THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL BAR AIM: ‘To determine the thermal conductivity of metal bar. INTRODUCTION : : Thermal conductivity of a substance is a defined as the ability of a ical_propert substance to conduct heat. Thermal conductivity of material depends on chemical composition, state of matter, crystalline structure of a solid, the temperature, pressure and wheather or not it is a homogeneous material. APPARATUS : The apparatus consists of a metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heater while the other end of the bar projects inside the cooling water jacket. The middle portion of the bar is surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with the asbestos insulating powder. The temperature of the bar is measured at different section while the radial temperature distribution is measured by separate température sensors at two different sections in the insulating shell. sthermahd The heater is provided with a dimmerstat for controlling the heat input, Water under ‘constant head conditions is circulated through the jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise are noted by two temperature sensors provided at the inlet and outlet of the water. SPECIFICATIONS 1 Length of the Metal Bar 450mm. 2. Dia of the Metal Bar 25mm 3 Test length of the bar 235mm 4. Total no. of temperature sensors in the setup. @2Nos. # No. of Temp. Sensors mounted on bar 6 Nos, 6. No. of temperature sensors mounted in the insulation shell Nos. 2 3 %7. No. of temp. sensors mounted on water jacket 2Nos. Type of Temperature Sensors RTD PT-100 fo 8 Heater coil a Nichrome heater 9. Cooling Jacket Dia : 100mm _ 10. Length of cooling jacket : 75mm 11. Temperature indicator Digital Temperature Indicator 0°C to 199.9°C and least count 0.1°C with multichannel switch. 12. Dimmerstat for heater coil 2A/230V 13. Digital Voltmeter 0 10 286-Volts 14, Digital Ammeter 0 pepo THEORY: : ‘The heater will heat the bar on its end one and heat will be conducted through the bar to the other end Since the rod in insulated front outside , it(ean be.safely assumed that the heat transfer along the copper rod is mainly due to axialhgonduction and at steady state the abconducted shall be equal to the heat absorbed by water at the cooling end. The heat conducted at steady state shall create a temp, profile within the rod. ( T= f(x) ) ‘The steady state heat balance at the rear end of the rod is E Heat absorbed by cooling water= Q = MCAT z where . je Ach M = mass flow rate of cooling water » “4)k» At : 7 4 Ga specific heat of water » “ak AT =~ temp. rise of cooling water=(Ti2- Ti) * Q = Hood torte tote Heat conducted through the rod in axial direction 7 aT ~ rd ad 7 g C x0 einer at steady state Q = 4k ey MCAT. th. Lb ss Fe) Smee an, { vz SOBSERVATION TABLI Diameter of the copper rod = D 54Cm Test length of the copper rod = 235mm, Temp. SensorNo. {1 | 213 [4 |s|6| 7 |8|9 Ho Jur | 12 _—— ‘Temperature °C 1 + Steady state temp ea Temp Sensor No. Distance from leading edge (hot end) of the rod , X, mm along the axis : . ett Baa | T2 B Beet 3 nS a a3 — 155 . 5 195 ie | | To 235 4 ia | TL18_19t10-are the Temperature sensor fixed @logradial direction in the insulating material 7 TI is the inlet temp. of cold water ¥ TIis the outlet temp. of cold waterK=M.C,AT / [ -A (dT/dX}] he assumption that at steady state , the heat flow is mainly due to axial conduction can be value of dT / a is obtained as the slope of the graph between T vs X_ XeL mG X,mm XeL |. Start the cold water supply at a low rate (<2 LPM) ow x 2. Start the electric supply. a \. Give input to the heater by slowly rotating the | iimméystat and adjust it to valtage equal “10 50V, 100V. 120V ete. 4. Check the temperatures at some specified time intervals till a satisfactory steady state - conditions is reached. Record the temperature sensors readings along the axis of the copper rod | Note the mass flow rate of water in kg per minute and the inlet and outlet temperature and thus the temperature rise in it. _&.4 LONONOD TWWY FHL ava WLIN 40 ALI k Y | popreorayg \ epugey” | apy 5 ret fEXPERIMENTS IN ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER 1065 ty of Metal Rod ‘Thermal C.DIE 318. H0.4 Transfer Laboratory Experiment No. 5 POOL BOILING IN A SATURATED LIQUID lature Biot number constant in fq. (1), Wan? K™) specie heat, Vike K) meter, m gravitational constant, m/sec? ‘overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m? K) fatent heat of vaporization, Kirke thermal conductivity. Wi(m K) minimum heat flux, Wim? I het Sx for nucteae pool boitics, Wim? boiting heat flux, Wim? time, sec temperature, K _boiting point, K excess tem Hirt. liquid density vapor density ive jective of this experiment is to observe the regimes of nucleate, transition, and film boiling in a pool of el Liquid, to ":"crmine the rate af boiline. and to construct the boiling curve. Emphasized y balance and conditions justifying the lumped capacitance method: ion ofthe boiling heat fix with excess temperature - peculiar features of the boiling curve: ude of the overall Neat transfer coetiiciem: ion anc: piysical significance ef the eritical heat flux and Leidentrost point sient nature of the problem and time variation of the strface temperaun ab Section: Theorctical Analysis erinient is desis! to ilustrate the characteristics of the boi ge phenomenon. 1h inoh Gg (re ate of b aturated liguid on the surface of a submerge! hi hieet and! meas Gf the object emperature wills ime. The object is initially at a temperate 273K) far ab point of case, liguid nitrogen: Phy=77K), By measuring the ti variation of the eis ie, the rate of boiling, and the boiling « the application of th Geapacitance method, A sample doing curve is yiven in Figure 1. To prepare jor the experiment, which be performed prior to when the topic has been discussed in the Heat Transfer course, the student should xt by Ineropera et al. 4" ed., 5" ed. or 6” edition, ty quenched in a large pool of fed liquid a: 7,,<7 (see Fig, 2). IF the excess ts weer ebaut Sand 30°C, what iSthis boiling regime called? Deserive the coiting, phenomer:Bolling Regimes AT.® Ty Tap (00) Bolling Curve for water at 1 atm. ‘Surface heat flux q” as a function of excess temperature Ai, i, Test Figure 1. Boiling eurve for water includin: iHustrationsTrermocourle eee gure 2. Experimental setup for measuring transient temperature of a metal sphere cooled in liquid nit (not to seale! Ifthe exeess temperature, (7-—Tip) is bi fond the Leidentrost point, will there be direct contact betwecs iquid phase and the surluce of the spherg? What lo we all this he lumped capacitance of the sphere, The boitin nethod, derive a differential equation for the transient temperature response heat flux takes an unusual Form, so teave th heat flux as a variable For now ve is copper has a diameter of 2.54% | a 0m, an initial temperature of 7 s saturated water at 373K and 1 atm, estimate the time for the sphere to become iquid phase (i... the time for the sphere to reach the Leidentrost point at 493K the appropriate segment of the boiling curve shown in Fig. 10.4 of the text (p. 540 in ed. oF p. 598 in 5" ed. oF p. 624 in 6" ed.) by the following 73K. and the partially wetted by lint: Approxima and it rate the erential equati on derived ite 7 [mee tis ao al ani ea conde ih oh the to-nperatu..{ fo estimate the heat u:sier coefficient. you may use the Heisler charts bhown below{ Hi Sed ones duce the heat transfer coefficient b and the heat flux g ‘| nin D of textbook, 4" andthat the supplied safety goggles must be worn when conducting the handled inappropriately! Please experiment ! = DAQView Setup P: hhermocouple ty r Units: K Number of Thermocouples: 2(+CIC) Start Condition Manual Start Stop Condition: Manual Stop Scan Rate: 4 seansisees Enabled: 100 Digital Meters sted Mi ental Procedures The teaching assistant wi on, and could be repeated if necessary, The d quisition system will atively short time dura jure will once again be determined perature data, and curve fits of the temp wequire the transient sing Exc fogen and @ metal sphere with 1 experimental apparatus consists of a dewar fill couples attached to it in order to determine the transient sphere temperature. The sphere, initia quid nitrogen to induce rapid boiling of the liy s¢ one of the 1wo metal spheres and recon! it nched in a bath of fe. You should eG 3. Setup the data acquisition program. e dewar with liquid nitrogen and connect the thermocouples that To prepare for the run, fill uisition. Also, elich Manual Trigger button in the DAQView popup wind Start bution in the digital meters window so that you can im f the spher ‘Owing to very large magnitudes of the boiling heat transfer coefficient temperature wil rapidly with time. In most cases, it will take less than five minutes to cool the sphere 10 a sufficient low temperature (say. no more than 5 to 10K above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, which has a© Kan anf omen closely the boiling phenomena occurring in this fast transient pio Once the temperature bis reached a minimum steady value, stop the data acquisition and the chart by clicking the Stop button in both the DAQView popup window and the charts window. ‘Then, carefully remove the sphere from the dewar ang place it in a dewar filled with water. Such placement of the extremely cold sphere in the ("hot") water will produce an interesting freezing problem, which you should observe! (U7 Once the data acquisition has been stopped, the data will automatically be imported into Excel. Column A corresponds to the cold-junetion circuit temperature (which can be deleted). while Columns B and C correspond to the temperatures of the two thermocouples in the sphere. ‘The rows correspond with time: knowing that the scan rate is 4 scans per second, insert a column on the far left and enter the time J Since the experiment is of short duration, you may run it multiple times to ensure your results ar consistent and accurate, Also, be sure each student visually observes the boiling process daring an experiment or separately without data acquisition, Record your observaifons and use them to answer the discussion points a the end ofthis lab report PZ Repeat the experimen for the other sphere, Re ste to meas i the sphore size 10, Unitizing the © upet from the data aecuisition system, cach student should process and analy ze each set» data. Use the average of the two measured temperatures as the data for 7. Since you should have started the data acquisition before the sphere was immersed in the Tiguid nitrogen, there wil be some data points in the initial part of the data file that report a steady, room temperature. You should diseard these data points from the curve fit procedure. We are interested in the portions of the data wherein the temperature is changing. Data Reduction 1, Begin by constructing a table similar to Table 1. Calculate 7. for both spheres by averaging the lemperatures of the 1vo thermocouples, For each sphere, plot the center. surfac mperature vs. time, What is the substantial difference between the spheres? Describe the difference in terms of a theoretical assumption discussed in the pre-lab, Present both temperature plots in your final report. but only perform the rest of this analysis on the sphere that conforms to the initial assumptions used during, the pre-lab and explain why you choose that sphere. (If you are unsure of whic 10 use, ask the TA.) There are several ways one can ove'eu'e the time derivative of the transient temperature, Onc approximate way. which also may be subject 10 significant errors, is 10 express the derivative in terns finite differences. the finite difference method is quite tedious to apply. and it will not be used in thi experiment. Instead, ENcel will be employed. This packs the temperature vs. time data and expresses it in the form za si) iting program, which takes Me Once the coe! to time to obtain 4 are known, it is a simple maiter to differentiate Eq, (2a) with respect 2S air (by ae The use of a rolynomial A. such as Ba, (2), may not yield good results im some situations. Tis is th w for the oiling experimeni and most easily explained by examining Fig. 3. Near times #* and 1" the rate of change of temperature changes very rapidly, That is, the slope changes significant ovcr ‘ery small time interval. Any curve fitting technique will have problems represcting this chat Slope, ‘To circumvent ths problem. the data will be split int thee parts. Use = Forth ord pol no Tif the portion ofthe curve given by ¢- ambient temperature in duct °C = Ts PRECAUTIONS. 1. Keep dimmerstat to zero volt and increase it slowly 2, Operate the channel switch of temperature indicator gently ©— I. (nozz/ sfuyz) A. orl tee) sng cstys7 07 0) sure aes Me ce pox: 4 7 PRPS PUES MW (A257 030) Se aR Fob UPIPT RO Pquoy gregHEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION AIM: To find surface heat transfer coefficient for a pipe flowing heat by force convection to air flowing through it, for different air flow rate and heat flow rate. APPARATU The apparatus consisis of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is surrounding by ichrome heater. Four Temperature Sensors are embedded on the test section and no lemperature sensors are placed in the air stream at the entrance and exit of the test section to measure the air temperature. Test Pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower alongwith the Orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. Input to the heater is giventhrough a dimmerstat and measured by meters. It is to be noted that only a part of the total heat supplied is utilised in heating the air. A temperate indicator is provided to_measure temperature of pipe wall in the test section, Air flow is measured with the help of Orifice meter and the water manometer fitted on the 4 board SPECIFICATIONS : : + Length oem + LD. of Test section 28 mm + OD. of Test Section 232mm | + No. of Température Sensors: 6 Nos | © Blower STH, ra * Orifice Diameter 14mm + Dimmerstat Tatars. * Digital temperature indicator With multichannel switch Digital voltmeter & Digital Ammeter are also provided. .PROCEDURE : 1. Start the blower and adjust the flow of air by means of valve to some desired difference in manometer level Start the heating of the test section with the help of dimmerstat and adjust desired heat input with the help of Digital voltmeter and Digital Ammeter.(Dop’t exceed 90 volts) Note the reading of all the temperature sensors until the steady state is reached.( Wait atleast 4 0, for firs set of readings & then 15 minutes for consecutive readings) - 4. Note down the heat input. OBSERVATIONS = Inner dia of test section, D, “=: 28mm Outer dia of test section, Dy 32mm ~ Jength of test section, L 40cm Diameter of orifice, 14mm c* ‘Temperature sensors readings =i "Oy 1,2 =o = \ ; i — i] Tee eG H Manometer reading i = cesses Meters. i CALGUEATIONS: Forrrnela wSeor HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT U =~ A (Ts-T, Qj the rate at which air is getting heating is calculated as follows Qu=mey ATK cal/ir. Where_m_ = mass flow rate of air Kg/Hr. AT = Temp. rise in air *€4Ts-T)) m =Qfa ~)Ce wheref-a = Density of air = Sq Q = Vol. flow rate Q =Géxn/4d? V2gHx$a/Pa(m*/Hr) Os U — kCal/m? °C br A (Ts-T,) Cu = Coefficient of discharge = 0.64 H_ = Difference of water level in _{banometer in meters. Pe dened Boia px = Density of water 1000kg/m* Pa = Density of air Serko d= Diameter of Orifice = 0.014 A = Test section area, = sD\Lm@ T, =~ Average temperature of air, (T+ Ts) gC Average surface temperature. TreTs+ Tet Ts 4 using this procedure obtain the values of Ha for different air flow rates. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Keep the dimmerstat at zero position before giving the supply Start the blower unit first. 3. Increase the voltage adually 4. Don't stop the blower in between the testing period. 5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently 6. Don't exceed 90 Veits.Xo et FORCED CONVECTION 2 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS : RECORD: PIPE OUT-SIDE DIAMETER D,= 32mm PIPE INSIDE DIAMETER D, = 28mm » LENGTH OF TEST SECTION: L =40em- ORFICE DIAMETER d, = 14mm ORFICE PIPE INSIDE DIAMETER d, = 28 mm. ORFICE COEFF C= 06 | MANOMETER FLUID WATER | PROCESS FLUID AIR | OBSERVATIONS AT STEADY STATE RON] NANOMETER] y no [reane- | Var [tins [2 i es | mor water’ | VOL | 4 c CI C Sac) 100_| 0.95 (118/437 = CALCULATIONS RUN NO. I 1. MASS FLOW RATE OF AIR, Mair DENSITY OF AIR AT AMBIENT INLET CONDITION : pr= 1.128 kg/m? DENSITY OF WATER (MANOMETER FLUID ) Pm = 1000 kg / m: e aH = Rift] = toxio7| A) VELOCITY OF AIR ACROSS THE ORFICE = 9.81 x 88.55 _ 1-05" y [2g aH yrsVo=™ p, 3600 MASS FLOW RATE OF AIR = Mae= Mae 280018" | 128 x 3600 = 16.146 kg/h ci = 2. RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER INLET AIR TEMP. T, = 48°C OUT LET AIR TEMP. T= 69° SPECIFIC HEAT OF AIR AT ITS MEAN TEMP. OF 58.5°C = Cp = 0,240 keal / kg." Or Cp = 1.005 ki/kge K RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER TO AIR = Mai Cp (To ~ Tr) Qu= 16.146 x 0.24 x (69-48 ) = 81.37 kea/h = 94,65 W = AMOUNT OF HEAT INPUT TO THE SYSTEM = Vx I= 1000.95 = 9 HEAT LOSS FROM THE HEAT EXCHANGER = 100 (95 ~ 94.65 ), 3. OBSERVED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER. COEFF. HEAT TRANSFER AREA OF THE TEST SECTION ="A. A DL 0.03518 m’ CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT WHERE Q. = RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER TO AIR , keal /h OR W T,= AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE, M8 + 137 + 151 +157) /4= 140.75°C AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE = ( Ty+ Ts) /2= 58.5°C HEAT TRANSFER COEFF. = 81.37 /[ 0.03518 x ( 140.75 ~ 58.5 ) ] PERIME! TAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IS Bee-12 bral m*- fcEXPERIMENTALLY OBSERVED NUSSEL! NUMBER IS : Nu=hDy/ky = 28.12 x 0.028 / 0.0249 = 31.62 REYNOLD'S NO. = Re = Dix Vx pr! ty PROPERTIES OF AIR AT ITS MEAN TEMP. OF (T)+Ts)/2 pr= 1.06 kg’r : y= 20.1010 v= 18.97x10 Pr= 0.696 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AIR = kp= 0.0249 keal/h-m VELOCITY OF AIR IN THE PIPE = V = Maie/ (pr 3600 x (7/4) xD?) , mis 6.146 oo 6.871 mis 1.06 x 3600 x * 0.028 4 0.028x 6.871 = 10142.41 18.97x10°° Pr= 0.696 opserven Pr = 31.62 / 0.696" 4. CALCULATION OF THEORETICAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT USING DITTUS BOELTER EQUATION: Nu = 0.023 Re’® Pr Nu= 0.023 x 10142.41°* x 0,696" = 31.892 THEORETICAL Nu/ Pr = 31.892 / 0.696"* = 36.867 Nu=h Dy / ky OR h = Nuxk;/D; = 31.892 x 0.0249/0.028 = 28.36 keal/h-m’-°C EXPERIMENTALLY OBSERVED T TRANSFE! COEFF. IS h 8.12 keal / hm? = °C jWHICH IS VERY CLOSE TO THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT CALCULATED FROM DITTUS BOE} ER EQUATION 100 Nu/Pr y = 0.023x° 10000 100000 Re Niw LOT EXPERIMENTALLY OBSERVED "VS Re ON ALOG-LOG PLOT AND Pr ‘OMPARE IT WITH THE VALUES OBTAINED FROM DITTUS BOELTER QUATION.{epwuourny FO—— “Fiou.23402 “geauod Ni YaESNve.t LWIH m rr wa Spas BT fo rT 4 (DAO RESTOR TTJ DROPWISE AND MWISE Sel SATION UNIT en Sh obec Cunt - Find 6 Oar Weal “Ta Taamsfo. Cofperont for Diopuase and ROmaise / INTRODUCTION : In all applications, the steam must be condensed as it transfer heat to a cooling medium, e.g, cold water in the condenser of a generating station, hot water in a heating calorifier, sugar refinery, ete, During condensation very high heat fluxes are possible & provided the heat can be quickly transferred from the condensing surface to the cooling medium, “heat exchangers using steam can be compact & effective ‘Steam may condense on to a surface in two distinct modes, known. as “filmwise” & aS ss specially treated, most material swetable & as condensation occurs a film ensate spreads over the si ness ofthe film depends upon a numbers | ors, €.g. the rate of con n, tlie viscosity of the condensate and whether the vertical or horizontal, ete. 9 { nur condenses'on to the outside of the film & heat is transferred by conduction film to the metal surface beneath. As the film thickness it flows downward &DROPWLISE CONDENSATION : "By specially treating the condensing surface the contact angle can be changed and the ~ surface becomes ‘non - wettable’. As the steam condenses, a large number of generally "spherical beads cover the surface. As condensation proceeds, the beads become larger, unately, due to the nature of the material used in the peagttige of condensing hangers, filmwise condensation is normal. ( Although many bare metal surface wetable’ this is not true of the oxide film Gey covers the bare material « % ~ ION : » tas consists of a metallic oman which steam generation takes place portion houses suitable sletic heater for steam generation. A. special ided for the container for siting | the water. The glass cylinder houses condensation/and the other is in its natural state to give filmwise condensation. ction for pressite gauge is provided. Separate connections of two condensers for water aff provided. “One rotameter with appropriate piping can be used for +r flowrate in one of the condensers under test, > \ temperature indicator provided has multipoint connections which measures es of steam, two condensers, water inlet & outlet temperature of condenserSPECIFICATIONS : Condensers : One chromium plated for dropwise condensation & one natural finish for filmwise condensation other wise identical in construction. Dimensions : 20 mm outer dia. 160 mm length , Fabricated from copper with reverse flow in concentric tubes. Fitted with Temperature Sensor for surface temp. measurement. MS. Fabricated construction comprising test section & steam generation section. Test section provided with glass cylinder for visualisation of the process. : Suitable water heater. s 1 Temperature Indicator : Digital 0-199. PC & least count 0.1°C with multichannel switch ‘ 2. Temperature Sensis ep PT-100 Type. 3 Rotamerer: Standard Make 100 LPH capacity for measuring water flow rate: 4. Pressure Gauge’: Dial type 0 - 2 Kg/em? ON: ster in steam generator by opening the valve. ter flow through one of the condensers which is to be tested and note down flow rate in rotameter. Ensure that during measurement, water is flowing only the condenser under test and and second valve is closed supply socket to mains and switch ON the heater switch. ‘steam generation will start in the steam generator of the unit and the steam{6 If the water flow rate is low then steam pressure in the chamber will rise and pressure gauge will read the pressure. If the water flow rate is matched then condensation will ir at more or less atmospheric pressure or upto I kg pressure. ations like temperatures, water flow rates, pressure are noted down in the TION = will not be pressurised. But if pressure gauge reads some pressure then nd Two are water inlet & outlet temperatures. " ties are required. = _ Density of water Kgm/m* = Kinematics Viscosity m* ‘sec. = Thermal conductivity keal/hr -m °C. (W/m -°C ) = Prandtl number. te Reynold’s number. amy py Inner Dia of condenser. L7oms.0,023 . (Rea) 8. (Pr)"* ne ele t °C mec = Inside Heat Transfer Coefficient. te heat transfer coefficient on outer surface of the condenser ( ha).. For this asm es of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of +Tw) °C @ eS - TC - € ’, rempenee sean NS Temperature of conde IPC. i’ fy Shoe Density of hg femm’ ‘Théfinal Conductivity Keal/ hr - m°C. (W/m - °C) Viscosity Of condensate Kgf- secim® (Kg/ms) Heat ‘evaporation Keal/Kg. ( 540 Keal/ky) * omar Apr eks? (Ts-Tw) WL 9.8 msec”, = 1.27x 10° mht? 160mm. Ace. due to gravity Length of condenser lues overall Heat Transfer coefficient (U ) can be calculated. Ca) ee) ?for some exceptional cases overall heat transfer coefficient for Dropwise tion will be higher than that of filmwise condensation. w vary from theory in some degree due to unavoidable heat losses. IONS : : ‘Do not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test nit, . 2M, a “Operate gently the selector switch of temperature indicator to read variousOBSERVATIONS Condenser Under Test LCDLATIONS * Water Flow Rate LPHPlated Condenser Th | | Outer Surface | | Plain Condens T Outer Surface | Seam Water Inlet To Condenser | Water Outlet Plain Condenser Water Outlet Plated Condenser | |iV) Ace. due to gravity = 9.8 m/sec. = 9.8.x 3600 mvhr Length of condenser = 160mm. ‘y lues overall Heat Transfer coefficient ((U,can be calculated. ~ Na-K Keal who where g From these values overall Heat Transfer coe! Ace. due to gravity = 9.8 m/sec*. Length of condenser = 160mm. "fe sent, ye ) can be calculated m?-°CSTEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS To fe the stefam Cobtzmarn rasta sa INTRODUCTION : ‘The most commonly used law of thermal radiation is the Steffan Boltzmann law which states that thermal radiation heat flux or emmissive power of a black surface is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature of the surface and is given by =eb= oT ~~ (KCal/hrm’ Kk‘) “The constant of proportionally is called the Stefan Boltzman constant and has the “value of 4.88x 10° Keal/Hr. m* Kt ‘apparatus is centered on a flanged copper hemisphere B fixed on a flat non- ing plate A. The outer surface of B is enclosed in a metal water jacket used to 10 some suitable constant temperature. RTD PT-100 type Temperature Sensor is attached to the inner wall of hemisphere a he centre of the base plate A_ A chromel Alumel Temperature Sensor is tised to ire the temperature of D ie. Tp. The Temperature Sensor is mounted on the dise to ths rise of its temperature. cies > Ca ahen the dise is inserted at the temperature Tp (Tp Tes (for parallel flow) = Ti > Tee(for counter flow) and AT, = Tho - Teo (for parallel flow) { (for counter flow) Note that in a special case of Counter Flow Exchanger exists when the heat ity rates Co 8 Cyare equal, then Tyi-Teo= Tho- Tei thereby making 4 T,= 4 Ty ‘case LMTD is of the form.0/0 and so undefined. But it is obvious that since AT is tant throughout the exchanger, hence ATa=ATi =ATo (ace. to ref. Fundamental of Engineering Heat & Mass Transfer by R.C.Sachdeva, ¥ | | |iif) Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated by using, : q = UA ATy U = a/A ATK cal rom? °C Calculated U,jbasedon Ai = ordi. UrobasedonAo = x dgL. RECAUTION: starting it Take the readings after the steady stage is reached. a * ss During the complete EXPERIMENTATION open the valves of geyser before fo 4= Tdol XMHEAT PAPE DEMONSTRATOR. Demomskator amd Also ene LOS. ae ince 4 tee Or ae wel hfe Pipe is a device which transfers heat by boiling a fluid at one end and sing it on other end of a pipe. The evaporation and condensation processes are for the nearly isothermal working of the heat pip. The condensed liquid is, > back to boiling area by the capillary action through a wick structure in the heat his use of capillary action for pumping the liquid back, is the unique characteristic J ‘or consists of a heat pipe, a stainless steel tube and a copper pipe of ical properties such as diameters, and Jengths. made up of stainless steel pipe. A stainless steel wire mesh of suitable mesh in this pipe. Circumferential layers of this mesh have been used. tity of distilled water.as working flui is introduced in the heat pipe after acetone and distilled water, maki 2 pipe and mesh with hydrochloric aci as far as possible. The pipe is sealed after filling distilled water. temperature sensors while temperature of water in the condenser tank is yy thermometers.. PROCEDURE: Before using the demonstrator evacuate the heat pipe if necessary and fill about 50ce of distilled water, Fill equal amount of water in three condenser tanks so that the pipe is submerged completely in water. Start the supply. Give known steady input to all the three heaters with the help e&wdimmerstat Check the input to three heaters with help of selector switch and Voltmeter and %, ammeter, : Allow an initial heating period of about 15 minutes forbrarting up of the demonstrator. f?.” Note down all the temperature along lengths of ipes-and also of the water in the tanks at the time interval of 10 minutes. This procedure is to be followed for st Bags to study the heat pipe demonstrator working, + fi ™ <<; LIMITS & PRECAUTIONS: Operate the seleetor switch of the temperature indicator from 1 to 15 gently. Stir the water with the stirrer before taking readings with thermometer Do not exteed 120 watts. Vacuum valveishould not be disturb to avoid breakage of vacuum otherwise 12s will not be satisfactory.EXPERIMENTS TO BE CARRIED OUT: 1. To demonstrate the super thermal conducting heat pipe and to compare its, working with that of the best conductor i.e. Cu pipe. 2. To find and plot temperature V/s. time response of three pipes. Temperature distribution along the length of three members at different time intervals can be plotted and nearly isothermal temperature distribution in case of heat pipe can be seen. CONCLUSIONS : Nearly isothermal natute of the temperature distibution cléarly sows the very high values of effective thermal conductivity of the heat pipe off The CSnventional conductors viz. copper and stainless steel. This ean also be observed'th terms of the fast temperature rise in condenser tank and the temperature gradients present°on the three members.