DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE & MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

CHEMISTRY 1
STUDENTS NAME
MATRIC NO

NORHASLINDA BINTI MOHD ZAINEE

D20141066972

LECTURERS NAME

DR. YUSNITA JUAHIR

DATE/DAY/TIME

30 SEPTEMBER 2014

LABORATORY

Experiment 3

ACID AND BASE TITRATION

LABORATORY REPORT

1.1 Title

: Acid and Base Titration ( Experiment 3)

1.2 Objective

: To determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide

solution
through titration technique using
hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) and
H 2 SO 4
sulfuric acid (
).

1.3 Concept

1. To determine the concentrations of acid and base solution through

titration with standard solution .
2. To apply the correct technique in titration .
3. To carry out acid base titration using phenolphthalein as indicator .

1.4 Introduction :
Acid base titration is a quantitative analysis method where a certain
volume of acid of known concentration is added into an alkaline solution of known
volume but unknown concentration , or vice versa with the help of a suitable
indicator.
By using given concentration of acid (

H 2 SO 4 HCl

and volume from titration ,

the concentration of alkali which is sodium hydroxide can be determine . The

suitable and accurate concentration can be choose by using percentage error. The
less percentage error is the acceptance .
Using formula :

MaVa
a

MbVb
b

M = molarity of solution
V = volume used

Formula percentage error :

exp . valueaverage concentration of NaOH

x 100
Average concentration of NaOH

1.5 Apparatus / Chemicals

1.5.1 Apparatus :
Beaker
Volumetric flask
Filter funnel
Burette
Pipette

250 mL
1 x 250 mL
1 x 50 mL
1 x 25 mL

1.5.2 Material :
2
a) 100 mL 1.000 x 10 M HCl solution

b)

100 mL 1.000 X 102 M H 2 SO 4

c)

10 mLC solution containing NaOH ( with pipette )

d) Phenolphthalein solution
Concentration of C solution
1.6 Method

0.3 M

1. 10 mL of C solution were added into volumetric flask and were dilute

with distilled water to the mark and mixed thoroughly . The solution
were transferred into a clean beaker labeled solution C . The flask were
rinse with water twice .
2. Burette were cleaned and rinse twice with 5mL HCl solution ( 1.00 x
102 M ) . 25 mL of HCl solution were placed ( 1.00 x

102 M ) to

burette using funnel .

3. Pipette were cleaned and rinse twice using C solution . 25 mL of
solution C were pipette in three Erlenmeyer flask . 2 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator .
4. The intial and final volume reading were recorded to the nearest two
decimal points. Solution C were titrate with HCl from burette until end
point which is the color of magenta of phenolphthalein indicator
change to colorless . The volume of acid used were calculated.

5. The titration were repeated with using different volume of acid in the
range 0.003 for three experiment.
6. The concentration of NaOH solution( that in the flask) and
concentration of C were calculated.
H 2 SO 4
7. The steps 3 to 7 were repeated by replacing HCl with
.

1.6.1 Diagram

1.7 Result (data) :

Titration using HCl.

Titration
number
Burette
reading
Initial ( mL)
Final (mL )
Volume used
(mL)

Titration using

Titration

25.00
32.10
7.10

25.00
33.60
8.60

25.00
33.30
8.30

25.00
28.10
3.10

25.00
28.30
3.30

H 2 SO 4

number
Burette
reading
Initial (mL)
25.00
Final (mL )
28.50
Volume used (mL 3.50
)

1.8 Discussion:
1.8.1 Calculation :
MaVa
a

MbVb
b

1. To calculate the concentration of NaOH by using volume of HCl.

HCl + NaOH

H 2 O+ NaCl

a) Titration number 1
Concentration of NaOH =
2
1.00 x 10 moles of HCl
7.10 mL of HCl x
1 mL of HCl

1 moles of NaOH
x
1 moles of HCl

1
25 mL of NaOH
= 0.0028 M
b) Titration number 2
Concentration of NaOH
2
1.00 x 10 moles of HCl
= 8.60 mL of HCl x
1 mL of HCl
1
25 mL of NaOH
= 0.0034 M
c) Titration number 3
Concentration of NaOH

1 moles of NaOH
x
1 moles of HCl

=8.30 mL of HCl x

1.00 x 102 moles of HCl

1 mL of HCl

1 moles of NaOH
x
1 moles of HCl

1
25 mL of NaOH
= 0.0032 M
Average concentration of NaOH
0.0028+ 0.0034+0.0032
=
3
= 0.0031 M

2. To calculate the concentration of NaOH by using volume of

H 2 SO 4
.
H 2 SO 4

+ 2NaOH

2 H 2 O+ Na 2 SO 4

a) Concentration of NaOH from titration number 1

1.00 x 102 moles of H 2 SO 4
H 2 SO 4
= 3.5 mL of
x
1 mL of H 2 SO 4
x

2 moles of NaOH
x
1 moles of H 2 SO 4

1
25 mL of NaOH

= 0.0028 M
b) Concentration of NaOH from titration number 2
1.00 x 102 moles of H 2 SO 4
H 2 SO 4
= 3.1 mL of
x
1 mL of H 2 SO 4
x

2 moles of NaOH
x
1 moles of H 2 SO 4

1
25 mL of NaOH

=0.0025 M
c) Concentration of NaOH from titration number 3

H 2 SO 4

=3.3 mL of
x

2 moles of NaOH
x
1 moles of H 2 SO 4

1.00 x 102 moles of H 2 SO 4

1 mL of H 2 SO 4

1
25 mL of NaOH

= 0.0026 M
d) Average concentration of NaOH

0.0028 M +0.0025 M + 0.0026 M

3

= 0.0026 M

Formula to calculate percentage error

exp . valueaverageconcentration of NaOH

x 100
Average concentra tion of NaOH

Acid base titration by using hydrochloric acid

Average concentration of NaOH
0.0028+ 0.0034+0.0032
=
3
= 0.0031 M
Titration
number

Concentrat
ion of
NaOH
Percentage
error

0.0028 M

|0.00280.0031|
0.0031

0.0034M

0.0032 M

0.00340.0031

X 100

= 9.67%

= 9.67%

X 100 0.00320.0031 X 100

0.0031
0.0031

= 3.22%

Acid-base titration by using sulphuric acid

Average concentration of NaOH
0.0028 M +0.0025 M + 0.0026 M

3
= 0.0026 M
Titration
number
Concentrat
ion of
NaOH
Percentage
error

0.0028 M

0.0025M

0.0026 M

|0.00280.0026|
0.0026
=7.69%

X 100

X 100 0.00260.0026 X 100

0.0026
0.0026

0.00250.0026

= 3.85%

= 0%

1.8.2 Analysis
In this acid base titration experiment , certain volume of acid ( HCl or
H 2 SO 4
) with known concentration were added into alkaline solution which
is NaOH solution of known volume and unknown concentration . This
experiment is using quantitative analysis.
Neutralization is a reaction between acid and alkali to produce salt aand
H 2 SO 4
water . In this experiment , acid which is HCl or
react with alkali

NaOH to produce salt ( NaCl or

Na 2 SO 4

) and

H2O

. In a neutralization

reaction between acis and base , the actual reaction occurred is between one
hydrogen ion from acid and one hydroxide ion from alkali to produce one
molecule of water . To show that the reaction at end point which is
neutralization occurs completely is when the color of magenta of
phenolphthalein indicator change to colorless . At end point , there no
hydrogen ionand hydroxide ion present in the solution .The solution will have
pH value of 7.
( aq ) H 2 O ( l )
+ ( aq ) +OH
H

Hydrochloric acid and Sulphuric acid , both are strong acid . Strong acid is
acid that ionizes completely in water to form hydrogen ions of high
concentration . If one molecule of an acid dissociates in water to produce one
hydrogen ion were called monoprotic acid. Hydrochloric acid is one of
example of monoprotic acid . Sulphuric acid is diprotic acid , which is one
molecule of acid dissociates in water to produce two hydrogen ion .
+
(
HCl g ) H 2 O H (aq) +

( aq )

Cl

(
H 2 SO 4 l ) H 2 O 2 H ( aq) +

2 ( aq )

SO 4

Therefore , when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution ,

+

H2O
one mole H will react with one mole OH to produce one moleof
. But when sulphuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution , one moles
+

H2O .
of H reacts with 2 moles of OH and produce 2 moles of
The
concentration of hydrogen ion effect the volume of acid used to nuetralise
the alkali. In this experiment , the volume of hydrochloric acid used is higher
than the concentration of sulphuric acid used .

There are few step of precaution need to take to minimize the error during
experiment . The apparatus need to be cleaned before doing experiment
especially burette and pipette , so that any contaminants will removed . The
experiment were repeated to show that the volume used were precise . The
less the percentage error is the more accurate the experiment . Therefore ,
for experiment using hydrochloric acid the accepted value is 0.0032 M and
for experiment using sulphuric acid the accepted value is 0.0026M .
Conclusion :
Concentration of sodium hydroxide solution can be determined through acid
base titration method . The range of concentration of NaOH given is 0.3 .
The less the percentage error is the more accurate the experiment .
Therefore , for experiment using hydrochloric acid the accepted value is
0.0032 M and for experiment using sulphuric acid the accepted value is
0.0026M .
References :
1. https://www.scribd.com/doc/20300492/Experiment-3-Acid-and-Base-Titration
2. http://chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/sstutorial/Text11/Tx115/tx115.html
3. http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/percentage-error.html