximum limit is 0.12 in. Aq for 100 feet length of the duct.
The objective of static regain method is to obtain the same
static pressure at diverging flow junctions by changing
down stream duct sizes.
22
Considerations
DuctDesign
Design
Considerations for
for Duct
1.
AVAILABLE SPACE
2.
EVEN DISTRIBUTION IN ALL PARTS OF ROOM
3.
SOUND LEVEL - QUIET
4.
NO DRAFTS / SUFFOCATION
5.
APPEARANCE
6. ADJUSTABLE
7.
NO MOISTURE CONDENSATION / DRIPPING
8.
HEAT GAIN AND LEAKAGE LOSSES
9.
FRICTION LOSS
10. FIRST COST

23
Equal Friction Method
24
Example Problem
Problem : The supply ductwork and air quantities for each diffuser for an office space is shown
in figure on next page.
Size the ductwork by the equal - friction method and Calculate the pressure drop.
The maximum height of the duct can be 16 inches ( the distance between the true
ceiling and false ceiling is 24 inches )
Assume the Terminal Pressure loss of 0.1 in Aq.
25
Example
Problem
Example Problem
Solution : -
5 Ft.
3400 CFM
5 Ft.
5 Ft.
10 Ft.
1700 CFM
1700 CFM
5 Ft.
1
10 Ft.
5
1300 CFM
10 Ft.
1300 CFM
FAN
3400 CFM
2
Total Air Quantity
3400 cfm
Assume Initial Velocity
1300
Friction Rate
0.1 inch wg per 100 Ft.

of equivalent Length
10 Ft.
6
900 CFM
10 Ft.
3
10 Ft.
900 CFM
7
500 CFM
10 Ft.
500 CFM
Diffuser with 500 CFM
Diffuser with 400 CFM
26
Friction Chart
27
AIR QUANTITY (CFM)
Friction Chart
FRICTION LOSS FOR ROUND DUCT
AIR QUANTITY (CFM)
How to Size the Duct

Step 1 : Assume Velocity in main section.
Step 2 : Find the intersection of Air Flow ( CFM ) and
Velocity Line.
Step 4 : The diameter line passing through the intersection point

gives round duct diameter.
IN
22
3400
CFM
3400
CFM
13
00
FP
13
00
Step 3 : Vertical line from the point of intersection will give

the unit friction rate line which is constant for
whole length of the duct.
3400
CFM
Step 5 : The diameter at any other section can be calculated by

intersection point of particular CFM and constant friction
line.
IN
22
3400
CFM
FP
13
00
FP
IN
22
13
00
FP
29
Example Problem
Step 6 : Find the Round Duct Diameter at each section.
Step 7 : Convert the round duct size to rectangular duct by using Table 3,4 & 5.
Table 1 :
Duct Section
Air Qty. CFM
Round Duct
Size ( in.)
* Rectangular
Duct Size ( in.)
** A - B
** B - C
3400
22
26 x 16
C-D
D-5
1700
17
16 x 16
1700
17
16 x 16
C -1
1-2
5-6
1300
15.2
16 x 12
2-3
6-7
900
13.3
16 x 9
3-4
7-8
500
10.8
16 x 6
Notes :* :- The sizes which are calculated are inside sizes of duct .
** :- For the initial 3m length of the duct the acoustic lining of 1 inch thickness is recommended.
So for section A - B and B - C increase the size by one inch in all sides ( 28 x 18 ), to accommodate
acoustic lining.
30
Example
Problem
Example Problem
Step 8 : Add the length of the longest run.
Step 9 : Convert elbows to equivalent length using table 6 & 7 .
Step 9 : Add the length of the longest duct run and equivalent length for elbows.
Table 2 :
Duct Section
Item
Length ( ft.)
AB
Duct
Add. Equiv
Length ( ft.)
Elbow
10
BC
Duct
CD
Duct
10
Elbow
D5
Duct
56
Duct
10
6-7
Duct
10
78
Duct
10
TOTAL
55
TOTAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH
19
74
31
Example
Problem
Example Problem
Total Air Quantity
= 3400 CFM
Assuming operating pressure for all terminals = 0.1 in. Aq.

Friction Rate
= 0.1 in. Aq. Per 100 Feet of equivalent length
Total friction Loss
= Total Equivalent Length x unit Friction Rate

= 74 x 0.1 /100 = 0.074 in. Aq.
Velocity in Initial Section
= 1300 FPM
Velocity in last Section
= 805 FPM
Assuming a regain coefficient of
= 60 %
Regain
Regain Coefficient / 100 x( ( Velocity in initial Section / 4000 )

60 / 100 x( ( 1300 / 4000 )
- ( Velocity in last Section / 4000 )
- ( 805 / 4000 ) 2)
0.60 ( 0.106 - 0.040 )

0.039 in. Aq.
`
Total static pressure required at the fan discharge
= duct friction + Terminal Pressure - Regain

= 0.074 + 0.1 - 0.039
= 0.13 in. Aq.
32
2)
Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts

Table 3 : Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts For Equal Friction and Capacity
Side
Rectangular
Duct
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
30
Side
Rectangular
Duct
32.8
33.8
34.8
35.8
36.7
37.6
38.6
39.5
40.3
41.2
42.0
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
Dimensions in Inches
6
6.6
7.1
7.5
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.1
9.5
9.8
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
11.2
11.5
12.0
12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.7
15.0
15.3
15.6
15.9
16.2
16.5
16.8
7
7.7
8.2
8.6
9.1
9.5
9.9
10.3
10.7
11.0
11.4
11.7
11.9
12.2
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.3
15.7
16.1
16.4
16.8
17.1
17.5
17.8
18.1
18.4
8.8
9.3
9.8
10.2
10.7
11.1
11.5
11.8
12.2
12.5
12.9
13.2
13.5
14.1
14.6
15.2
15.6
16.1
16.5
17.0
17.4
17.8
18.2
18.5
18.9
19.2
19.6
19.9
9.9
10.4
10.8
11.3
11.8
12.2
12.6
13.0
13.4
13.7
14.1
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.2
16.7
17.2
17.7
18.2
18.6
19.0
19.4
19.8
20.2
20.6
20.9
21.3
10
10.9
11.4
11.9
12.4
12.9
13.3
13.7
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.2
15.9
16.6
17.2
17.7
18.3
18.8
19.3
19.8
20.3
20.7
21.1
21.5
21.9
22.3
22.7
11
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.4
14.9
15.3
15.6
15.9
16.7
17.5
18.1
18.7
19.3
19.8
20.4
20.9
21.4
21.9
22.3
22.7
23.2
23.6
24.0
12
13.1
13.6
14.2
14.6
15.1
15.5
16.0
16.4
16.8
17.6
18.3
19.0
19.6
20.2
20.8
21.4
21.9
22.5
23.0
23.4
23.9
24.3
24.8
25.2
13
14.2
14.7
15.3
15.7
16.1
16.6
17.1
17.5
18.3
19.1
19.8
20.5
21.1
21.8
22.4
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.4
14
15.3
15.8
16.3
16.8
17.3
17.8
18.2
19.1
19.8
20.6
21.3
22.0
22.7
23.3
23.9
24.5
25.1
25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.6
15
16.4
16.9
17.4
17.9
18.4
18.8
19.7
20.6
21.4
22.1
22.9
23.6
24.2
24.8
25.4
26.0
26.6
27.2
27.7
28.2
28.7
16
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.4
21.3
22.1
22.9
23.7
24.4
25.1
25.8
26.4
27.0
27.6
28.2
28.7
29.2
29.8
33
17
18.6
19.1
19.6
20.1
21
21.9
22.8
23.6
24.4
25.2
25.9
26.6
27.3
27.9
28.5
29.1
29.7
30.2
30.8
18
19.7
20.2
20.7
21.7
22.6
23.5
24.4
25.2
26.0
26.7
27.4
28.1
28.8
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.2
31.8
19
20.8
21.3
22.3
23.2
24.1
25
25.9
26.7
27.5
28.3
29.0
29.7
30.4
31.0
31.6
32.2
32.8
20
21.9
22.9
23.9
24.8
25.7
26.7
27.5
28.3
29.0
29.8
30.5
31.2
31.9
32.5
33.1
33.7
22
24.1
25.1
26.1
27.1
28.0
28.9
29.7
30.5
31.4
32.1
32.8
33.5
34.2
34.9
35.5
24
26.2
27.2
28.2
29.3
30.1
31.0
32.0
32.8
33.6
34.4
35.2
35.9
36.6
37.3
26
28.4
29.5
30.5
31.4
32.3
33.0
34.2
35.1
35.9
36.7
37.4
38.2
38.9
28
30.6
31.6
32.6
33.6
34.6
35.5
36.4
37.3
38.1
38.9
39.7
40.4
Circular
Equivalents of Rectangular
Ducts
Circular
Equivalents
Rectangular
Ducts
Side
Rectangular
Duct
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
96
Dimensions in Inches
6
17.0
17.3
17.6
17.8
18.1
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.0
19.2
7
18.7
19.0
19.3
19.5
19.8
20.1
20.3
20.6
20.8
21.0
8
20.2
20.5
20.9
21.1
21.4
21.7
22.0
22.3
22.5
22.8
9
21.6
22.0
22.4
22.7
23.0
23.3
23.6
23.9
24.2
24.5
10
23.1
23.4
23.8
24.2
24.5
24.8
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.1
11
24.4
24.8
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.2
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.6
12
25.6
26.1
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.6
27.9
28.3
28.7
29.1
13
26.8
27.3
27.7
28.2
28.7
29.0
29.3
29.7
30.1
30.4
14
28.1
28.5
28.9
29.3
29.8
30.2
30.6
31.0
31.4
31.8
15
29.2
29.7
30.1
30.5
31.0
31.4
31.8
32.2
32.6
33.1
16
30.3
30.8
31.2
31.7
32.2
32.6
33.1
33.5
33.9
34.3
34
17
31.4
31.9
32.4
32.9
33.4
33.8
34.2
34.7
35.1
35.6
18
32.4
32.9
33.4
33.9
34.5
35.0
35.5
35.9
36.3
36.8
19
33.4
33.9
34.5
35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
37.9
20
34.3
34.9
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.1
37.6
38.1
38.6
39.1
39.6
40.0
40.5
40.9
41.3
41.8
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.4
43.8
44.6
22
36.2
36.8
37.4
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.3
41.8
42.3
42.8
43.3
43.8
44.2
44.6
45.0
45.4
45.9
46.3
47.2
24
28.0
38.7
39.3
39.8
40.4
41.0
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.8
44.4
44.9
45.5
46.0
46.4
46.9
47.4
47.9
48.3
48.7
49.5
26
39.6
40.3
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.9
43.5
44.1
44.7
45.3
45.9
46.4
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.6
49.2
49.6
50.1
50.6
51.1
52.0
28
41.2
42.0
42.7
43.4
44.0
44.7
45.4
46.0
46.6
47.2
47.8
48.4
49.0
49.5
50.1
50.6
51.1
51.6
52.2
52.8
53.4
54.4
30
42.8
43.6
44.3
45.0
45.8
46.5
47.2
47.8
48.4
49
49.7
50.3
50.8
51.5
52.0
52.6
53.2
53.7
54.3
54.8
55.4
56.3
Side
Rectangular
Duct
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
96
Circular
Equivalents of Rectangular
Ducts
Circular
Equivalents
Rectangular
Ducts
Side
Rectangular
Duct
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
Dim ensions in Inches

32
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
39.9
40.8
41.7
42.6
43.5
44.3
45.0
45.8
46.6
47.3
48.0
48.7
49.5
50.2
50.9
51.5
52.1
52.7
53.3
53.9
54.5
55.1
55.7
56.3
56.9
57.4
57.9
58.4
34
37.2
38.2
39.2
40.2
41.1
42.0
43.0
43.9
44.8
45.7
46.5
47.3
48.1
48.9
49.7
50.4
51.1
51.8
52.5
53.2
53.9
54.6
55.2
55.8
56.4
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.8
59.4
60.0
60.5
36
39.4
40.4
41.4
42.4
43.4
44.3
45.2
46.1
47.1
48.0
48.8
49.6
50.4
51.2
52.0
52.8
53.5
54.2
54.9
55.6
56.3
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.9
59.5
60.1
60.7
61.3
61.9
62.4
38
41.6
42.6
43.6
44.6
45.6
46.5
47.4
48.3
49.2
50.1
51.0
51.8
52.6
53.4
54.2
55.0
55.8
56.5
57.2
57.9
58.6
59.3
60.0
60.7
61.3
62.0
62.6
63.2
63.8
64.6
40
43.8
44.8
45.8
46.8
47.8
48.8
49.7
50.6
51.5
52.4
53.3
54.2
55.0
55.8
56.6
57.3
58.0
58.8
59.5
60.3
61.0
61.7
62.4
63.0
63.7
64.4
65.0
65.6
66.2
42
45.9
46.9
47.9
48.9
49.8
50.8
51.8
52.7
53.7
54.6
55.5
56.4
57.2
58.0
58.8
59.6
60.4
61.2
62.0
62.7
63.4
64.1
64.8
65.4
66.0
66.8
67.5
68.2
44
48.1
49.1
50.2
51.2
52.2
53.2
54.1
55.0
55.9
56.8
57.7
58.6
59.5
60.3
61.1
61.9
62.7
63.4
64.1
64.9
65.7
66.4
67.0
67.8
68.5
69.2
69.8
46
50.3
51.3
52.3
53.3
54.3
55.3
56.2
57.1
58.0
59.0
59.9
60.8
61.7
62.6
63.3
64.1
64.9
65.7
66.5
67.3
68.0
68.7
69.4
70.1
70.8
71.5
48
52.6
53.6
54.6
55.6
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.4
60.3
61.2
62.1
63.0
63.9
64.8
66.6
66.4
67.2
68.0
68.8
69.5
70.3
71.1
71.8
72.5
73.2
50
54.7
55.8
56.8
57.8
58.8
59.8
60.7
61.6
62.5
63.4
64.3
65.2
66.1
67.0
67.9
68.7
69.5
70.3
71.1
71.8
72.6
73.3
74.1
74.3
52
56.9
57.9
58.9
60.0
61.0
62.0
62.9
63.9
64.8
75.7
66.6
67.5
68.4
69.3
70.1
71.0
71.8
72.6
73.4
74.2
74.9
75.6
76.3
35
56
61.3
62.3
63.3
64.3
65.3
66.3
67.3
68.3
69.2
70.1
71.0
71.8
72.7
73.6
74.5
75.4
76.3
77.1
77.9
78.7
79.4
60
75.7
66.7
67.7
68.7
69.7
70.7
71.7
72.7
73.6
74.5
75.4
76.3
77.2
78.1
79.0
79.9
80.8
81.7
82.6
64
70.0
71.1
72.1
73.1
74.1
75.1
76.1
77.1
78.1
79.0
79.9
80.8
81.6
82.5
83.4
84.3
85.2
68
74.4
75.4
76.4
77.4
78.4
79.4
80.4
81.4
82.4
83.3
84.2
85.1
86.0
86.9
87.8
72
78.8
69.9
80.9
81.8
82.8
83.8
84.8
85.8
86.8
87.8
88.7
89.6
90.5
76
83.2
84.2
85.2
86.2
87.2
88.2
89.2
90.2
91.2
92.1
93.0
80
87.5
88.6
89.6
90.6
91.6
92.6
93.6
94.6
95.6
84
88
91.9
92.9
93.9 96.3
94.9 97.3
95.9 98.3
96.9 99.3
97.9 100.3
Side
Rectangular
Duct
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
Components of Ducting
38
Types of Joints
Types
Joints
A DRIVE SLIP
B S SLIP
C INSIDE GROOVE
SEAM
E SLIDING SEAM
D PITTSBURGH SEAM
39
Plenum
Plenum
Supply
Supply Plenum
Supply
Volume Control Damper

Plenum is used to convert turbulent flow
to laminar Flow.
It is to distribute the air.
By using plenum noise will also reduce.
40
Plenum
Plenum Design
Design
Generally for Low Velocity Application
Flexible Connection
Velocity in Plenum = 800 fpm
D
D = Depth of the plenum
= 2.5 x Blower Diameter
IDU
Q=AxV
=WxHxV
Supply
Side View
Where : W = Width of the plenum

H = Height of the plenum
V = Velocity in fpm
Q = Air Flow in CFM
IDU
ex : - Take an example of 8.5 Ton.

Assume height ( H ) as 1.5 feet
Plenum
3400 = A x 800 = W x 1.5 x 800

W = 3400 / 800 x 1.5 = 2.83 Feet
Top View
Supply
D = 2.5 x 11 *= 27.5 inches

* 11 inches is the blower diameter for 8.5 ton
41
Supply
Grilles ,, Diffusers
Diffusers
Grilles
Grilles
Diffusers
Grilles are preferred for side throw.
Diffusers are preferred for downward

throw.
It may be Round or Square
42
Grilles, Diffusers Selection

Grilles Selection
Diffusers Selection
Generally in case of Grilles,
Generally in case of Diffusers,
Free Area is 55% of Total Area of grilles

Velocity of Air at grill is 450 fpm
Free Area is 75% of Total Area of diffusers

Velocity of Air at diffusers is 450 fpm
Q= AxV
Q= AxV
cfm = 0.55 x A x 450
cfm = 0.75 x A x 450

Ex : - For a 12 inch ( 1 Feet ) by 12 inch
( 1 Feet ) diffuser
cfm = 0.75 x 1 x 450

= 337.5
Where ,
Q = Flow Rate ( cfm )
A = Area of the grill ( ft x ft )
V = Velocity of air at the grill ( fpm )
43
TurningVanes
Vanes , Splitter
Turning
SplitterVanes
Vanes
Turning Vanes
Turning Vanes are used to reduce air pressure

loss.
Splitter Vanes
Number of splitter depends on the width of the

elbow.
44
W ( mm )
Number of
Splitters
Upto 500
Upto 1000
Over 1000
Design of Transition Duct (Transformation Pieces)
30 ~ 45 Degree
30 Degree
Transition Ducts are part of main duct which are used to connect duct of one size
or shape to another size or shape.
45

Dont
Dos
Usually we take care of Supply Ducting or

Supply path,
Wall
How about return ducting or return path
Machine
Front View
Wall
Minimum Clearance H
Disadvantages :
> Cooling Efficiency of machine will decrease.
Top View
> High Noise, Also poor access for service.
If H is height of the machine

46
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
Duct With No Cross Braking
Cross Braking after every 4 Feet

Cross Braking
4 Feet
Breathing of the Duct - Results in Noise
4 Feet
No Breathing Noise
47
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
No Bracing and width of the duct is more than
750mm.
Dos
Bracing should be done all around the duct from
outside when width of the duct is more than 750mm
to provide strength to the duct.
MS Bracing
8 Feet
4 Feet
T
B
A
Breathing of the Duct - Results in Noise

48
Width of the Duct ( mm )
4 Feet
A (mm)
B (mm)
T (mm)
From 700 to 1200
25
25
Above 1200
40
40
No Breathing Noise
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
No insulation between Duct and Support
Neoprene pad insulation Between Duct and

Support
Duct
Duct
MS Angle
Support
MS Angle
Support
Neoprene Pad Insulation
No Insulation
Metal to Metal contact may lead to Noise
No metal to metal contact so less noise
49
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
MAIN SUPPLY DUCT
MAIN SUPPLY DUCT
Grill
FRONT VIEW
Grill
FRONT VIEW
MAIN SUPPLY DUCT
MAIN SUPPLY DUCT
2 or 3 inch duct
connection
TOP VIEW
Grill
TOP VIEW
Very high Noise

Grill
50
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
Collar
Collar
Shoe Piece
H
45
Air Flow
Air Flow
Duct
Non Uniform Air Flow
Duct
Maximum Duct Size

(W)
Maximum Shoe Height

(H)
Upto 600 mm
100 mm
Above 600 mm
150 mm
Uniform Air Flow
51
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
4 in.
Grill
Grill
4 in.
Very Less Air
More Air
Uniform Air Flow
52
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
6 in.
Uniform Air Flow
53

Dont
Dos
FAIR
POOR
BEST
POOR
FAIR
FAIR
POOR
POOR
Air Throw should be from front
Air Throw should not be from Back or from bottom
54
LEGEND
55
Recommended GI Sheet Metal Gauge
Rectangular Duct
Size ( mm )
Gauge
Sheet Thickness
( mm )
Upto 750
24
0.63
750 to 1500
22
0.80
1500 to 2250
20
1.00
more than 2250
18
1.25
For Plenum
18
1.25
56
AIR QUANTITY (CFM)
Friction Chart
FRICTION LOSS FOR ROUND DUCT
AIR QUANTITY (CFM)

DUCT - DESIGN Class Material PDF

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Contents

- Duct Sizing Methods

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Good Installation Excellent Performance

A fan may be directly driven or belt driven

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct

Good Installation Excellent Performance

100% EFFECTIVE DUCT LENGTH

Dos and Dont of Ducting

An upward elbow just after the blower outlet

First Elbow should be after three times the

A downward elbow just after the blower outlet

Fan Efficiency = 1/2 x ( 100% Normal Efficiency )

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Air Distribution System Components

Supply, Return and Fresh Air

It is defined as the ambient air being supplied to the air conditioner

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Balloon filled with Air

After opening the thread

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Static Pressure is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow of the air.

Total Pressure - Static Pressure = Velocity Pressure

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Aspect Ratio = Long Side / Short Side

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Effect of Aspect Ratio

i.e. 1, as the aspect ratio increases

Surface Area of the Contact between duct and air

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Advantages and Disadvantages of various Ducts

> Lowest Friction

> Less Friction as compare to

> Height Required to install the

> Less material required for

> Easy to fabricate at site.

> Friction is more in rectangular duct

> Less material required for

> Height Required to install square

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Commercial Comfort Air

800 fpm to 1600 fpm

Above 1800 fpm

Return Air Duct Velocities

Commercial Comfort Air

800 fpm to 1600 fpm

Above 1800 fpm

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Apartments, Hotel Bedrooms, Hospital

Private Offices, Directors Rooms, Libraries

General Offices, High Class Restaurants, High

Average Stores, Cafeterias

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Good Installation Excellent Performance

Not used as it requires broad background of duct design

In this method ducts are sized for a constant pressure loss