Module 5:

Angle Modulation Systems:

Basics of Frequency and phase modulation, Single tone frequency modulation,
NBFM, WBFM, Transmission bandwidth of FM wave, Indirect and direct methods
of FM generation, Frequency Discriminator, Phase Locked Loop demodulator,
Superheterodyne F.M. receiver.

Module-5:
1.

What do you mean by Angle modulation? How does it differ from

Amplitude modulation?

2.

How is Angle modulation represented mathematically? Discuss various

types of angle modulation in brief.

3.

Write short notes on the following:

i
Instantaneous frequency f i (t ) ,
ii
Instantaneous angular-frequency i (t ) ,
iii
Instantaneous phase angle i(t),
iv
Un-modulated carrier wave c(t),
v
Frequency Sensitivity kf,
vi
Phase Sensitivity kp,

4.

Distinguish PM and FM waves from an AM wave. Illustrate these

differences by plotting AM, PM, and FM waves for each case of sinusoidal
modulation.

5.

Show that an FM wave may be generated by using Phase-modulator and

a PM wave may be generated by using a Frequency-modulator.

6.

We may deduce all the properties of PM waves from those of FM waves

and vice-versa. Justify this.

7.

Discuss that AM is a linear modulation and FM is a non-linear modulation

process. For single-tone frequency modulation, obtain the expression for
instantaneous frequency, frequency-deviation, modulation index and the
phase of the modulated wave.

8.

Discuss classification of FM as:

(i)
Narrow-Band frequency modulation (NBFM),

(ii)

Wide-Band frequency modulation (WBFM).

9.

Distinguish Narrow-Band frequency modulation (NBFM) from ideal FM.

Draw the phasor diagrams of NBFM wave and AM wave.

10.

Compare Narrow-Band FM and Wide-Band FM.

11.

Write a short note on power contents of carrier and side-bands in FM.

12.

For a single-tone FM, define Narrow-Band FM and Wide-Band FM. Show

that in AM, the modulation is added in phase with the carrier where as in
NBFM, the modulation is added in quadrature with the carrier.

13.

Explain Armstrong method of generating NBFM wave.

14.

Derive the expression for the spectrum of single-tone FM wave for the
case of wide-band FM.

15.

Justify that the transmission bandwidth required for AM and NBFM are
almost same and for Wide-Band FM, its infinite theoretically.

16.

(a) Give Carsons rule for determining the transmission bandwidth for an
arbitrary modulating wave m (t).
(b) Describe the Universal curve for evaluating the on percent bandwidth
of an FM wave.

17.

Distinguish between the Direct-FM and Indirect-FM methods of generating

FM-waves. Explain with the help of a block diagram the indirect method of
generating Wide-Band FM wave.

18.

With the help of a block diagram and necessary equations, describe the
direct FM method of generating Wide-Band FM wave. How frequency
stability of the modulation is improved?

19.

What are the basic components of a frequency discriminator? Derive the

expression for the output of a frequency discriminator.

20.

With the help of a circuit-diagram and frequency response, explain the

Balanced frequency discriminator for demodulating an incoming FM wave.

21.

With the help of a block diagram and necessary equations, explain the
Phase-Locked-Loop demodulator for a FM wave.

22.

Give the block diagram for a Superheterodyne FM receiver and explain its
operation.

23.

Consider an FM system where the modulating signal is sinusoidal of 2

volts peak to peak at a frequency of 20 KHz. The modulator has a
frequency sensitivity of 50 KHz/Volt. Determine the transmission
bandwidth using Carsons rule. Is this NBFM or WBFM? Assume that the
carrier frequency is 500 KHz.

24.

Find the carrier and modulating frequencies, the modulation index and the
maximum deviation of the FM wave represented by the voltage equation
given by
S (t) = 12 cos (6 .108 t + 5 sin 1250.t) volts
What power will this Fm dissipate in a 10-ohm resister?

25.

A 25 MHz carrier is modulated by a 400 Hz audio-tone. If the carrier

voltage is 4 volts peak and the maximum frequency deviation equals 75
KHz, write the equation describing the FM wave with above features. Is it
NBFM or WBFM?

26.

A certain FM signal is represented by V (t) = 10 sin (10 8.t+15 sin 200.t)

volts. Find the parameters of FM wave.

27.

Consider an FM wave of carrier Ac cos (2 fc t) with a modulating wave Am

cos (2 fm t). Assume that fm is large enough to justify that that FM wave
as a NBFM. Find the Hilbert-Transform of the resulting FM wave.

28.

Consider a NBFM wave, determine its average power expressed as a

percentage of the average power of the un-modulated carrier wave. Plot
this result versus , assuming that is restricted to the interval 0
0.3.

29.

(a) Find the frequency deviation ( ( f ) ) and carrier swing that is

necessary to provide 75% modulation in the FM broadcast band.
(b) Repeat for an FM signal serving as the audio portion of a TV
broadcast.

30.

Find the percent of modulation of an FM signal which is being broadcast in

the 88-108 MHz band having a carrier swing of 125 KHz.