Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
L
SO
MULTIPHYSIC
S
V4
1. Introduction
2. Heat Sink
3. Droplet Breakup in a T-Junction
4. Cooling of an Injection Mold
5. Electroosmotic Micromixer
6. Fluid-Structure Interaction
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
Introduction
CFD Module
Thin Screen
Interior Wall
Mixer Module
Free surface
Microfluidics Module
Molecular Module
Applications include:
flow visualization
mixing
spraying
particle separation
mass spectrometry
ion optics
beam physics
ion energy distribution functions
acoustic streaming
ray tracing
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
Heat Sink
Heat Sink
Preview
Fluid Flow
Porous
Small pores
Saturated
Darcy
Free
Large pores
Brinkman
Unsaturated
Richards
Laminar
Navier-Stokes
Newtonian
Non-Newtonian
Turbulent
RANS
Preview
Inlet / Outlet Condition Inflow, Outflow
Preview
Incompressible flow / Compressible flow
Preview
Interior wall
no thickness
Preview
Heat transfer in solid / fluid
- Conduction / Convection Domain
Temperature
Preview
Heat Flux
Preview
Surface to ambient / surface radiation
Radiation Group
Preview
Heat Balance(Global variables)
dEiInt
ntfluxInt
QInt
WnsInt
dEi0Int
ntefluxInt
QInt
WInt
Model
Convection -> Cooling
Inlet
Outlet
Heat
Aluminum 3003-H18
Physics
Heat Transfer in Solid + Laminar flow = Conjugate Heat Transfer
Navier-stokes equation
(Steady-State, Compressible flow)
Heat Transfer equation
Modeling - condition
Layer
1 [W]
Result
Inlet
Outlet
Initial temperature
293.15[K]
Wall condition
Heat Sink
Introduction
This model is intended as a first introduction to simulations of fluid flow and conjugate
heat transfer. It shows the following important points:
How to draw an air box around a device in order to model convective cooling in
this box.
How to set a total heat flux on a boundary using automatic area computation.
How to display results in an efficient way using selections in data sets.
The model is also described in detail in the book Introduction to the Heat Transfer
Module. An extension of the model that takes surface-to-surface radiation into account
is also available; see Heat Sink with Surface-to-Surface Radiation.
Model Definition
The modeled system consists of an aluminum heat sink for cooling of components in
electronic circuits mounted inside a channel of rectangular cross section (see Figure 1).
Such a set-up is used to measure the cooling capacity of heat sinks. Air enters the
channel at the inlet and exits the channel at the outlet. The base surface of the heat
1 |
HEAT SINK
sink receives a 1 W heat flux from an external heat source. All other external faces are
thermally insulated.
inlet
outlet
base surface
2 |
HEAT SINK
The thermal conductivity of air, the heat capacity of air, and the air density are all
temperature-dependent material properties.
You can find all of the settings mentioned above in the physics interface for Conjugate
Heat Transfer in COMSOL Multiphysics. You also find the material properties,
including their temperature dependence, in the Material Browser.
Results
In Figure 2, the hot wake behind the heat sink visible in the plot is a sign of the
convective cooling effects. The maximum temperature, reached at the heat sink base,
is slightly less than 376 K.
Figure 2: The surface plot shows the temperature field on the channel walls and the heat
sink surface, while the arrow plot shows the flow velocity field around the heat sink.
3 |
HEAT SINK
Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.
NEW
Import 1
The geometry sequence contains an imported binary file. Follow the steps below to
make sure that the import path is correct.
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Geometry 1 click Import 1.
2 In the Import settings window, locate the Import section.
3 Click the Browse button.
4 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
heat_sink.mphbin.
To facilitate face selection in the next steps, use the wireframe rendering option
4 |
HEAT SINK
MATERIALS
5 |
HEAT SINK
MATERIALS
Aluminum 3003-H18
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Materials click Aluminum
3003-H18.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
ADD MATERIAL
Silica glass
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Materials click Silica glass.
2 Select Domain 3 only.
Material 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose New Material.
2 Right-click Material 4 and choose Rename.
3 Go to the Rename Material dialog box and type Thermal Grease in the New name
edit field.
4 Click OK.
5 In the Material settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
6 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
7 Select Boundary 34 only.
8 Click to expand the Material properties section. Locate the Material Properties
6 |
Property
Name
Value
Unit
Property group
Thermal conductivity
2[W/m/K]
W/(mK)
Basic
HEAT SINK
GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Global Definitions node, then click
Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Value
Description
U0
5[cm/s]
0.05000 m/s
T0
20[degC]
293.2 K
Inlet temperature
P_tot
1[W]
1.000 W
Now define the physical properties of the model. Start with the fluid domain.
C O N J U G A T E H E A T TR A N S F E R
Fluid 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Conjugate Heat Transfer click Fluid
1.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
Next use the Ptot parameter to define the total heat source in the electronic package.
Heat Source 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Domains and choose Heat Source.
2 Select Domain 3 only.
3 In the Heat Source settings window, locate the Heat Source section.
4 Click the Total power button.
5 In the Ptot edit field, type P_tot.
Wall, no slip, is the default boundary condition for the fluid. Define the inlet and outlet
conditions as described below.
Inlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Inlet.
2 Select Boundary 121 only.
3 In the Inlet settings window, locate the Boundary Condition section.
7 |
HEAT SINK
Outlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Outlet.
2 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
3 Select Boundary 1 only.
Temperature 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Temperature.
2 Select Boundary 121 only.
3 In the Temperature settings window, locate the Temperature section.
4 In the T0 edit field, type T0.
Outflow 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Outflow.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
8 |
HEAT SINK
The finished mesh should look like that in the figure below.
To improve the accuracy in the numerical results, this mesh can be refined by
choosing another predefined element size. However, doing so requires more
computational time and memory.
STUDY 1
Velocity (nitf)
Two default plots are generated automatically. The first one shows the velocity
magnitude on five parallel slices. The second one shows the temperature on the wall
boundaries. Add an arrow plot to visualize the velocity field.
Temperature (nitf)
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Temperature (nitf) and choose
Arrow Volume.
9 |
HEAT SINK
corner of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Conjugate Heat Transfer
(Laminar Flow)>Velocity magnitude (nitf.U).
10 On the 3D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
Derived Values
1 On the Results toolbar, click Global Evaluation.
2 In the Global Evaluation settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Conjugate Heat Transfer
(Heat Transfer in Solids)>Global>Net powers>Total net energy power (nitf.ntefluxInt).
3 Right-click Results>Derived Values>Global Evaluation 1 and choose Rename.
4 In the Rename Global Evaluation dialog box, type Net Energy Power in the New
name edit field.
5 Click OK.
6 Click the Evaluate button.
RESULTS
Derived Values
1 On the Results toolbar, click Global Evaluation.
2 In the Global Evaluation settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Conjugate Heat Transfer
(Heat Transfer in Solids)>Global>Heat source powers>Total heat source (nitf.QInt).
3 Right-click Results>Derived Values>Global Evaluation 2 and choose Rename.
4 In the Rename Global Evaluation dialog box, type Heat Source in the New name edit
field.
5 Click OK.
10 |
HEAT SINK
The net power from the total energy flux and the total heat source should be close to
1 W.
11 |
HEAT SINK
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
Droplet Breakup in a T-Junction
Preview
Level Set and Phase Field
- Base fluid : fluid1, Setting fluid : fluid2
Wetted wall
- Level set : Dynamic contact angle(static contact angle + slip length)
- Phase field : Static contact angle
- Moving wetted wall : Only phase field.
Preview
Fluid 1 Fluid 2 Initial Values, Initial interface
Model
Inlet 2
Fluid 2
Inlet 1
Fluid 1
Outlet
Physics
Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level Set
Modeling - condition
Fluid 2
Symmetry
Fluid 1
Inlet1
Inlet2
0.4e-6/3600*step1(t[1/s])[m^3/s]
0.2e-6/3600*step1(t[1/s])[m^3/s]
Outlet
Wall condition
Wetted wall
5e-3 [N/m]
Result
D r o ple t Br e a k up i n a T- Ju n ct i on
Introduction
Emulsions consist of small liquid droplets immersed in another liquid, typically oil in
water or water in oil. Emulsions find wide application in the production of food,
cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. The properties and quality of an emulsion
typically depend on the size and the distribution of the droplets. This model studies in
detail how to create uniform droplets in a microchannel T-junction.
Setting up the model you can make use of the Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level Set
interface. The model uses the predefined wetted wall boundary condition at the solid
walls, with a contact angle of 135. From the results, you can determine the size of the
created droplets and the rate with which they are produced.
Model Definition
Figure 1 shows the geometry of the T-shaped microchannel with a rectangular cross
section. For the separated fluid elements to correspond to droplets, the geometry is
modeled in 3D. Due to symmetry, it is sufficient to model only half of the junction
geometry. The modeling domain is shown in Figure 1. The fluid to be dispersed into
1 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
small droplets, Fluid 2, enters through the vertical channel. The other fluid, Fluid 1,
flows from the right to left through the horizontal channel.
Inlet, fluid 2
Inlet,
fluid 1
Outlet
u
T
+ ( u )u = [ p I + ( u + ( u ) ) ] + F st
t
u = 0
------ + u = ( 1 ) --------+
In the equations above, denotes density (kg/m3), u velocity (m/s), t time (s),
dynamic viscosity (Pas), p pressure (Pa), and Fst the surface tension force (N/m3).
Furthermore, is the level set function, and and are numerical stabilization
parameters. The density and viscosity are calculated from
2 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
= 1 + ( 2 1 )
= 1 + ( 2 1 )
where 1, 2, 1, and 2 are the densities and viscosities of Fluid 1 and Fluid 2.
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
VALUE, FLUID 1
VALUE, FLUID 2
Density (kg/m3)
1000
1000
0.00195
0.00671
At both inlets, Laminar inflow conditions with prescribed volume flows are used. At
the outflow boundary, the Pressure, no viscous stress condition is set. The Wetted wall
boundary condition applies to all solid boundaries with the contact angle specified as
135 and a slip length equal to the mesh size parameter, h. The contact angle is the
angle between the fluid interface and the solid wall at points where the fluid interface
attaches to the wall. The slip length is the distance to the position outside the wall
where the extrapolated tangential velocity component is zero (see Figure 2).
Fluid 1
Wall
Wall
Fluid 2
3 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Figure 3: Velocity streamlines, velocity on the symmetry plane, and the phase boundary at
t = 0.02 s, 0.04 s, 0.06 s, and 0.08 s.
You can calculate the effective diameter, deffthat is, the diameter of a spherical
droplet with the same volume as the formed dropletusing the following expression:
3
d eff = 2 3 -----4
( > 0.5 ) d
(1)
Here, represents the leftmost part of the horizontal channel, where x < 0.2 mm. In
this case, the results show that deff is about 0.12 mm. The results are in fair agreement
with those presented in Ref. 1.
Reference
1. S. van der Graaf, et al., Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Droplet Formation in a
T-Shaped Microchannel, Langmuir, vol. 22, pp. 41444152, 2006.
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D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.
NEW
Work Plane 1
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Work Plane.
2 In the Work Plane settings window, locate the Plane Definition section.
3 From the Plane list, choose xz-plane.
Rectangle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Geometry 1>Work Plane 1
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D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Rectangle 2
1 Right-click Plane Geometry and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 1.
4 In the Height edit field, type 0.1.
5 Locate the Position section. In the xw edit field, type -0.7.
Plane Geometry
1 On the Home toolbar, click Build All.
2 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
Polygon 1
1 Right-click Plane Geometry and choose Polygon.
2 In the Polygon settings window, locate the Object Type section.
3 From the Type list, choose Open curve.
4 Locate the Coordinates section. In the xw edit field, type 0 0.1.
5 In the yw edit field, type 0.2 0.2.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Polygon 2
1 Right-click Plane Geometry and choose Polygon.
2 In the Polygon settings window, locate the Coordinates section.
3 In the xw edit field, type 0.1 0.1.
4 In the yw edit field, type 0 0.1.
5 Click the Build Selected button.
Extrude 1
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Extrude.
2 In the Extrude settings window, locate the Distances from Plane section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Distances (mm)
0.05
6 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Form Union
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 >Geometry 1 right-click Form Union
and choose Build Selected. The model should look like in Figure 1.
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Materials and choose
New Material.
2 Right-click Material 1 and choose Rename.
3 In the Rename Material dialog box, type Fluid 1 in the New name edit field.
4 Click OK.
5 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
6 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Unit
Property group
Density
rho
1e3[kg/m^3]
kg/m
Basic
Dynamic viscosity
mu
1.95e-3[Pa*s]
Pas
Basic
Material 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose New Material.
2 Right-click Material 2 and choose Rename.
3 In the Rename Material dialog box, type Fluid 2 in the New name edit field.
4 Click OK.
5 In the Material settings window, click to expand the Material properties section.
6 Locate the Material Properties section. In the Material properties tree, select Basic
Properties>Density.
7 Click Add to Material.
8 In the Material properties tree, select Basic Properties>Dynamic Viscosity.
9 Click Add to Material.
7 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
10 Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Unit
Property group
Density
rho
1e3[kg/m^3]
kg/m
Basic
Dynamic viscosity
mu
6.71e-3[Pa*s]
Pas
Basic
DEFINITIONS
Step 1
1 On the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Step.
2 In the Step settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the Location edit field, type 1e-3.
4 Click to expand the Smoothing section. In the Size of transition zone edit field, type
2e-3.
Add an integration operator that you will use to calculate the effective droplet diameter
according to Equation 1 in the Model Definition section.
Integration 1
1 On the Definitions toolbar, click Component Couplings and choose Integration.
2 In the Integration settings window, locate the Source Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose All domains.
Variables 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
8 |
Name
Expression
Unit
Description
V1
0.4e-6/
3600*step1(t[1/
s])[m^3/s]
m/s
V2
0.2e-6/
3600*step1(t[1/
s])[m^3/s]
m/s
d_eff
2*(intop1((phils>0.
5)*(x<-0.2[mm]))*3/
(4*pi))^(1/3)
Effective droplet
diameter
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
L A M I N A R TW O - P H A S E F L O W, L E V E L S E T
The mesh can be controlled very well in this model, which makes it possible to use a
lower element order without reducing the accuracy.
1 In the Model Builder windows toolbar, click the Show button and select Discretization
in the menu.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Component 1>Laminar Two-Phase Flow,
Level Set node, then click Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level Set.
3 In the Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level Set settings window, click to expand the
Discretization section.
4 Find the Value types when using splitting of complex variables subsection. From the
Discretization of fluids list, choose P1 + P1.
Fluid Properties 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level Set
Wall 1
Because this is the default boundary condition node, you cannot modify the selection
explicitly. Instead, you override the default condition where it is not applicable by
adding other boundary conditions.
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level Set
click Wall 1.
2 In the Wall settings window, locate the Boundary Condition section.
3 From the Boundary condition list, choose Wetted wall.
4 In the w edit field, type 3*pi/4[rad].
5 In the edit field, type 5e-6[m].
9 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Initial Interface 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level Set
Initial Values 2
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Domains and choose Initial Values.
2 Select Domain 3 only.
3 In the Initial Values settings window, locate the Initial Values section.
4 Click the Fluid 2 button.
Inlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Inlet.
2 Select Boundary 22 only.
3 In the Inlet settings window, locate the Boundary Condition section.
4 From the Boundary condition list, choose Laminar inflow.
5 Locate the Laminar Inflow section. Click the Flow rate button.
6 In the V0 edit field, type V1.
7 In the Lentr edit field, type 0.01[m].
Inlet 2
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Inlet.
2 Select Boundary 12 only.
3 In the Inlet settings window, locate the Boundary Condition section.
4 In the Vf edit field, type 1.
5 From the Boundary condition list, choose Laminar inflow.
6 Locate the Laminar Inflow section. Click the Flow rate button.
7 In the V0 edit field, type V2.
8 In the Lentr edit field, type 0.01[m].
Outlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Outlet.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
10 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Symmetry 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 5, 13, 14, and 21 only.
MESH 1 {MESH1}
Mapped 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose More
Operations>Mapped.
2 Select Boundaries 2, 7, 10, and 16 only.
Distribution 1
1 Right-click Component 1>Mesh 1>Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Edge 3 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 160.
Distribution 2
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Edges 1 and 9 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 20.
Distribution 3
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Edges 12 and 28 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
5 In the Number of elements edit field, type 25.
6 In the Element ratio edit field, type 4.
Distribution 4
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Edges 24 and 27 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
5 In the Number of elements edit field, type 20.
11 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Mapped 1
Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Build Selected.
Swept 1
1 Right-click Mesh 1 and choose Swept.
2 In the Swept settings window, click to expand the Source faces section.
3 Locate the Source Faces section. Select the Active toggle button.
4 Select Boundaries 2, 7, and 10 only.
Distribution 1
1 Right-click Component 1>Mesh 1>Swept 1 and choose Distribution.
2 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
3 In the Number of elements edit field, type 10.
4 Click the Build All button.
12 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
STUDY 1
This choice means that the Graphics window will show a surface plot of the volume
fraction of Fluid 1 while solving, and this plot will be updated at each 5 ms output
time step.
Manually tune the solver sequence for optimal performance and accuracy.
Solver 1
1 On the Study toolbar, click Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 1 node, then click Time-Dependent
Solver 1.
3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, click to expand the Time stepping
section.
4 Locate the Time Stepping section. From the Method list, choose Generalized alpha.
5 Select the Time step increase delay check box.
6 In the associated edit field, type 3.
7 In the Amplification for high frequency edit field, type 0.3.
8 From the Predictor list, choose Constant.
9 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Time-Dependent Solver 1 node.
10 Right-click Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver 1>Time-Dependent Solver 1 and
choose Iterative.
11 In the Iterative settings window, locate the Error section.
12 In the Factor in error estimate edit field, type 20.
13 In the Maximum number of iterations edit field, type 200.
14 Right-click Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver 1>Time-Dependent Solver
1>Iterative 1 and choose Multigrid.
13 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, collapse the Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Time-Dependent Solver 1 node.
2 In the Model Builder window, collapse the Solver 1 node.
3 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.
14 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
RESULTS
The first default plot group shows the volume fraction of fluid 1 as slice plot, and the
second plot group shows a slice plot of the velocity combined with a contour plot of
the volume fraction of fluid 1. Follow these steps to reproduce the series of velocity
field plots shown in Figure 3.
3D Plot Group 3
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 3D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 3D Plot Group 3 and choose
Slice.
3 In the Slice settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the
Expression section. From the menu, choose Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Level
Set>Velocity magnitude (tpf.U).
4 Locate the Plane Data section. From the Plane list, choose zx-planes.
5 From the Entry method list, choose Coordinates.
6 On the 3D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
7 In the Model Builder window, right-click 3D Plot Group 3 and choose Isosurface.
8 In the Isosurface settings window, locate the Levels section.
9 From the Entry method list, choose Levels.
10 In the Levels edit field, type 0.5.
11 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
12 From the Color list, choose Green.
13 Right-click 3D Plot Group 3 and choose Streamline.
14 In the Streamline settings window, locate the Streamline Positioning section.
15 From the Positioning list, choose Uniform density.
16 In the Separating distance edit field, type 0.05.
17 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Line type list, choose Tube.
18 Select the Radius scale factor check box.
19 In the associated edit field, type 2e-3.
20 From the Color list, choose Yellow.
21 In the Model Builder window, click 3D Plot Group 3.
22 In the 3D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
23 From the Time (s) list, choose 0.02.
15 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
Derived Values
1 On the Results toolbar, click Global Evaluation.
2 In the Global Evaluation settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
The result, roughly 0.12 mm, is displayed in the table in the Table window.
Finally, generate a movie of the moving fluid interface and the velocity streamlines.
RESULTS
3D Plot Group 3
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 3D Plot Group 3 and choose
Player. COMSOL Multiphysics generates the movie and then plays it.
2 To replay the movie, click the Play button on the Graphics toolbar.
If you want to export a movie in GIF, Flash, or AVI format, right-click Export and
create an Animation feature.
16 |
D R O P L E T B R E A K U P I N A T- J U N C T I O N
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
Cooling of an Injection Mold
Preview
Simulations of fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, hydraulic transients, and acoustics in the
1D geometry.
Fluid Model Newtonian, Power law, Bingham
Pipe shape Round, Square, Rectangle, User defined(hydraulic diameter)
Inlet / Outlet Mass flow rate, Velocity, Volumetric flow rate, SCCM
Preview
Friction model
- Newtonian fluids
Churchill : Full range of Re (laminar, transition and turbulent) and e/d
Stokes : Laminar regime (Re < 2000)
Wood : 4*103 < Re < 1*107 and 1*10-5 < e/d < 4*10-2
Haaland : Commonly used for oil pipelines and wells, Re (4*103 < Re < 1*108)
Colebrook : Very low relative roughness e/d, Simple Haaland model
Von Karman : Very large relative roughness e/d, Simple Haaland model
Swamee-Jain : Alternative method of Haaland model
10-6 < e/d < 10-2 and for Re (5*103 < Re < 108)
- Non-Newtonian fluids
Irvine(Power law) : Full range of Re (laminar, transition and turbulent) and e/d
Stokes(Power law) : Laminar regime (Re < 2000)
Darby(Bingham) : Full range of Re (laminar, transition and turbulent) and e/d
Preview
Loss Coefficients
Preview
Wall Heat Transfer
Model
Polyurethane
Thermal conductivity
44.5 [W/(m*K)]
0.32 [W/(m*K)]
Density
7850 [kg/]
1250 [kg/]
Heat capacity
475 [J/(kg*K)]
1540 [J/(kg*K)]
Physics
Pipe Flow + Heat Transfer in Pipes = Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow
+
Churchill Model
Energy Equation
Modeling - condition
Inlet
10 [Liter/min]
Outlet
1[atm]
473.15K
Surface roughness
Result
Mold Material
Steel
10
0.046
333
Blue
Steel
20
0.046
325
Green
Steel
10
0.46
328
Red
Aluminium
10
0.046
301
Magenta
1 |
Model Definition
MODEL GEOMETRY AND PROCESS CONDITIONS
The polyurethane material used for a steering wheel is produced by several different
molds. The part considered in this model is the top half of the wheel grip, shown in
gray in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Polyurethane parts for a steering wheel. The top half of the grip is modeled in this
example.
2 |
Water inlets
The momentum and mass conservation equations below describe the flow in the
cooling channels:
u
------- = p f D ---------- u u
t
2d h
(1)
A
----------- + ( Au ) = 0
t
(2)
3 |
Above, u is the cross section averaged fluid velocity (m/s) along the tangent of the
center line of a pipe. A (m2) is the cross section area of the pipe, (kg/m3) is the
density, and p (N/m2) is the pressure. For more information, refer to the section
Theory for the Pipe Flow Interface in the Pipe Flow Module Users Guide.
1 12
(3)
where
7 0.9
A = -2.457ln ------ + 0.27 ( e d )
Re
37530
B = ----------------
Re
4 |
16
16
(4)
(5)
As seen from the equations above, the friction factor depends on the surface roughness
divided by diameter of the pipe, e/d. Surface roughness values can be selected from a
list in the Pipe Properties feature or be entered as user-defined values.
Figure 4: The Friction model and Surface roughness settings are found in the Pipe
Properties feature.
In the Churchill equation, fD is also a function of the fluid properties, flow velocity and
geometry, through the Reynolds number:
ud
Re = ----------
(6)
The physical properties of water as function of temperature are directly available from
the softwares built-in material library.
H E A T TR A N S F E R E Q U A T I O N S
Cooling Channels
The energy equation for the cooling water inside the pipe is:
A
T
3
AC p ------- + AC p u T = Ak T + f D ---------- u + Q wall
2d h
t
(7)
where Cp (J/(kgK)) is the heat capacity at constant pressure, T is the cooling water
temperature (K), and k (W/(mK)) is the thermal conductivity. The second term on
the right hand side corresponds to heat dissipated due to internal friction in the fluid.
It is negligible for the short channels considered here. Qwall (W/m) is a source term
that accounts for the heat exchange with the surrounding mold block.
5 |
(8)
Above, T2 is the temperature in the solids. The source term Qwall comes into play for
the heat balance in Equation 8 through a line heat source where the pipe is situated.
This coupling is automatically done by the Wall Heat Transfer feature in the
Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow interface.
Heat Exchange
The heat exchange term Qwall (W/m) couple the two energy balances given by
Equation 7 and Equation 8:
The heat transfer through the pipe wall is given by
Q wall = hZ ( T ext T )
(9)
6 |
The Wall Heat Transfer feature is added to the Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow interface,
and the External temperature is set to the temperature of the Heat Transfer in solids
interface.
Figure 5: In the Wall Heat Transfer feature, set the External temperature to the
temperature field calculated by the Heat Transfer in Solids interface.
The heat transfer coefficient, h, depends on the physical properties of water and the
nature of the flow and is calculated from the Nusselt number:
k
h = Nu -----dh
(9-6)
where k is the thermal conductivity of the material, and Nu is the Nusselt number. dh
is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe.
COMSOL detects if the flow is laminar or turbulent. For the laminar flow regime, an
analytic solution is available that gives Nu = 3.66 for circular tubes (Ref. 2). For
turbulent flow inside channels of circular cross sections the following Nusselt
correlation is used (Ref. 3):
( f D 8 ) ( Re 1000 )Pr
Nu int = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------12
23
1 + 12.7 ( f D 8 ) ( Pr
1)
(10)
(11)
Note that Equation 10 is a function of the friction factor, fD, and therefore that the
radial heat transfer will increase with the surface roughness of the channels.
Note: All the correlations discussed above are automatically used by the Wall Heat
Transfer feature in the Pipe Flow Module, and it detects if the flow is laminar or
turbulent for automatic selection of the correct correlation.
7 |
Figure 7: Temperature distribution in the polyurethane part and the cooling channels
after 2 minutes of cooling.
8 |
Figure 8 shows the temperature distribution in the steel mold after 2 minutes. The
temperature footprint of the cooling channels is clearly visible.
Figure 8: Temperature distribution in the steel mold block after 2 minutes of cooling.
9 |
After 10 minutes of cooling, the temperature in the mold block is more uniform, with
a temperature at the center of approximately 333 K (Figure 9). Still, the faces with
cooling channel inlets and outlets are more than 20 K hotter.
Figure 9: Temperature distribution in the steel mold block after 10 minutes of cooling.
The blue line in Figure 10 shows the average temperature of the polyurethane part as
function of the cooling time. The temperature is 333 K after 10 minutes of cooling.
To evaluate the influence of factors affecting the cooling time, additional simulations
were run varying the flow rate of the cooling water, the surface roughness of the
cooling channels, and the mold material. The conditions are summarized in the table
below.
TABLE 1: COOLING CONDITIONS
10 |
MOLD
MATERIAL
WATER FLOW
RATE (L/MIN)
SURFACE
ROUGHNESS (MM)
AVERAGE T
AFTER 10 MIN (K)
LINE COLOR
Steel
10
0.046
333
Blue
Steel
20
0.046
325
Green
Steel
10
0.46
328
Red
Aluminium
10
0.046
301
Magenta
Figure 10: Average temperature of the polyurethane part as function of time and cooling
conditions.
Clearly, the thermal conductivity of the mold material is the most important factor in
this comparison, followed by flow rate and surface roughness of the cooling channels.
Assuming that 340 K is an acceptable temperature at the end of the production cycle,
it can be found that changing the mold material reduces the cooling time by 67%,
increasing the flow rate reduces the cooling time by 17%, and increasing surface
roughness reduces the cooling time by 11%.
References
1. S.W. Churchill, Friction factor equations span all fluid-flow regimes, Chem. Eng.,
vol. 84, no. 24, p.91, 1997.
2. F.P. Incropera, D.P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th ed.,
John Wiley & Sons, pp. 486487, 2002.
3. V. Gnielinski, New Equation for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and
Channel Flow, Int. Chem. Eng. vol. 16, p. 359, 1976.
11 |
Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
T_init_mold
473.15[K]
T_coolant
288.15[K]
Step 1
Create a smooth step function to decrease the coolant temperature at the beginning of
the process.
1 Right-click Global Definitions and choose Functions>Step.
2 In the Step settings window, locate the Parameters section.
12 |
Variables 1
1 Right-click Global Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
T_inlet
T_coolant+(T_init_moldT_coolant)*step1(t[1/s])
GEOMETRY 1
First, import the steering wheel part from a CAD design file.
Import 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose
Import.
13 |
Second, draw the mold and cooling channels. To simplify this step, insert a prepared
geometry sequence from file. After insertion you can study each geometry step in
the sequence.
6 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Insert Sequence from
File.
7 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
mold_cooling_geom_sequence.mph.
Explicit 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Selections>Explicit.
2 In the Explicit settings window, locate the Input Entities section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Edge.
Select one segment of the upper channel and one segment of the lower.
4 Select Edges 6 and 7 only.
14 |
5 Select the Group by continuous tangent check box to select entire channels.
edit field.
8 Click OK.
MATERIALS
The next step is to specify material properties for the model. Select water and steel from
the built-in materials database.
Material Browser
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Open
Material Browser.
2 In the Material Browser settings window, In the tree, select Built-In>Water, liquid.
3 Click Add to Current Geometry.
Water, liquid
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Water, liquid.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Edge.
4 From the Selection list, choose Cooling channels.
Material Browser
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Open Material Browser.
2 In the Material Browser settings window, In the tree, select Built-In>Steel AISI 4340.
3 Click Add to Current Geometry.
15 |
Material 3
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
3 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Thermal conductivity
0.32
Density
rho
1250
Cp
1540
field.
7 Click OK.
NON-ISOTHERMAL PIPE FLOW
1 In the Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow settings window, locate the Edge Selection section.
2 From the Selection list, choose Cooling channels.
Pipe Properties 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow click Pipe
Properties 1.
2 In the Pipe Properties settings window, locate the Pipe Shape section.
3 From the list, choose Round.
4 In the di edit field, type 1[cm].
5 Locate the Flow Resistance section. From the Surface roughness list, choose
Commercial steel (0.046 mm).
Temperature 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow click
Temperature 1.
16 |
Inlet 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow and choose the
Heat Outflow 1
1 Right-click Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow and choose the point condition Heat Transfer
in Pipes>Heat Outflow.
2 Select Points 269 and 270 only.
Initial Values 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow click Initial
Values 1.
2 In the Initial Values settings window, locate the Initial Values section.
3 In the u edit field, type 0.1.
4 In the T edit field, type T_init_mold.
H E A T TR A N S F E R I N S O L I D S
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Model 1>Heat Transfer in Solids node, then
17 |
Heat Flux 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Heat Transfer in Solids and choose Heat Flux.
2 In the Heat Flux settings window, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose All boundaries.
4 Locate the Heat Flux section. Click the Inward heat flux button.
5 In the h edit field, type 2.
MESH 1
Edge 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose More
Operations>Edge.
2 In the Edge settings window, locate the Edge Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Cooling channels.
Size 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Mesh 1>Edge 1 and choose Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Element Size section.
3 From the Predefined list, choose Extra fine.
Free Tetrahedral 1
In the Model Builder window, right-click Mesh 1 and choose Free Tetrahedral.
Size 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Free Tetrahedral 1
18 |
Data Sets
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Data Sets and choose Solution.
2 Right-click Results>Data Sets>Solution 2 and choose Add Selection.
3 In the Selection settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
4 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Domain.
5 Select Domain 2 only.
6 In the Model Builder window, right-click Data Sets and choose Solution.
7 Right-click Results>Data Sets>Solution 3 and choose Add Selection.
8 In the Selection settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
9 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
10 Select Boundaries 3 and 5 only.
Temperature (nipfl)
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Temperature (nipfl) node, then
Temperature (ht)
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Temperature (ht).
2 In the 3D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
19 |
3D Plot Group 6
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 3D Plot Group.
2 Right-click 3D Plot Group 6 and choose Surface.
3 In the Surface settings window, locate the Data section.
4 From the Data set list, choose Solution 3.
5 In the Model Builder window, right-click 3D Plot Group 6 and choose Slice.
6 In the Slice settings window, locate the Plane Data section.
7 In the Planes edit field, type 4.
8 Click to expand the Inherit Style section. From the Plot list, choose Surface 1.
9 Right-click 3D Plot Group 6 and choose Surface.
10 In the Surface settings window, locate the Data section.
11 From the Data set list, choose Solution 2.
12 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
13 From the Color list, choose Gray.
14 Right-click 3D Plot Group 6 and choose Line.
15 In the Line settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the
Expression section. From the menu, choose Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow (Heat Transfer
in Pipes)>Temperature (T).
16 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Line type list, choose Tube.
17 In the Tube radius expression edit field, type 0.5*nipfl.dh.
18 Select the Radius scale factor check box.
19 From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
20 From the Color list, choose Blue.
21 Click the Plot button.
20 |
Derived Values
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Derived Values and choose
Average>Volume Average.
2 In the Volume Average settings window, locate the Selection section.
3 Click Paste Selection.
4 Go to the Paste Selection dialog box.
5 In the Selection edit field, type 2.
6 Click the OK button.
7 Click the Evaluate button.
8 In the Table window, click Table Graph.
21 |
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
Electroosmotic Micromixer
Electroosmotic Micromixer
Preview
Particle release(Inlet, Release) Mesh based (refine^dimension)
Refinement factor = 1
Refinement factor = 3
Preview
Particle release(Inlet, Release) Density
The resulting distribution will look a bit random, and it will depend on
the order in which the mesh elements are numbered.
Expression = 1
Expression = x+y2
Preview
Particle release Grid(Release of grid), uniform density(inlet)
Release uniformly from 0.3 to 0.7
Preview
Bounce
- This option specularly reflects from the wall such that the particle momentum is conserved.
- This option is not available for Massless particle tracing
- This option is typically used when tracing microscopic particles in a fluid.
Freeze
- This option (default) fixes the particle position and velocity at the instant a wall is struck.
- This is useful to recover the velocity and energy distribution function of particles when
they strike the wall
- Used to compute the ion energy distribution function in plasma models
Stick
- This option fixes the particle position at the instant the wall is struck.
- This can be used if the velocity or energy of the particles striking a wall is not of interest.
Preview
Disappear
- This option means that the particle is not displayed once it has made contact with the wall.
- This option should be used if display of the particle location after contact with the wall is
not of interest.
Diffuse reflection
General reflection
Model
Mixing
Inlet
Electroosmotic velocity
Outlet
Property
Density
Dynamic viscosity
Name
rho
mu
Value
1e3[kg/m^3]
1e-3[Pa*s]
0.11845[S/m]
80.2
Physics
Electric Currents + Laminar Flow + Transport of Diluted Species
Navier-stokes equation
(Compressible flow)
Ohms law
Convection-diffusion equation
Modeling - condition
1 [mol/]
0 [mol/]
Result
Inlet
0.1 [mm/s]
Outlet
Wall condition
Electroosmotic velcity
Electroosmotic Micromixer 1
Introduction
Microlaboratories for biochemical applications often require rapid mixing of different
fluid streams. At the microscale, flow is usually highly ordered laminar flow, and the
lack of turbulence makes diffusion the primary mechanism for mixing. While
diffusional mixing of small molecules (and therefore of rapidly diffusing species) can
occur in a matter of seconds over distances of tens of micrometers, mixing of larger
molecules such as peptides, proteins, and high molecular-weight nucleic acids can
require equilibration times from minutes to hours over comparable distances. Such
delays are impractically long for many chemical analyses. These problems have led to
an intense search for more efficient mixers for microfluidic systems.
Most microscale mixing devices are either passive mixers that use geometrical stirring,
or active mixers that use moving parts or external forces, such as pressure or electric
field.
In a passive mixer, one way of increasing the mixing is by shredding two or several
fluids into very thin alternating layers, which decreases the average diffusion length for
the molecules between the different fluids. However, these mixers often require very
long mixing channels because the different fluids often run in parallel. Another way of
improving mixing efficiency is to use active mixers with moving parts that stir the
fluids. At the microscale level moving parts in an active mixer are very fragile. One
alternative is to use electroosmotic effects to achieve a mixing effect that is
perpendicular to the main direction of the flow.
This model takes advantage of electroosmosis to mix fluids. The system applies a
time-dependent electric field, and the resulting electroosmosis perturbs the parallel
streamlines in the otherwise highly ordered laminar flow.
Model Definition
This example of a rather simple micromixer geometry (Figure 1) combines two fluids
entering from different inlets into a single 10 m wide channel. The fluids then enter
a ring-shaped mixing chamber that has four microelectrodes placed on the outer wall
at angular positions of 45, 135, 45, and 135 degrees, respectively. Assume that the
1. This model is courtesy of H. Chen, Y. T. Zhang, I. Mezic, C. D. Meinhart, and L. Petzold of the University
of California, Santa Barbara (Ref. 1 and Ref. 2).
1 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
aspect ratio (channel depth to width) is large enough that you can model the mixer
using a 2D cross-sectional geometry. The material parameters relevant for the model
are given in Table 1.
V0sin(t)
V0sin(t)
1
10 m
V0sin(t)
V0sin(t)
Figure 1: Geometry of the micromixer with four symmetric electrodes on the wall of the
mixing chamber. This example does not model the two inlet channels. Here you assume a
parabolic inflow at the beginning of the computational domain (the gray area).
The Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow describe the flow in the channels:
u
T
( u + ( u ) ) + u u + p = 0
t
u = 0
Here denotes the dynamic viscosity (kg/(ms)), u is the velocity (m/s), equals the
fluid density (kg/m3), and p refers to the pressure (Pa).
Because you do not model the two inlet channels, assume that the entrance channel
starts at a position where the flow has a fully developed laminar profile. The mixed fluid
flows freely out of the right end boundary, where you specify vanishing total stress
components normal to the boundary:
T
n [ pI + ( u + ( u ) ) ] = 0
When brought into contact with an electrolyte, most solid surfaces acquire a surface
charge. In response to the spontaneously formed surface charge, a charged solution
forms close to the liquid-solid interface. Known as an electric double layer, it forms
because of the charged groups located on the surface that faces the solution. When the
operator applies an electric field, the electric field generating the electroosmotic flow
displaces the charged liquid in the electric double layer. This scheme imposes a force
on the positively charged solution close to the wall surface, and the fluid starts to flow
2 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
in the direction of the electric field. The velocity gradients perpendicular to the wall
give rise to viscous transport in this direction. In the absence of other forces, the
velocity profile eventually becomes almost uniform in the cross section perpendicular
to the wall.
This model replaces the thin electric double layer with the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski
relation between the electroosmotic velocity and the tangential component of the
applied electric field:
w 0
u = ------------ TV
3 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
c
----- + ( Dc ) = R u c
t
(1)
VALUE
1000 kg/m3
10-3 Pas
DESCRIPTION
U0
0.1 mm/s
80.2
-0.1 V
0.11845 S/m
10-11 m2/s
Diffusion coefficient
c0
1 mol/m3
Initial concentration
4 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Figure 3: Electric potential lines for an electroosmotic micromixer. The contour lines show
the shape when the device uses maximal potentials (V0).
5 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
The following plots further exemplify how the mixer operates. Figure 4 shows the
concentration at steady state when the electric field is not applied. The flow is laminar
and the diffusion coefficient is very small, so the two fluids are well separated also at
the outlet. When the alternating electric field is applied, the mixing increases
considerably owing to the alternating swirls in the flow. Figure 5 depicts the system at
the instant when the electric field and the electroosmotic velocity have their largest
magnitudes during the cycle (that is, when |sin t| = 1). From the plot you can
estimate that the concentration at the output fluctuates with the same frequency as the
electric field. Thus, this mixer should be further improved to get a steadier output.
6 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Figure 5: Time-dependent solution at the time when the alternating electric field has its
largest magnitude.
This example demonstrates a rather simple and effective use of electrokinetic forces for
mixing. The scheme is easy to implement, and you can easily control both the
amplitude and the frequency. At low Reynold numbers the inertial forces are small,
which makes it possible to calculate stationary streamlines patterns using the
parametric solver to control amplitude.
7 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Because you can model the time-dependent electric field as a product of a stationary
electric field and a time-dependent phase factor (sint), it is possible to reduce the
simulation time and memory requirements by dividing the solution into two stages. In
the first, calculate the amplitude of the electric potential field and the initial state for
the time-dependent flow model using a stationary solver. In the second stage, you
deactivate the Electric Currents interface and calculate the transient solution for the
Laminar Flow and the Transport of Diluted Species interfaces. You obtain the
tangential electric field components used in the electroosmotic velocity boundary
condition by multiplying the stationary DC solution by sin(t). This approach is
permissible because there is only a one-way coupling between the electric field and the
fluid fields.
References
1. H. Chen, Y.T. Zhang, I. Mezic, C.D. Meinhart, and L. Petzold, Numerical
Simulation of an Electroosmotic Micromixer, Proc Microfluidics 2003 (ASME
IMECE), 2003.
2. Y.T. Zhang, H. Chen, I. Mezic, C.D. Meinhart, L. Petzold, and N.C. MacDonald,
SOI Processing of a Ring Electrokinetic Chaotic Micromixer, Proc NSTI
Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show (Nanotech 2004), vol. 1, pp. 292295,
2004.
3. E. Cummings, S. Griffiths, R. Nilson, and P. Paul, Conditions for Similitude
Between the Fluid Velocity and the Electric Field in Electroosmotic Flow, Anal.
Chem., vol. 72, pp. 25262532, 2000.
Modeling Instructions
NEW
8 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
2 In the Select physics tree, select Fluid Flow>Single-Phase Flow>Laminar Flow (spf).
3 Click the Add button.
4 In the Select physics tree, select AC/DC>Electric Currents (ec).
5 Click the Add button.
6 In the Select physics tree, select Chemical Species Transport>Transport of Diluted
Species (chds).
7 Click the Add button.
8 Click the Study button.
9 In the tree, select Preset Studies for Selected Physics>Stationary.
10 Click the Done button.
GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 On the Home toolbar, click Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
9 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Expression
Value
Description
U0
0.1[mm/s]
1.000E-4 m/s
sigma_w
0.11845[S/m]
0.1185 S/m
eps_r
80.2
80.20
Relative permittivity of
the fluid
zeta
-0.1[V]
-0.1000 V
Zeta potential
V0
0.1[V]
0.1000 V
omega
2*pi[rad]*8[Hz]
50.27 Hz
0[s]
1e-11[m^2/s]
1.000E-11 m/s
Diffusion coefficient of
the solution
c0
1[mol/m^3]
1.000 mol/m
Initial concentration
0s
Start time
You need the constant t (used in the scalar expressions below) when first solving the
model using a stationary solver. In the time-dependent simulation, the internal time
variable, t, overwrites this constant.
Now define a smoothed step function that you will later use to impose a step in the
concentration in the middle of the channel entrance.
Step 1
1 On the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Step.
2 In the Step settings window, click to expand the Smoothing section.
3 In the Size of transition zone edit field, type 0.1e-6.
GEOMETRY 1
Rectangle 1
1 Right-click Component 1>Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 80.
10 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Circle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 15.
4 Click the Build Selected button.
Circle 2
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 5.
4 Click the Build Selected button.
Compose 1
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Compose.
2 Click the Select All button in the Graphics window to select all objects.
3 In the Compose settings window, locate the Compose section.
4 In the Set formula edit field, type (r1+c1)-c2.
5 Clear the Keep interior boundaries check box.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
To add vertices for the electrode endpoints on the outer boundary, first add a square
whose boundaries intersect the outer circle at the desired locations.
Square 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Square.
2 In the Square settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Side length edit field, type 22.27.
4 Locate the Position section. From the Base list, choose Center.
11 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Next, remove the parts of the square not contained inside the mixer geometry.
Compose 2
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Compose.
2 Select both objects (co1 and sq1).
3 In the Compose settings window, locate the Compose section.
4 In the Set formula edit field, type co1*sq1+co1.
12 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Point 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Point.
2 In the Point settings window, locate the Point section.
3 In the x edit field, type -40.
4 Click the Build Selected button.
13 |
ELECTROOSMOTIC MICROMIXER
Form Union
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 >Geometry 1 right-click Form Union
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Materials and choose
New Material.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Unit
Property group
Density
rho
1e3[kg/m^3]
kg/m
Basic
Dynamic viscosity
mu
1e-3[Pa*s]
Pas
Basic
Electrical conductivity
sigma
sigma_w
S/m
Basic
Relative permittivity
epsilonr
eps_r
Basic
LAMINAR FLOW
1 In the Model Builder windows toolbar, click the Show button and select Discretization
in the menu.
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Using higher-order elements can improve the accuracy of the solution significantly
for low Reynolds number flows such as those in this model.
Inlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Inlet.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 3 only.
An alternative to left clicking to select these boundaries, is to click the Paste Selection
button in the Boundary Selection section of the Settings window and enter the
boundary numbers in the dialog box that appears. Another possibility is to copy the
text '1 and 3' from this document, click in the Selection box, and then press Ctrl+V.
3 In the Inlet settings window, locate the Boundary Condition section.
4 From the Boundary condition list, choose Laminar inflow.
5 Locate the Laminar Inflow section. In the Uav edit field, type U0.
6 Select the Constrain endpoints to zero check box.
Outlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Outlet.
2 Select Boundary 7 only.
Wall 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Laminar Flow click Wall 1.
2 In the Wall settings window, locate the Boundary Condition section.
3 From the Boundary condition list, choose Electroosmotic velocity.
4 Specify the E vector as
ec.Ex*sin(omega*t)
ec.Ey*sin(omega*t)
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ELECTRIC CURRENTS
Electric Potential 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 click Electric Currents.
2 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Electric Potential.
3 Select Boundaries 10 and 21 only.
4 In the Electric Potential settings window, locate the Electric Potential section.
5 In the V0 edit field, type -V0.
Electric Potential 2
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Electric Potential.
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3 In the Electric Potential settings window, locate the Electric Potential section.
4 In the V0 edit field, type V0.
TR A N S P O R T O F D I L U T E D S P E C I E S
Raise the element order to match that of the Laminar Flow interface.
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 click Transport of Diluted Species.
2 In the Transport of Diluted Species settings window, click to expand the Discretization
section.
3 From the Concentration list, choose Quadratic.
Concentration 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Concentration.
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Outflow 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Outflow.
2 Select Boundary 7 only.
MESH 1
Size
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Free
Triangular.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Element Size section.
3 From the Predefined list, choose Extra fine.
Size 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 >Mesh 1 right-click Free Triangular
1 and choose Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
4 Select Boundaries 10, 11, 20, and 21 only.
5 Locate the Element Size section. Click the Custom button.
6 Locate the Element Size Parameters section. Select the Maximum element size check
box.
7 In the associated edit field, type 0.2.
8 Select the Maximum element growth rate check box.
9 In the associated edit field, type 1.1.
Size 2
1 Right-click Free Triangular 1 and choose Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Point.
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box.
7 In the associated edit field, type 0.1.
8 Select the Maximum element growth rate check box.
9 In the associated edit field, type 1.1.
10 Click the Build All button.
STUDY 1
Set up the study to start by computing the stationary solution for velocity, pressure,
concentration, and electric potential. Then, add a transient simulation stage that solves
only for the variables of the Laminar Flow and Transport of Diluted Species interfaces.
Begin by adding a study step for the transient part.
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4 Locate the Physics and Variables Selection section. In the table, enter the following
Solve for
Discretization
Electric Currents
physics
This is convenient if you want to create specialized plots while keeping the number
of plot groups down.
8 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.
RESULTS
The following instructions show how to reproduce the plots in the Results and
Discussion section.
2D Plot Group 1
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 In the 2D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Time (s) list, choose 0.0375.
4 Right-click Results>2D Plot Group 1 and choose Streamline.
5 In the Streamline settings window, locate the Streamline Positioning section.
6 From the Positioning list, choose Uniform density.
7 In the Separating distance edit field, type 0.01.
8 On the 2D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
9 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
10 Click the Zoom In button on the Graphics toolbar.
2D Plot Group 2
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 In the 2D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Time (s) list, choose 0.0375.
4 Right-click Results>2D Plot Group 2 and choose Contour.
5 In the Contour settings window, locate the Expression section.
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6 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the Expression section. From
2D Plot Group 3
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 2D Plot Group 3 and choose
Surface.
3 In the Surface settings window, locate the Expression section.
4 Click Transport of Diluted Species>Species c>Concentration (c) in the Replace
expression menu.
5 In the Model Builder window, right-click 2D Plot Group 3 and choose Streamline.
6 In the Streamline settings window, locate the Streamline Positioning section.
7 From the Positioning list, choose Uniform density.
8 In the Separating distance edit field, type 0.01.
9 In the Model Builder window, click 2D Plot Group 3.
10 In the 2D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
11 From the Time (s) list, choose 0.
12 On the 2D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
13 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
14 Click the Zoom In button on the Graphics toolbar.
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COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
Fluid-Structure Interaction
Fluid-Structure Interaction
Model
Fluid
Flow
Solid
Physics
Solid Mechnics + Laminar Flow + Moving Mesh = Fluid-Structure Interaction
Navier-Stokes
equations
Inlet velocity
Fluid-solid interface
Modeling - condition
Flow
Fluid
Solid
Fixed
Inlet
U*t^2/sqrt(t^4-0.07[s^2]*t^2+0.0016[s^4]) [m/s]
Outlet
0 [Pa]
Result
Fluid-Structure Interaction
Introduction
The following example demonstrates techniques for modeling fluid-structure
interactions in COMSOL Multiphysics. It illustrates how fluid flow can deform
structures and how to solve for the flow in a continuously deforming geometry using
the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) technique.
The model geometry consists of a horizontal flow channel in the middle of which is an
obstacle, a narrow vertical structure (Figure 1). The fluid flows from left to right,
except where the obstacle forces it into a narrow path in the upper part of the channel,
and it imposes a force on the structures walls resulting from the viscous drag and fluid
pressure. The structure, being made of a deformable material, bends under the applied
load. Consequently, the fluid flow also follows a new path, so solving the flow in the
original geometry would generate incorrect results.
The ALE method handles the dynamics of the deforming geometry and the moving
boundaries with a moving grid. COMSOL Multiphysics computes new mesh
coordinates on the channel area based on the movement of the structures boundaries
and mesh smoothing. The Navier-Stokes equations that solve the flow are formulated
for these moving coordinates.
The structural mechanics portion of the model does not require the ALE method, and
COMSOL Multiphysics solves it in a fixed coordinate system as usual. However, the
strains the model computes in this way are the only source for computing the
deformed coordinates with ALE.
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Figure 1: Fluid flows into this horizontal flow channel from the left, and it enters with a
parabolic velocity profile. A narrow vertical structure in the channel (the straight vertical
structure) forces the flow into a narrow path. Due to fluid pressure and viscous drag, the
originally vertical structure bends. This simulation models the fluid flow in a deformed,
moving mesh that follows the movement of the bending structure.
Model Definition
In this example the flow channel is 100 m high and 300 m long. The vertical
structure5 m wide, 50 m high, and with a semicircular topsits 100 m away
from the channels left boundary. Assume that the structure is long in the direction
perpendicular to the image.
The fluid is a water-like substance with a density = 1000 kg/m3 and dynamic
viscosity = 0.001 Pas. To demonstrate the desired techniques, assume the structure
consists of a flexible material with a density = 7850 kg/m3 and Youngs modulus
E = 200 kPa.
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FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
FLUID FLOW
u
T
[ p I + ( u + ( u ) ) ] + ( ( u um ) )u = F
t
u = 0
(1)
In these equations, I denotes the unit diagonal matrix and F is the volume force
affecting the fluid. Assume that no gravitation or other volume forces affect the fluid,
so that F = 0. The coordinate system velocity is um = (um, vm).
At the channel entrance on the left, the flow has fully developed laminar characteristics
with a parabolic velocity profile but its amplitude changes with time. At first flow
increases rapidly, reaching its peak value at 0.215 s; thereafter it gradually decreases to
a steady-state value of 5 cm/s. The centerline velocity in the x direction, uin (see
Figure 4), with the steady-state amplitude U comes from the equation
2
Ut
u in = ----------------------------------------------------------2 2
2
( 0.04 t ) + ( 0.1t )
(2)
The structural deformations are solved for using an elastic formulation and a nonlinear
geometry formulation to allow large deformations.
The obstacle is fixed to the bottom of the fluid channel. All other object boundaries
experience a load from the fluid, given by
T
F T = n ( p I + ( u + ( u ) ) )
(3)
where n is the normal vector to the boundary. This load represents a sum of pressure
and viscous forces.
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MOVING MESH
The Navier-Stokes equations are solved on a freely moving deformed mesh, which
constitutes the fluid domain. The deformation of this mesh relative to the initial shape
of the domain is computed using Winslow smoothing. This is the default smoothing
when using the Fluid-Structure Interaction interface. For more information, please
refer to the Fluid-Structure Interaction interface in the MEMS Module Users Guide.
Inside the obstacle, the moving mesh follows the deformations of the obstacle. At the
exterior boundaries of the flow domain, the deformation is set to zero in all directions.
Figure 2: Flow velocity and geometry deformation at t = 4 s. The streamlines indicate the
flow direction and the color indicates flow-velocity magnitude.
Figure 3 shows the mesh velocity at t = 0.15 s. The boundaries of the narrow structure
are the only moving boundaries of the flow channel. Therefore the mesh velocity also
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FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
has its largest values near the structure. Depending on the current state of the
deformationwhether it is increasing, decreasing or stationarythe mesh velocity can
have a very different distribution. Figure 4 further illustrates this point; it compares the
average inflow velocity to the horizontal mesh velocity and the horizontal mesh
displacement just beside the top of the structure. Most of the time the deformation
follows the inflow velocity quite closely. Whenever the inflow velocity starts to
decrease, the deformation also decreases, which you can observe as the negative values
on the horizontal mesh velocity. Toward the end of the simulation, when inflow and
structure deformation approach their steady-state values, the mesh velocity also
decreases to zero.
Figure 3: Mesh velocity (arrows) and mesh and geometry deformation at t = 0.15 s.
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Figure 4: Inflow velocity, horizontal mesh velocity, and mesh deformation. The blue curve
shows the average x direction velocity at the inflow boundary (m/s); the green shows
104 mesh displacement in the x direction (dx_ale; m) at the geometry point
(1.0510-4, 0.510-4); and the red curve shows 103 mesh velocity in the x direction (xt; m/
s), also at the point (1.0510-4, 0.510-4).
Figure 5 compares the meshes at different times. The first image shows the initial
mesh, which you generate prior to solving the model. This mesh is equally distributed
around the top of the structure. The second image shows the mesh in its deformed
form. Because the structure deforms more in the horizontal direction, the mesh also
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changes more in this direction: On the left, the mesh elements are stretched; on the
right, they are compressed in the x direction.
Figure 5: Geometry and mesh near the top of the structure at t = 0 s and 2 s.
Modeling Instructions
1 From the File menu, choose New.
NEW
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Parameters
1 On the Home toolbar, click Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Value
Description
3.33[cm/s]
0.03330 m/s
100[um]
1.000E-4 m
Channel height
Variables 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Unit
Description
u_mean
U*t^2/sqrt(t^4-0.07[s^2]*t^2
+0.0016[s^4])
m/s
GEOMETRY 1
Rectangle 1 (r1)
1 Right-click Component 1 (comp1)>Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 300.
4 In the Height edit field, type H.
5 Click the Build All Objects button.
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Rectangle 2 (r2)
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 5.
4 In the Height edit field, type 47.5.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 100.
6 Click the Build All Objects button.
Fillet 1 (fil1)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Fillet.
2 On the object r2, select Points 3 and 4 only.
3 In the Fillet settings window, locate the Radius section.
4 In the Radius edit field, type 2.5.
5 Click the Build All Objects button.
By default the Fluid-Structure Interaction interface treats all domains as fluid. Add the
appropriate domain selection to the default node for the solid domain and proceed to
the material specification.
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FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Materials and choose
New Material.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Unit
Property group
Density
rho
1e3
kg/m
Basic
Dynamic viscosity
mu
1e-3
Pas
Basic
Material 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose New Material.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
3 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Unit
Property group
Young's modulus
2e5
Pa
Basic
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.33
Basic
Density
rho
7850
kg/m
Basic
FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
choose Hyperelastic.
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Inlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Inlet.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
3 In the Inlet settings window, locate the Velocity section.
4 In the U0 edit field, type u_mean*6*(H-Y)*Y/H^2.
This gives a parabolic velocity profile with the specified mean velocity appropriate for
laminar inflow. If you have a license for the CFD Module or Microfluidics Module, you
can use the predefined Laminar inflow boundary condition with average velocity
u_mean- a boundary condition that works for general inlet shapes.
Outlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Outlet.
2 Select Boundary 8 only.
Fixed Constraint 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Fixed Constraint.
2 Select Boundary 5 only.
MESH 1
Free Triangular 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Free
Triangular.
2 In the Free Triangular settings window, locate the Domain Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Entire geometry.
Size
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Mesh 1 click Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Element Size section.
3 From the Predefined list, choose Fine.
4 From the Calibrate for list, choose Fluid dynamics.
5 Click the Build All button.
STUDY 1
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FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
2 In the Time Dependent settings window, locate the Study Settings section.
3 In the Times edit field, type range(0,0.005,0.75) range(1,0.25,4).
4 Select the Relative tolerance check box.
5 In the associated edit field, type 0.0001.
6 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.
You can ignore the non-ideal constraints related warning shown in the log.
RESULTS
Proceed to reproduce Figure 2, which shows the streamlines instead of the arrows.
3 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Flow and Stress (fsi) right-click Arrow
Surface 1 and choose Disable.
4 Right-click Flow and Stress (fsi) and choose Streamline.
5 In the Streamline settings window, locate the Expression section.
6 Select Fluid Structure Interaction (Laminar Flow)>Velocity field (Spatial)
(u_fluid,...,v_fluid) from the menu that appears when clicking Replace Expression in
the upper-right corner of the section. Locate the Streamline Positioning section.
From the Positioning list, choose Start point controlled.
7 From the Entry method list, choose Coordinates.
8 In the x edit field, type 0^(range(1,15)) 125*1^(range(1,2)).
9 In the y edit field, type range(0,100/14,100) 20 5.
10 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Color list, choose Red.
11 On the 2D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
Export
1 On the Results toolbar, click Player.
2 In the Player settings window, locate the Animation Editing section.
3 From the Time selection list, choose Interpolated.
4 In the Times (s) edit field, type range(0.025,0.025,0.5).
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To inspect the deformed geometry and deformed mesh near the top of the structure
(Figure 5), proceed with the following steps.
Data Sets
1 On the Results toolbar, click More Data Sets and choose Solution.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Data Sets right-click Solution 2 and
2D Plot Group 3
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 In the 2D Plot Group settings window, locate the Plot Settings section.
3 From the Frame list, choose Spatial (x, y, z).
4 Locate the Data section. From the Time (s) list, choose 0.
5 Right-click Results>2D Plot Group 3 and choose Surface.
6 In the Surface settings window, locate the Expression section.
7 In the Expression edit field, type 1.
8 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
9 From the Color list, choose Blue.
10 Select the Wireframe check box.
11 Click to expand the Quality section. On the 2D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
12 In the Model Builder window, right-click 2D Plot Group 3 and choose Surface.
13 In the Surface settings window, locate the Data section.
14 From the Data set list, choose Solution 2.
15 From the Time (s) list, choose 0.
16 Locate the Expression section. In the Expression edit field, type 1.
17 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
Click the Zoom Box button on the Graphics toolbar and then use the mouse to zoom
in on the obstacle.
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click 2D Plot Group 3.
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Finally, plot the horizontal mesh velocity, the mesh deformation at the point beside the
top of the structure, and inflow velocity (Figure 4).
1D Plot Group 4
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Global.
3 In the Global settings window, locate the y-axis data section.
4 Choose Definitions>Inlet mean velocity (u_mean) from the Replace expression menu,
accessible from the upper-right corner of the section. On the 1D plot group toolbar,
click Plot.
Data Sets
1 On the Results toolbar, click Cut Point 2D.
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2 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Point Data section.
3 In the x edit field, type 105.
4 In the y edit field, type 50.
1D Plot Group 4
1 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Point Graph.
2 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Data set list, choose Cut Point 2D 1.
4 Locate the y-Axis Data section. In the Expression edit field, type xt.
5 From the Unit list, choose mm/s.
6 Click to expand the Legends section. Select the Show legends check box.
7 From the Legends list, choose Manual.
8 In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Mesh velocity in the x direction (mm/s)
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