APPENDIX

PROPERTY T ABLES A N D
CHARTS (SI UNITS)
TABLE A1
TABLE A2
TABLE A3
TABLE A4
TABLE A5
TABLE A6
TABLE A7
TABLE A8
TABLE A9
TABLE A10
TABLE A11
TABLE A12
TABLE A13
TABLE A14
TABLE A15
TABLE A16
TABLE A17
TABLE A18
TABLE A19
FIGURE A20

Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of

some substances 866
Boiling and freezing point properties 867
Properties of solid metals 868870
Properties of solid nonmetals 871
Properties of building materials 872873
Properties of insulating materials 874
Properties of common foods 875876
Properties of miscellaneous materials 877
Properties of saturated water 878
Properties of saturated refrigerant134a 879
Properties of saturated ammonia 880
Properties of saturated propane 881
Properties of liquids 882
Properties of liquid metals 883
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 884
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 885886
Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 887
Emissivities of surfaces 888889
Solar radiative properties of materials 890
The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed
flow in circular pipes 891

865

2
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 1
Molar mass, gas constant, and ideal-gas specific heats of some substances
Specific Heat Data at 25 C
Substance
Air
Ammonia, NH3
Argon, Ar
Bromine, Br2
Isobutane, C4H10
n-Butane, C4H10
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Carbon monoxide, CO
Chlorine, Cl2
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), CHCIF2
Ethane, C2H6
Ethylene, C2H4
Fluorine, F2
Helium, He
n-Heptane, C7H16
n-Hexane, C6H14
Hydrogen, H2
Krypton, Kr
Methane, CH4
Neon, Ne
Nitrogen, N2
Nitric oxide, NO
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
Oxygen, O2
n-Pentane, C5H12
Propane, C3H8
Propylene, C3H6
Steam, H2O
Sulfur dioxide, SO2
Tetrachloromethane, CCI4
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), C2H2F4
Trifluoroethane (R-143a), C2H3F3
Xenon, Xe

Molar Mass
M, kg/kmol
28.97
17.03
39.95
159.81
58.12
58.12
44.01
28.01
70.905
86.47
30.070
28.054
38.00
4.003
100.20
86.18
2.016
83.80
16.04
20.183
28.01
30.006
46.006
32.00
72.15
44.097
42.08
18.015
64.06
153.82
102.03
84.04
131.30

Gas Constant
R, kJ/kgK*
0.2870
0.4882
0.2081
0.05202
0.1430
0.1430
0.1889
0.2968
0.1173
0.09615
0.2765
0.2964
0.2187
2.077
0.08297
0.09647
4.124
0.09921
0.5182
0.4119
0.2968
0.2771
0.1889
0.2598
0.1152
0.1885
0.1976
0.4615
0.1298
0.05405
0.08149
0.09893
0.06332

*The unit kJ/kgK is equivalent to kPam3/kgK. The gas constant is calculated from R
constant and M is the molar mass.

cp, kJ/kgK

cv, kJ/kgK

1.005
2.093
0.5203
0.2253
1.663
1.694
0.8439
1.039
0.4781
0.6496
1.744
1.527
0.8237
5.193
1.649
1.654
14.30
0.2480
2.226
1.030
1.040
0.9992
0.8060
0.9180
1.664
1.669
1.531
1.865
0.6228
0.5415
0.8334
0.9291
0.1583

0.7180
1.605
0.3122
0.1732
1.520
1.551
0.6550
0.7417
0.3608
0.5535
1.468
1.231
0.6050
3.116
1.566
1.558
10.18
0.1488
1.708
0.6180
0.7429
0.7221
0.6171
0.6582
1.549
1.480
1.333
1.403
0.4930
0.4875
0.7519
0.8302
0.09499

RU /M, where RU

cp /cv

1.400
1.304
1.667
1.300
1.094
1.092
1.288
1.400
1.325
1.174
1.188
1.241
1.362
1.667
1.053
1.062
1.405
1.667
1.303
1.667
1.400
1.384
1.306
1.395
1.074
1.127
1.148
1.329
1.263
1.111
1.108
1.119
1.667

8.31447 kJ/kmolK is the universal gas

Source: Specific heat values are obtained primarily from the property routines prepared by The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
Gaithersburg, MD.

T ABL E A 2
Boiling and freezing point properties
Boiling Data at l atm

Substance
Ammonia

Normal Latent Heat of

Boiling
Vaporization
Point, C
hfg, kJ/kg
33.3

1357

Freezing Data
Freezing
Point, C
77.7

Liquid Properties

Latent Heat
of Fusion Temperature, Density
hif, kJ/kg
C
r, kg/m3
322.4

Argon
Benzene
Brine (20% sodium
chloride by mass)
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
Helium
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Kerosene
Mercury
Methane

185.9
80.2

161.6
394

189.3
5.5

103.9
0.5
78.4*
78.2
78.6
198.1
179.9
268.9
252.8
11.7
204293
356.7
161.5

385.2
230.5 (at 0 C)
838.3
855
800.1
974
22.8
445.7
367.1
251
294.7
510.4

17.4
138.5
56.6
114.2
156
10.8
18.9

259.2
160
24.9
38.9
182.2

109
108
181.1
200.6

59.5
105.7

11.4
58.4

Methanol
Nitrogen

64.5
195.8

1100
198.6

97.7
210

99.2
25.3

Octane
Oil (light)
Oxygen
Petroleum
Propane

124.8

306.3

57.5

180.7

183

42.1

212.7
230384
427.8

218.8

13.7

187.7

80.0

Refrigerant-134a

Water

26.1

100

216.8

2257

96.6

0.0

28
126

80.3

333.7

Specific
Heat
cp, kJ/kgK

33.3
20
0
25
185.6
20

682
665
639
602
1394
879

4.43
4.52
4.60
4.80
1.14
1.72

20
0.5
0
25
20
20
20
268.9
252.8
11.7
20
25
161.5
100
25
195.8
160
20
25
183
20
42.1
0
50
50
26.1
0
25
0
25
50
75
100

1150
601
298
783
789
1109
1261
146.2
70.7
593.8
820
13,560
423
301
787
809
596
703
910
1141
640
581
529
449
1443
1374
1295
1207
1000
997
988
975
958

3.11
2.31
0.59
2.46
2.84
2.84
2.32
22.8
10.0
2.28
2.00
0.139
3.49
5.79
2.55
2.06
2.97
2.10
1.80
1.71
2.0
2.25
2.53
3.13
1.23
1.27
1.34
1.43
4.22
4.18
4.18
4.19
4.22

* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point
temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5 C.)

T A BLE A 3
Properties of solid metals
Properties at Various Temperatures (K),
k(W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K

Melting
Point,
K

r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

933

2702

903

237

97.1

Alloy 2024-T6
775
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg,
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast
(4.5% Cu)
Beryllium
1550

2770

875

177

73.0

2790
1850

883
1825

Bismuth

545

9780

122

2573

2500

1107

27.0

594

8650

231

96.8

Chromium

2118

7160

449

93.7

Cobalt

1769

8862

421

99.2

Copper:
Pure

1358

8933

385

401

117

1293

8800

420

52

14

1104

8780

355

54

17

1188

8530

380

110

Composition
Aluminum:
Pure

Boron
Cadmium

k
a
106
2
W/mK
m /s 100

168
200
7.86

200

400

600

800

302
482
65

237
798
163

240
949
186

231
1033
186

218
1146

473

787

925

1042

1000

68.2
59.2

174
185
990
301
161
126
106
90.8
203
1114
2191
2604
2823 3018
6.59
16.5
9.69
7.04
112
120
127
9.76 190
55.5
16.8
10.6
9.60 9.85
128
600
1463
1892
2160 2338
48.4
203
99.3
94.7
198
222
242
29.1
159
111
90.9
80.7
71.3 65.4
192
384
484
542
581
616
26.6
167
122
85.4
67.4
58.2 52.1
236
379
450
503
550
628
482
252

393
397
52
160
65

137
395

379
417
59
545
74

149
425

366
433

352
451

17
237
232
190
327
109
172
90

413
356
42
785
41

95
360
19
362
96.8
290
323
124
153
122

43.2
337
311
131
144
133

27.3
348
298
135
138
138

19.8
357
284
140
132
144

17.4
375
270
145
126
153

Commercial bronze
(90% Cu, 10% Al)
Phosphor gear bronze
(89% Cu, 11% Sn)
Cartridge brass
(70% Cu, 30% Zn)
Constantan
(55% Cu, 45% Ni)
Germanium

1493

8920

384

23

1211

5360

322

59.9

Gold

1336

19,300

129

317

Iridium

2720

22,500

130

147

Iron:
Pure

1810

7870

447

80.2

23.1

134
216

94.0
384

69.5
490

54.7
574

43.3 32.8
680
975

7870

447

72.7

20.7

95.6
215

80.6
384

65.7
490

53.1
574

42.2 32.3
680
975

7854

434

60.5

17.7

7832

434

63.9

18.8

7817

446

51.9

14.9

56.7
487
58.7
559
49.8
501

48.0
39.2 30.0
559
685 1169
48.8
39.2 31.3
685
1168
44.0
37.4 29.3
582
699
971

Armco
(99.75% pure)
Carbon steels:
Plain carbon (Mn
Si 0.1%)
AISI 1010

1%

33.9
6.71
34.7
127
50.3

75

487
Carbonsilicon (Mn 1%
0.1% Si 0.6%)

T ABL E A 3
Properties of solid metals (Continued)

Composition

Melting
Point,
K

Carbonmanganesesilicon
(1%
Mn 1.65%
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels:
1 Cr 1 MoSi (0.18% C,
2
4
0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo,
0.6% Si)
1 Cr 12 Mo
(0.16% C, 1% Cr,
0.54% Mo,
0.39% Si)
1 CrV
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr,
0.15% V)
Stainless steels:
AISI 302

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/mK)/cp(J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K
k
W/mK

106
m2/s 100

r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

8131

434

41.0

11.6

42.2
487

39.7
559

7822

444

37.7

10.9

38.2

36.7

7858

442

42.3

12.2

492
42.0

575
39.1

688
969
34.5 27.4

7836

443

48.9

14.1

492
46.8

575
42.1

688
969
36.3 28.2

492

575

688

8055

480

15.1

3.91

7900

477

14.9

3.95

AISI 316

8238

468

13.4

3.48

AISI 347

7978

480

14.2

3.71

AISI 304

1670

Lead

601

11,340

129

Magnesium

923

1740

1024

156

87.6

2894

10,240

251

138

53.7

Molybdenum
Nickel:
Pure

35.3

1728

8900

444

90.7

1672

8400

420

12

24.1

23.0
232
3.4

Nichrome
(80% Ni, 20% Cr)
Inconel X-750
(73% Ni, 15% Cr,
6.7% Fe)
Niobium

1665

8510

439

11.7

3.1

2741

8570

265

53.7

23.6

Palladium

1827

12,020

244

71.8

24.5

Platinum:
Pure

2045

21,450

133

71.6

25.1

Alloy 60Pt40Rh
(60% Pt, 40% Rh)
Rhenium

1800

16,630

162

47

17.4

3453

21,100

136

47.9

16.7

Rhodium

2236

12,450

243

150

49.6

9.2
272

39.7
118
169
649
179
141
164
383

200

12.6
402

36.7
125
159
934
143
224
107
485

400

600

20.0

800

35.0 27.6
685 1090

33.3

17.3
512
16.6
515
15.2
504
15.8
513
34.0
132
153
1074
134
261

18.9
21.9
559
585
31.4
142
149
146
1170
1267
126
118
275
285
65.6
530
16
525
17.0

67.6
562
21
545
20.5

19.8
557
18.3

1000

22.8

26.9

969
25.4

22.6 25.4
582
611
21.3 24.2
24.7
606

112
295
71.8

8.7

10.3

80.2
592
14
480
13.5

55.2
188
76.5
168

372
52.6

473
55.2

510
58.2

546
626
61.3 64.4

71.6
227

73.6
251

79.7
261

86.9 94.2
271
281

77.5
100

72.6
125

58.9
97
186
147

51.0
127
154
220

71.8
136
52

46.1
139
146
253

73.2
141
59

44.2
145
136
274

75.6
146
65

44.1
151
127
293

24.0

78.7
152
69

44.6
156
121
311

6
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 3
Properties of solid metals (Concluded)

Composition

Melting
Point,
K

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K
r
kg/m3

cp
J/kgK

k
W/mK

106
m /s 100
2

Silicon Silver

1685

2330

712

148

Tantalum

1235

10,500

235

429

Thorium Tin

3269

16,600

140

57.5

24.7

Titanium

2023

11,700

118

54.0

39.1

Tungsten

505

7310

227

66.6

40.1

Uranium

1953

4500

522

21.9

3660

19,300

132

1406

19,070

116

27.6

12.5

2192

6100

489

30.7

10.3

693

7140

389

2125

6570

278

Vanadium
Zinc
Zirconium

174

116
22.7

89.2
174

9.32
68.3

41.8
12.4

200

400

600

800

1000

884
259
444
187
59.2
110
59.8
99
85.2
188
30.5
300
208
87
21.7
94
35.8
258
117
297
33.2
205

264
556
430
225
57.5
133
54.6
112
73.3
215
24.5
465
186
122
25.1
108
31.3
430
118
367
25.2
264

98.9
790
425
239
57.8
144
54.5
124
62.2
243
20.4
551
159
137
29.6
125
31.3
515
111
402
21.6
300

61.9
867
412
250
58.6
146
55.8
134

42.4
913
396
262
59.4
149
56.9
145

31.2
946
379
277
60.2
152
56.9
156

19.4
591
137
142
34.0
146
33.3
540
103
436
20.7
332

19.7
633
125
146
38.8
176
35.7
563

20.7
675
118
148
43.9
180
38.2
597

21.6 23.7
342
362

From Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed., 1990. This material is used by permission of John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.

7
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A 4
Properties of solid nonmetals

Composition

Melting
Point,
K

r
cp
k
a
106
kg/m3 J/kgK W/mK
m2/s

Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Beryllium oxide

2323

3970

765

46

15.1

2323

3970

765

36.0

11.9

2725

3000

1030

Boron

2573

2500

1105

Boron fiber epoxy

590
(30% vol.) composite
k, || to fibers
k,
to fibers
cp
Carbon
Amorphous
1500

2080

Diamond,
type lla

insulator
Graphite, pyrolytic
2273
k, || to layers
k,
to layers
cp
Graphite fiber
450
epoxy (25% vol.)
composite
k, heat flow || to fibers
k, heat flow to fibers
cp
Pyroceram,
1623
Corning 9606
Silicon carbide
3100

272
27.6

9.99

1122
1950

3500

1.60

100

200

509 2300

400

450

133

82

55

190

52.5

32.4
940
26.4
940
196
1350
18.7
1490

2.10
0.37
364

2.23
0.49
757

2.28
0.60
1431

0.67

1.18

1.89

88.0

2.29
0.59

10,000
21

4000
194

1540
853

3230
9.23
411

1390
4.09
992

5.7
0.68
337
5.25

8.7
1.1
642
4.78

13.0

39
20.8

0.69

16.4
9.5

1.14

600
18.9
1110
15.8
1110
111
1690
11.3
1880

21.9

800
13.0
1180
10.4
1180
70
1865
8.1
2135

2.37

1000
10.5
1225
7.85
1225
47
1975
6.3
2350

2.53

2210
1950
5.70

4970
16.8
136

709

892
667
534
2.68
2.01
1.60
1406
1650
1793

1400

2600

11.1
0.87
935
808
3.98

3160

675

Silicon dioxide,
1883
crystalline (quartz)
k, || to c-axis
k, to c-axis
cp

2650

Silicon dioxide,
polycrystalline
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride

1883

2220

745
745

2173

2400

691

392

2070

708

Thorium dioxide

3573

9110

235

Titanium dioxide,
polycrystalline

2133

4157

710

Sulfur

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k (W/mK)/cp (J/kgK)

Properties at 300 K

490

0.46

1216
3.64
908

880

3.28
1038

1050

3.08
2.96
1122
1197

87
1135
1195

7.6
4.70
885
1.51

5.0
3.4
1075
1.75

4.2
3.1
1250
2.17

9.65

905
13.9
778

1040
11.3
937

1105
1155
9.88
8.76
1063
1155

2.8

10.2
255
7.01
805

1.89
230

10.4
6.21
1.38

0.834

578
0.206 0.141
0.165
0.185
403
606
13
6.1
16.0

8.4

6.6

4.7

5.02
880

8.94
910

2.87

3.68
3.46
930

8
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 5
Properties of building materials (at a mean temperature of 24 C)

Material
Building Boards
Asbestoscement board
Gypsum of plaster board
Plywood (Douglas fir)

Insulated board and sheating

(regular density)
Hardboard (high density, standard
tempered)
Particle board:
Medium density
Underlayment
Wood subfloor

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Density, r
kg/m3

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

6 mm
10 mm
13 mm

6 mm
10 mm
13 mm
20 mm
13 mm
20 mm

1922
800
800
545
545
545
545
545
288
288

0.12

1.00
1.09

1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.30
1.30

0.011
0.057
0.078

0.055
0.083
0.110
0.165
0.232
0.359

1010

0.14

1.34

16 mm
20 mm

800
640

0.14

1.30
1.21
1.38

0.144
0.166

Building Membrane
Vapor-permeable felt
Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped
0.73 kg/m2 felt)

0.011

0.021

Flooring Materials
Carpet and fibrous pad
Carpet and rubber pad
Tile (asphalt, linoleum, vinyl)

1.42
1.38
1.26

0.367
0.217
0.009

100 mm
200 mm
300 mm

1922
2082
2400
1920
1120

0.72
1.30
1.34
0.90
0.41
0.77
1.0
1.30

0.79

0.13
0.20
0.23

1920
1600
1280
960
0.18
1920
1280
1857

1.1
0.79
0.54
0.33

1.40
0.65
0.72

0.84
0.84

Masonry Materials
Masonry units:
Brick, common
Brick, face
Brick, fire clay

Concrete blocks (3 oval cores,

sand and gravel aggregate)
Concretes:
Lightweight aggregates, (including
expanded shale, clay, or slate;
expanded slags; cinders;
pumice; and scoria)

940
Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco
Stucco

T ABL E A 5
Properties of building materials (Concluded)
(at a mean temperature of 24 C)
Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Density, r
kg/m3

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

10 mm
13 mm

1900
1100
1100
1100

1.00
1.51
1.26
1.46
1.26

0.037
0.026
0.077
0.058
0.009

1.30

0.166

19 mm

1860

0.72

0.84

0.026

13 mm
13 mm

720
1680
720

0.81
0.22

0.84
1.34

0.055
0.016

Siding Material (on flat surfaces)

Asbestos-cement shingles
Hardboard siding
Wood (drop) siding
Wood (plywood) siding lapped
Aluminum or steel siding (over

11 mm
25 mm
10 mm

1900

1.17
1.30
1.21

0.037
0.12
0.139
0.111

sheeting):
Hollow backed
Insulating-board backed
Architectural glass

10 mm
10 mm

2530

1.0

1.22
1.34
0.84

0.11
0.32
0.018

Woods
Hardwoods (maple, oak, etc.)
Softwoods (fir, pine, etc.)

721
513

0.159
0.115

1.26
1.38

Metals
Aluminum (1100)
Steel, mild
Steel, Stainless

2739
7833
7913

222
45.3
15.6

0.896
0.502
0.456

Material
Roofing
Asbestos-cement shingles
Asphalt roll roofing
Asphalt shingles
Built-in roofing
Slate
Wood shingles (plain and
plastic/film faced)
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster:
Lightweight aggregate
Sand aggregate
Perlite aggregate

Source: Table A5 and A6 are adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air- Conditioning Engineers, 1993), Chap. 22, Table 4. Used with permission.

10
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 6
Properties of insulating materials
(at a mean temperature of 24 C)

Material
Blanket and Batt
Mineral fiber (fibrous form
processed from rock, slag,
or glass)

Density, r
kg/m3

50 to 70 mm
75 to 90 mm
135 to 165 mm

4.832
4.832
4.832

0.710.96
0.710.96
0.710.96

1.23
1.94
3.32

136
64144
16
24
16
72
240
120

0.055
0.036
0.040
0.023
0.052
0.032
0.042
0.039

1.0
0.96
1.2
1.6
1.26
1.68
0.71
1.80

2440
5672
70

0.0230.026
0.0380.039
0.026

1.045

190

0.046

9.632
9.632

122
122
3266
128240
3751

0.025
0.068
0.0390.045
0.065
0.0390.046

0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71

1.09
1.38

1.94
3.35
3.87
5.28

144

0.058

1.0
1.0
2.1
3.9

0.24
0.49
0.93

160

0.0017

40

0.00016

120

0.000017

Sprayed or Formed in Place

Polyurethane foam
Glass fiber
Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam)
Mineral wool granules with asbestos/
inorganic binders (sprayed)
~75 to 125 mm
~165 to 222 mm
~191 to 254 mm
~185 mm

Silica aerogel
Vermiculite (expanded)
Perlite, expanded
Sawdust or shavings
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp)
Roof Insulation
Cellular glass
Preformed, for use above deck

R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
Km2/W

Thickness,
L mm

Board and Slab

Cellular glass
Glass fiber (organic bonded)
Expanded polystyrene (molded beads)
Expanded polyurethane (R-11 expanded)
Expanded perlite (organic bonded)
Expanded rubber (rigid)
Mineral fiber with resin binder
Cork

Loose Fill
Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)

Specific
Heat, cp
kJ/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/mK

13 mm
25 mm
50 mm

Reflective Insulation
Silica powder (evacuated)
Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 1012 layers
(evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75150
layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)

T ABL E A 7
Properties of common foods
(a) Specific heats and freezing-point properties
Specific heat,b
kJ/kgK

Food

Water
content,a
%(mass)

Freezing
Pointa
C

Above
Freezing

Below
Freezing

Water
content,a
%(mass)

Freezing
Pointa
C

Above
Freezing

Below
Freezing

Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg

Peaches
Pears
Pineapples
Plums
Quinces
Raisins
Strawberries
Tangerines
Watermelon

89
83
85
86
85
18
90
87
93

0.9
1.6
1.0
0.8
2.0

0.8
1.1
0.4

3.82
3.62
3.69
3.72
3.69

3.86
3.75
3.96

1.96
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.07
1.97
1.94
2.01

297
277
284
287
284
60
301
291
311

Fish/Seafood
Cod, whole
Halibut, whole
Lobster
Mackerel
Salmon, whole
Shrimp

78
75
79
57
64
83

2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2

3.45
3.35
3.49
2.75
2.98
3.62

1.82
1.78
1.84
1.56
1.65
1.89

261
251
264
190
214
277

Meats
Beef carcass
Liver

49
70

1.7
1.7

2.48
3.18

1.46
1.72

164
234

Round, beef
Sirloin, beef

67
56

3.08
2.72

1.68
1.55

224
187

Lamb leg
Port carcass
Ham
Pork sausage
F
r
Other
Almonds
Butter
Cheese, Cheddar
Cheese, Swiss
Chocolate milk
Eggs, whole
Honey
Ice cream
Milk, whole
Peanuts
Peanuts, roasted
Pecans
Walnuts

65
37
56
38

1.7

3.02
2.08
2.72
2.11

217
124
187
127

5
16
37
39
1
74
17
63
88
6
2
3
4

12.9
10.0

0.6

5.6
0.6

2.08
2.15

3.32

2.95
3.79

1.66
1.31
1.55
1.32
Turkey
64
2.98
0.89
214
1.04
1.31
1.33
0.85
1.77
1.05
1.63
1.95
0.92
0.87
0.87
0.88

Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c Food
kJ/kg

Vegetables
Artichokes
Asparagus
Beans, snap
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Corn, sweet
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Horseradish
Leeks
Lettuce
Mushrooms
Okra
Onions, green
Onions, dry
Parsley
Peas, green
Peppers, sweet
Potatoes

84
93
89
90
92
88
92
94
74
96
93
75
85
95
91
90
89
88
85
74
92
78

1.2
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.9
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.8
0.7
0.2
0.9
1.8
0.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
0.7
0.6

3.65
3.96
3.82
3.86
3.92
3.79
3.92
3.99
3.32
4.06
3.96
3.35
3.69
4.02
3.89
3.86
3.82
3.79
3.69
3.32
3.92
3.45

1.90
2.01
1.96
1.97
2.00
1.95
2.00
2.02
1.77
2.05
2.01
1.78
1.91
2.04
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.91
1.77
2.00
1.82

281
311
297
301
307
294
307
314
247
321
311
251
284
317
304
301
297
294
284
247
307
261

Spinach
Tomatos, rlpe
Turnips

93
94
92

0.3
0.5
1.1

3.96
3.99
3.92

2.01
2.02
2.00

311
314
307

Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Blueberries
Cantaloupes
Cherries, sour
Cherries, sweet
Figs, dried
Figs, fresh
Grapefruit
Grapes
Lemons
Olives
Oranges

84
85
65
75
82
92
84
80
23
78
89
82
89
75
87

1.1
1.1
0.3
0.8
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.8

2.4
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
0.8

3.65
3.69
3.02
3.35
3.59
3.92
3.65
3.52

3.45
3.82
3.59
3.82
3.35
3.75

1.90
1.91
1.66
1.78
1.87
2.00
1.90
1.85
1.13
1.82
1.96
1.87
1.96
1.78
1.94

281
284
217
251
274
307
281
267
77
261
297
274
297
251
291

Specific heat,b
kJ/kgK

1.65
17
53
124
130
3
247
57
210
294
20
7
10
13

Sources: aWater content and freezing-point data are from ASHRAE, Handbook of
Fundamentals, Sl version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30. Table 1. Used with permission. Freezing point
is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing
temperature for other foods.
b

Specific heat data are based on the specific heat values of a water and ice at 0 C and are
determined from Siebels formulas: cp, fresh 3.35
(Water content)
0.84, above freezing,
and
cp, frozen 1.26
(Water content) 0.84, below freezing.
c

The latent heat of fusion is determined by multiplying the heat of fusion of water (334 kJ/kg)
by the water content of the food.

8
7
5
APPE
NDIX
1

13
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 7
Properties of common foods (Concluded)
(b) Other properties

Food

Water
Content,
% (mass)

kg/m3

Temperature, T
W/mK

Density, r
m2/s

Thermal
Conductivity, k
kJ/kgK

Fruits/Vegetables
Apple juice
Apples
Apples, dried
Apricots, dried
Bananas, fresh
Broccoli
Cherries, fresh
Figs
Grape juice
Peaches
Plums
Potatoes
Raisins

87
85
41.6
43.6
76

92
40.4
89
89

78
32

20
8
23
23
27
6
030
23
20
232
16
070
23

1000
840
856
1320
980
560
1050
1241
1000
960
610
1055
1380

0.559
0.418
0.219
0.375
0.481
0.385
0.545
0.310
0.567
0.526
0.247
0.498
0.376

0.14
0.13
0.096
0.11
0.14

0.13
0.096
0.14
0.14

0.13
0.11

10 6
10 6
10 6
10 6
10 6

Meats
Beef, ground
Beef, lean
Beef fat
Beef liver
Cat food
Chicken breast
Dog food
Fish, cod
Fish, salmon
Ham
Lamb
Pork, lean
Turkey breast
Veal

67
74
0
72
39.7
75
30.6
81
67
71.8
72
72
74
75

6
3
35
35
23
0
23
3
3
20
20
4
3
20

950
1090
810

1140
1050
1240
1180

1030
1030
1030
1050
1060

0.406
0.471
0.190
0.448
0.326
0.476
0.319
0.534
0.531
0.480
0.456
0.456
0.496
0.470

0.13
0.13

0.11
0.13
0.11
0.12

0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13

10
10

10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10

16
31.9
16
91
88
0
0
100
100
32.3

4
23
5
20
28
32
4
0
30
23

340
1000

910
920
1000
995
450

0.197
0.106
0.233
0.566
0.580
0.168
0.168
0.569
0.618
0.082

0.12
0.11

0.14
0.15
0.10

10
10

Other
Butter
Chocolate cake
Margarine
Milk, skimmed
Milk, whole
Olive oil
Peanut oil
Water
White cake

3.86
3.81
2.72
2.77
3.59

3.99
2.69
3.91
3.91

3.64
2.48

10 6
10 6
10 6
10 6
10
10

10
10
10

6
6

3.36
3.54

3.49
2.68
3.56
2.45
3.71
3.36
3.48
3.49
3.49
3.54
3.56

6
6
6

6
6
6
6

6
6
6

2.08
2.48
2.08
3.96
3.89

4.217
4.178
2.49

Source: Data obtained primarily from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Tables 7 and 9. Used with permission.
Most specific heats are calculated from cp
thermal diffusivities are calculated from a

Thermal
Diffusivity,

1.68
2.51
(Water content), which is a good approximation in the temperature range of 3 to 32 C. Most
k/rcp. Property values given here are valid for the specific water content.

14
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A 8
Properties of miscellaneous materials
(Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)

Material
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick, refractory
Chrome brick
473 K
823 K
1173 K
Fire clay, burnt
1600 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay, burnt
1725 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay brick
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Magnesite
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Chicken meat,
white (74.4%
water content)
198 K
233 K
253 K
273 K
293 K
Clay, dry
Clay, wet
Coal, anthracite
Concrete (stone
mix)
Cork
Cotton
Fat
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Crown
Lead

Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/mK

Specific
Heat, cp
J/kgK

2115
1300

0.062
1.4

920
1465

3010

2.3
2.5
2.0

835

2050

1.0
1.1
1.1

960

2325

1.3
1.4
1.4

960

2645

1.0
1.5
1.8

960

3.8
2.8
1.9

1130

1550
1495
1350

1.60
1.49
1.35
0.48
0.49
0.930
1.675
0.26

1260

2300
86
80

1.4
0.048
0.06
0.17

880
2030
1300

2800
2225
2500
3400

0.7
11.4
1.05
0.85

750
835

Source: Compiled from various sources.

Material
Ice
273 K
253 K
173 K
Leather, sole
Linoleum
Mica
Paper
Plastics
Plexiglass
Teflon
300 K
400 K
Lexan
Nylon
Polypropylene
Polyester
PVC, vinyl
Porcelain
Rubber, natural
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft
Hard
Sand
Snow, fresh
Snow, 273 K
Soil, dry
Soil, wet
Sugar
Tissue, human
Skin
Fat layer
Muscle
Vaseline
Wood, cross-grain
Balsa
Fir
Oak
White pine
Yellow pine
Wood, radial
Oak
Fir
Wool, ship

Thermal
Density, r Conductivity, k
kg/m3
W/mK

Specific
Heat, cp
J/kgK

920
922
928
998
535
1180
2900
930

1.88
2.03
3.49
0.159
0.081
0.186
0.523
0.180

2040
1945
1460

1340

1190

0.19

1465

2200

1200
1145
910
1395
1470
2300
1150

0.35
0.45
0.19
0.29
0.12
0.15
0.1
1.5
0.28

1050

1260

1925
1170
840

1100
1190
1515
100
500
1500
1900
1600

0.13
0.16
0.21.0
0.60
2.2
1.0
2.0
0.58

2010

800

1900
2200

0.37
0.2
0.41
0.17

140
415
545
435
640

0.055
0.11
0.17
0.11
0.15

2720
2385

2805

545
420
145

0.19
0.14
0.05

2385
2720

15
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 9
Properties of saturated water

Temp.
T, C
0.01
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
374.14

Saturation
Pressure
Psat, kPa
0.6113
0.8721
1.2276
1.7051
2.339
3.169
4.246
5.628
7.384
9.593
12.35
15.76
19.94
25.03
31.19
38.58
47.39
57.83
70.14
84.55
101.33
143.27
198.53
270.1
361.3
475.8
617.8
791.7
1,002.1
1,254.4
1,553.8
2,318
3,344
4,688
6,412
8,581
11,274
14,586
18,651
22,090

Density
r, kg/m3
Liquid

Vapor

999.8
0.0048
999.9
0.0068
999.7
0.0094
999.1
0.0128
998.0
0.0173
997.0
0.0231
996.0
0.0304
994.0
0.0397
992.1
0.0512
990.1
0.0655
988.1
0.0831
985.2
0.1045
983.3
0.1304
980.4
0.1614
977.5
0.1983
974.7
0.2421
971.8
0.2935
968.1
0.3536
965.3
0.4235
961.5
0.5045
957.9
0.5978
950.6
0.8263
943.4
1.121
934.6
1.496
921.7
1.965
916.6
2.546
907.4
3.256
897.7
4.119
887.3
5.153
876.4
6.388
864.3
7.852
840.3 11.60
813.7 16.73
783.7 23.69
750.8 33.15
713.8 46.15
667.1 64.57
610.5 92.62
528.3 144.0
317.0 317.0

Enthalpy
of
Vaporization
hfg, kJ/kg
2501
2490
2478
2466
2454
2442
2431
2419
2407
2395
2383
2371
2359
2346
2334
2321
2309
2296
2283
2270
2257
2230
2203
2174
2145
2114
2083
2050
2015
1979
1941
1859
1767
1663
1544
1405
1239
1028
720
0

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK
Liquid
4217
4205
4194
4185
4182
4180
4178
4178
4179
4180
4181
4183
4185
4187
4190
4193
4197
4201
4206
4212
4217
4229
4244
4263
4286
4311
4340
4370
4410
4460
4500
4610
4760
4970
5280
5750
6540
8240
14,690

Vapor
1854
1857
1862
1863
1867
1870
1875
1880
1885
1892
1900
1908
1916
1926
1936
1948
1962
1977
1993
2010
2029
2071
2120
2177
2244
2314
2420
2490
2590
2710
2840
3110
3520
4070
4835
5980
7900
11,870
25,800

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid

Vapor

0.561 0.0171
0.571 0.0173
0.580 0.0176
0.589 0.0179
0.598 0.0182
0.607 0.0186
0.615 0.0189
0.623 0.0192
0.631 0.0196
0.637 0.0200
0.644 0.0204
0.649 0.0208
0.654 0.0212
0.659 0.0216
0.663 0.0221
0.667 0.0225
0.670 0.0230
0.673 0.0235
0.675 0.0240
0.677 0.0246
0.679 0.0251
0.682 0.0262
0.683 0.0275
0.684 0.0288
0.683 0.0301
0.682 0.0316
0.680 0.0331
0.677 0.0347
0.673 0.0364
0.669 0.0382
0.663 0.0401
0.650 0.0442
0.632 0.0487
0.609 0.0540
0.581 0.0605
0.548 0.0695
0.509 0.0836
0.469 0.110
0.427 0.178

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms
Liquid
1.792
1.519
1.307
1.138
1.002
0.891
0.798
0.720
0.653
0.596
0.547
0.504
0.467
0.433
0.404
0.378
0.355
0.333
0.315
0.297
0.282
0.255
0.232
0.213
0.197
0.183
0.170
0.160
0.150
0.142
0.134
0.122
0.111
0.102
0.094
0.086
0.078
0.070
0.060
0.043

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Vapor
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

0.922
0.934
0.946
0.959
0.973
0.987
1.001
1.016
1.031
1.046
1.062
1.077
1.093
1.110
1.126
1.142
1.159
1.176
1.193
1.210
1.227
1.261
1.296
1.330
1.365
1.399
1.434
1.468
1.502
1.537
1.571
1.641
1.712
1.788
1.870
1.965
2.084
2.255
2.571
4.313

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, 1/K

Liquid

Vapor

13.5
11.2
9.45
8.09
7.01
6.14
5.42
4.83
4.32
3.91
3.55
3.25
2.99
2.75
2.55
2.38
2.22
2.08
1.96
1.85
1.75
1.58
1.44
1.33
1.24
1.16
1.09
1.03
0.983
0.947
0.910
0.865
0.836
0.832
0.854
0.902
1.00
1.23
2.06

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.05
1.05
1.07
1.09
1.11
1.15
1.24
1.35
1.49
1.69
1.97
2.43
3.73

Liquid
0.068
0.015
0.733
0.138
0.195
0.247
0.294
0.337
0.377
0.415
0.451
0.484
0.517
0.548
0.578
0.607
0.653
0.670
0.702
0.716
0.750
0.798
0.858
0.913
0.970
1.025
1.145
1.178
1.210
1.280
1.350
1.520
1.720
2.000
2.380
2.950

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The temperatures 0.01 C, 100 C,
and 374.14 C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at
any pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986),
pp. 12911322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated.

10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3

16
APPENDIX 1

T AB L E A 1 0
Properties of saturated refrigerant134a

Temp.
T, C
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

Specific
Enthalpy
Heat
of
cp, J/kgK
Vaporization
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor

Density
r, kg/m3

Saturation
Pressure
P, kPa Liquid
51.2
66.2
84.4
106.5
132.8
164.0
200.7
243.5
293.0
349.9
414.9
488.7
572.1
665.8
770.6
887.5
1017.1
1160.5
1318.6
1492.3
1682.8
1891.0
2118.2
2365.8
2635.2
2928.2
3246.9
3594.1
3975.1

1418
1403
1389
1374
1359
1343
1327
1311
1295
1278
1261
1244
1226
1207
1188
1168
1147
1125
1102
1078
1053
1026
996.2
964
928.2
887.1
837.7
772.5
651.7

2.773
3.524
4.429
5.509
6.787
8.288
10.04
12.07
14.42
17.12
20.22
23.75
27.77
32.34
37.53
43.41
50.08
57.66
66.27
76.11
87.38
100.4
115.6
133.6
155.3
182.3
217.8
269.3
376.3

225.9
222.7
219.5
216.3
213.0
209.5
206.0
202.4
198.7
194.8
190.8
186.6
182.3
177.8
173.1
168.2
163.0
157.6
151.8
145.7
139.1
132.1
124.4
115.9
106.4
95.4
82.2
64.9
33.9

1254
1264
1273
1283
1294
1306
1318
1330
1344
1358
1374
1390
1408
1427
1448
1471
1498
1529
1566
1608
1659
1722
1801
1907
2056
2287
2701
3675
7959

748.6
764.1
780.2
797.2
814.9
833.5
853.1
873.8
895.6
918.7
943.2
969.4
997.6
1028
1061
1098
1138
1184
1237
1298
1372
1462
1577
1731
1948
2281
2865
4144
8785

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK
Liquid
0.1101
0.1084
0.1066
0.1047
0.1028
0.1009
0.0989
0.0968
0.0947
0.0925
0.0903
0.0880
0.0856
0.0833
0.0808
0.0783
0.0757
0.0731
0.0704
0.0676
0.0647
0.0618
0.0587
0.0555
0.0521
0.0484
0.0444
0.0396
0.0322

Vapor
0.00811
0.00862
0.00913
0.00963
0.01013
0.01063
0.01112
0.01161
0.01210
0.01259
0.01308
0.01357
0.01406
0.01456
0.01507
0.01558
0.01610
0.01664
0.01720
0.01777
0.01838
0.01902
0.01972
0.02048
0.02133
0.02233
0.02357
0.02544
0.02989

Liquid
4.878
4.509
4.178
3.882
3.614
3.371
3.150
2.947
2.761
2.589
2.430
2.281
2.142
2.012
1.888
1.772
1.660
1.554
1.453
1.355
1.260
1.167
1.077
9.891
9.011
8.124
7.203
6.190
4.765

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Vapor
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Tension,
b, l/K
Liquid
N/m
Vapor

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Dynamic Viscosity
m, kg/ms

2.550
3.003
3.504
4.054
4.651
5.295
5.982
6.709
7.471
8.264
9.081
9.915
1.075
1.160
1.244
1.327
1.408
1.486
1.562
1.634
1.704
1.771
1.839
1.908
1.982
2.071
2.187
2.370
2.833

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Liquid
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5.558
5.257
4.992
4.757
4.548
4.363
4.198
4.051
3.919
3.802
3.697
3.604
3.521
3.448
3.383
3.328
3.285
3.253
3.231
3.223
3.229
3.255
3.307
3.400
3.558
3.837
4.385
5.746
11.77

0.235
0.266
0.299
0.335
0.374
0.415
0.459
0.505
0.553
0.603
0.655
0.708
0.763
0.819
0.877
0.935
0.995
1.058
1.123
1.193
1.272
1.362
1.471
1.612
1.810
2.116
2.658
3.862
8.326

0.00205
0.00209
0.00215
0.00220
0.00227
0.00233
0.00241
0.00249
0.00258
0.00269
0.00280
0.00293
0.00307
0.00324
0.00342
0.00364
0.00390
0.00420
0.00455
0.00500
0.00554
0.00624
0.00716
0.00843
0.01031
0.01336
0.01911
0.03343
0.10047

0.01760
0.01682
0.01604
0.01527
0.01451
0.01376
0.01302
0.01229
0.01156
0.01084
0.01014
0.00944
0.00876
0.00808
0.00742
0.00677
0.00613
0.00550
0.00489
0.00429
0.00372
0.00315
0.00261
0.00209
0.00160
0.00114
0.00071
0.00033
0.00004

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, An
International
Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up
to
70 MPa, J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M.J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond, Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity
of Halogenated Methane and Ethane Refrigerants, IJR, Vol. 22, pp. 525535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W.
Lemmon, and A. P. Peskin, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995).

881
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A1 1
Properties of saturated ammonia
Specific
Thermal
Enthalpy
Density
Heat
Conductivity
Dynamic Viscosity
of
Saturation
3
r, kg/m
k, W/mK
m, kg/ms
Vaporization cp, J/kgK
Temp.
Pressure
T, C
P, kPa Liquid
Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
40
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100

71.66
119.4
151.5
190.1
236.2
290.8
354.9
429.6
516
615.3
728.8
857.8
1003
1167
1351
1555
1782
2033
2310
2614
2948
3312
3709
4141
4609
5116
5665
6257

690.2
677.8
671.5
665.1
658.6
652.1
645.4
638.6
631.7
624.6
617.5
610.2
602.8
595.2
587.4
579.4
571.3
562.9
554.2
545.2
536.0
526.3
516.2
505.7
494.5
482.8
470.2
456.6

0.6435
1.037
1.296
1.603
1.966
2.391
2.886
3.458
4.116
4.870
5.729
6.705
7.809
9.055
10.46
12.03
13.8
15.78
18.00
20.48
23.26
26.39
29.90
33.87
38.36
43.48
49.35
56.15

1389
1360
1345
1329
1313
1297
1280
1262
1244
1226
1206
1186
1166
1144
1122
1099
1075
1051
1025
997.4
968.9
939.0
907.5
874.1
838.6
800.6
759.8
715.5

4414
4465
4489
4514
4538
4564
4589
4617
4645
4676
4709
4745
4784
4828
4877
4932
4993
5063
5143
5234
5340
5463
5608
5780
5988
6242
6561
6972

2242
2322
2369
2420
2476
2536
2601
2672
2749
2831
2920
3016
3120
3232
3354
3486
3631
3790
3967
4163
4384
4634
4923
5260
5659
6142
6740
7503

0.5968
0.5853
0.5737
0.5621
0.5505
0.5390
0.5274
0.5158
0.5042
0.4927
0.4811
0.4695
0.4579
0.4464
0.4348
0.4232
0.4116
0.4001
0.3885
0.3769
0.3653
0.3538
0.3422
0.3306
0.3190
0.3075

0.01792
0.01898
0.01957
0.02015
0.02075
0.02138
0.02203
0.02270
0.02341
0.02415
0.02492
0.02573
0.02658
0.02748
0.02843
0.02943
0.03049
0.03162
0.03283
0.03412
0.03550
0.03700
0.03862
0.04038
0.04232
0.04447
0.04687
0.04958

2.926
2.630
2.492
2.361
2.236
2.117
2.003
1.896
1.794
1.697
1.606
1.519
1.438
1.361
1.288
1.219
1.155
1.094
1.037
9.846
9.347
8.879
8.440
8.030
7.646
7.284
6.946
6.628

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

Liquid

Vapor

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient
b, l/K
Liquid

1.875
1.821
1.769
1.718
1.670
1.624
1.580
1.539
1.500
1.463
1.430
1.399
1.372
1.347
1.327
1.310
1.297
1.288
1.285
1.287
1.296
1.312
1.338
1.375
1.429
1.503

0.9955
1.017
1.028
1.041
1.056
1.072
1.089
1.107
1.126
1.147
1.169
1.193
1.218
1.244
1.272
1.303
1.335
1.371
1.409
1.452
1.499
1.551
1.612
1.683
1.768
1.871
1.999
2.163

0.00176
0.00185
0.00190
0.00194
0.00199
0.00205
0.00210
0.00216
0.00223
0.00230
0.00237
0.00245
0.00254
0.00264
0.00275
0.00287
0.00301
0.00316
0.00334
0.00354
0.00377
0.00404
0.00436
0.00474
0.00521
0.00579
0.00652
0.00749

Prandtl
Number
Pr
Vapor

7.957
8.311
8.490
8.669
8.851
9.034
9.218
9.405
9.593
9.784
9.978
1.017
1.037
1.057
1.078
1.099
1.121
1.143
1.166
1.189
1.213
1.238
1.264
1.292
1.322
1.354
1.389
1.429

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The properties listed here
(except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Tillner-Roth, Harms-Watzenberg, and Baehr,
Eine neue Fundamentalgleichung fur Ammoniak, DKV-Tagungsbericht 20:167181, 1993; Liley and Desai, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants,
ASHRAE, 1993, ISBN 1-1883413-10-9.

Surface
Tension,
N/m
0.03565
0.03341
0.03229
0.03118
0.03007
0.02896
0.02786
0.02676
0.02566
0.02457
0.02348
0.02240
0.02132
0.02024
0.01917
0.01810
0.01704
0.01598
0.01493
0.01389
0.01285
0.01181
0.01079
0.00977
0.00876
0.00776
0.00677
0.00579

882
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A 12
Properties of saturated propane

Density
Saturation
r, kg/m
Temp. Pressure
Tension,
T, C
P, kPa
Liquid Vapor

120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90

0.4053
1.157
2.881
6.406
12.97
24.26
42.46
70.24
110.7
167.3
243.8
344.4
473.3
549.8
635.1
729.8
834.4
949.7
1076
1215
1366
1530
1708
2110
2580
3127
3769

664.7
0.01408
654.5
0.03776
644.2
0.08872
633.8
0.1870
623.2
0.3602
612.5
0.6439
601.5
1.081
590.3
1.724
578.8
2.629
567.0
3.864
554.7
5.503
542.0
7.635
528.7 10.36
521.8 11.99
514.7 13.81
507.5 15.85
500.0 18.13
492.2 20.68
484.2 23.53
475.8 26.72
467.1 30.29
458.0 34.29
448.5 38.79
427.5 49.66
403.2 64.02
373.0 84.28
329.1 118.6

Enthalpy
of

Specific
Heat
Vaporization

hfg, kJ/kg
498.3
489.3
480.4
471.5
462.4
453.1
443.5
433.6
423.1
412.1
400.3
387.8
374.2
367.0
359.5
351.7
343.4
334.8
325.8
316.2
306.1
295.3
283.9
258.4
228.0
189.7
133.2

Liquid
2003
2021
2044
2070
2100
2134
2173
2217
2258
2310
2368
2433
2507
2547
2590
2637
2688
2742
2802
2869
2943
3026
3122
3283
3595
4501
6977

Vapor
1115
1148
1183
1221
1263
1308
1358
1412
1471
1535
1605
1682
1768
1814
1864
1917
1974
2036
2104
2179
2264
2361
2473
2769
3241
4173
7239

Thermal
Conductivity
cp, J/kgK
Liquid
0.1802
0.1738
0.1672
0.1606
0.1539
0.1472
0.1407
0.1343
0.1281
0.1221
0.1163
0.1107
0.1054
0.1028
0.1002
0.0977
0.0952
0.0928
0.0904
0.0881
0.0857
0.0834
0.0811
0.0765
0.0717
0.0663
0.0595

Prandtl
Number

Dynamic Viscosity
k, W/mK

Vapor
0.00589
0.00645
0.00705
0.00769
0.00836
0.00908
0.00985
0.01067
0.01155
0.01250
0.01351
0.01459
0.01576
0.01637
0.01701
0.01767
0.01836
0.01908
0.01982
0.02061
0.02142
0.02228
0.02319
0.02517
0.02746
0.03029
0.03441

m, kg/ms

Liquid
6.136
5.054
4.252
3.635
3.149
2.755
2.430
2.158
1.926
1.726
1.551
1.397
1.259
1.195
1.135
1.077
1.022
9.702
9.197
8.710
8.240
7.785
7.343
6.487
5.649
4.790
3.807

Vapor
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

4.372
4.625
4.881
5.143
5.409
5.680
5.956
6.239
6.529
6.827
7.136
7.457
7.794
7.970
8.151
8.339
8.534
8.738
8.952
9.178
9.417
9.674
9.950
1.058
1.138
1.249
1.448

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Liquid
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5

6.820
5.878
5.195
4.686
4.297
3.994
3.755
3.563
3.395
3.266
3.158
3.069
2.996
2.964
2.935
2.909
2.886
2.866
2.850
2.837
2.828
2.824
2.826
2.784
2.834
3.251
4.465

Volume
Expansion
Coefficient Surface
Pr
b, l/K

Vapor

Liquid

0.827
0.822
0.819
0.817
0.817
0.818
0.821
0.825
0.831
0.839
0.848
0.860
0.875
0.883
0.893
0.905
0.918
0.933
0.950
0.971
0.995
1.025
1.061
1.164
1.343
1.722
3.047

0.00153
0.00157
0.00161
0.00166
0.00171
0.00177
0.00184
0.00192
0.00201
0.00213
0.00226
0.00242
0.00262
0.00273
0.00286
0.00301
0.00318
0.00337
0.00358
0.00384
0.00413
0.00448
0.00491
0.00609
0.00811
0.01248
0.02847

N/m
0.02630
0.02486
0.02344
0.02202
0.02062
0.01923
0.01785
0.01649
0.01515
0.01382
0.01251
0.01122
0.00996
0.00934
0.00872
0.00811
0.00751
0.00691
0.00633
0.00575
0.00518
0.00463
0.00408
0.00303
0.00204
0.00114
0.00037

Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/mcp n/Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kgK, and the unit W/m C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/mK.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Reiner Tillner-Roth, Fundamental Equations of
State, Shaker, Verlag, Aachan, 1998; B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane, and
Normal Butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987; G.R. Somayajulu, A Generalized Equation for Surface Tension from the Triple-Point to the
Critical- Point, International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988.

883
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 13
Properties of liquids

Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K

Methane [CH4]
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90

420.2
405.0
388.8
371.1
351.4
328.8
301.0
261.7

3492
3580
3700
3875
4146
4611
5578
8902

0.1863
0.1703
0.1550
0.1402
0.1258
0.1115
0.0967
0.0797

20
30
40
50
60
70

788.4
779.1
769.6
760.1
750.4
740.4

2515
2577
2644
2718
2798
2885

0.1987
0.1980
0.1972
0.1965
0.1957
0.1950

1.270
1.174
1.077
9.749
8.634
7.356
5.761
3.423

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8

1.133
9.169
7.551
6.288
5.257
4.377
3.577
2.761

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

5.857
5.088
4.460
3.942
3.510
3.146

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5
5
5

2.699
2.264
1.942
1.694
1.496
1.331
1.188
1.055

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7.429
6.531
5.795
5.185
4.677
4.250

10
10
10
10
10
10

1.360
8.531
5.942
4.420
3.432
2.743
2.233
1.836
1.509

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

8.219
5.287
3.339
1.970
1.201
7.878
5.232
3.464
2.455

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

4.242
9.429
2.485
8.565
3.794
2.046
1.241
8.029
6.595

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7
7
7
7
7
7
7

2.126
1.927
1.803
1.738
1.732
1.810
2.063
3.082

0.00352
0.00391
0.00444
0.00520
0.00637
0.00841
0.01282
0.02922

7.414
6.622
5.980
5.453
5.018
4.655

0.00118
0.00120
0.00123
0.00127
0.00132
0.00137

12.65
8.167
6.079
4.963
4.304
3.880
3.582
3.363
3.256

0.00142
0.00150
0.00161
0.00177
0.00199
0.00232
0.00286
0.00385
0.00628

Methanol [CH3(OH)]
1.002
9.862
9.690
9.509
9.320
9.128

10
10
10
10
10
10

7
8
8
8
8
8

4
4
4
4
4

7
7
7
7
7

Isobutane (R600a)
100
75
50
25
0
25
50
75
100

683.8
659.3
634.3
608.2
580.6
550.7
517.3
478.5
429.6

1881
1970
2069
2180
2306
2455
2640
2896
3361

0.1383
0.1357
0.1283
0.1181
0.1068
0.0956
0.0851
0.0757
0.0669

1.075
1.044
9.773
8.906
7.974
7.069
6.233
5.460
4.634

2262
2288
2320
2354
2386
2416
2447
2478
2513

0.2820
0.2835
0.2846
0.2856
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2863

9.773
9.732
9.662
9.576
9.484
9.388
9.291
9.195
9.101

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

9.305
5.624
3.769
2.688
1.993
1.510
1.155
8.785
6.483

4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

Glycerin
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

1276
1273
1270
1267
1264
1261
1258
1255
1252

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

10.49
6.730
4.241
2.496
1.519
0.9934
0.6582
0.4347
0.3073

3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4

84,101
54,327
34,561
20,570
12,671
8,392
5,631
3,767
2,697

Engine Oil (unused)

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
150

899.0
888.1
876.0
863.9
852.0
840.0
828.9
816.8
810.3

1797
1881
1964
2048
2132
2220
2308
2395
2441

0.1469
0.1450
0.1444
0.1404
0.1380
0.1367
0.1347
0.1330
0.1327

9.097
8.680
8.391
7.934
7.599
7.330
7.042
6.798
6.708

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

3.814
0.8374
0.2177
0.07399
0.03232
0.01718
0.01029
0.006558
0.005344

Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6

46,636
10,863
2,962
1,080
499.3
279.1
176.3
118.1
98.31

0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070

884
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A1 4
Properties of liquid metals

Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Mercury (Hg) Melting Point:

0

13595

140.4

8.18200

4.287

10

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Volume
Expansion
Coeff.
b, 1/K

Prandtl
Number
Pr

39 C

1.687

10

1.241

10

1.534
1.423
1.316
1.245

10 3
10 3
10 3
10 3

1.133
1.056
9.819
9.326

10 7
10 7
10 8
10 8

1.126

10

8.514

10

0.0289 1.810

10

0.0251
0.0223
0.0198
0.0180

10 4
10 4
10 4
10

25
50
75
100

13534
13473
13412
13351

139.4
138.6
137.8
137.1

8.51533
8.83632
9.15632
9.46706

4.514
4.734
4.956
5.170

10 6
10 6
10 6
10 6

150

13231

136.1

10.07780

5.595

10

1.810
1.810
1.810
1.810

4
6

0.0152 1.810

10

200
250
300

13112
12993
12873

135.5
135.3
135.3

10.65465
11.18150
11.68150

5.996
6.363
6.705

10
10
10

6
6
6

1.043
9.820
9.336

10
10
10

3
4
4

7.959
7.558
7.252

10
10
10

1.545
1.436
1.215
1.048
9.157

10
10
10
10
10

2.167
1.976
1.814
1.702
1.589
1.475
1.360

10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7.432
5.967
4.418
3.188
2.909
2.614

10
10
10
10
10
10

4.213
3.456
2.652
2.304
2.126

10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

8
8

0.0133 1.815
0.0119 1.829
0.0108 1.854

Bismuth (Bi) Melting Point: 271 C

350
400
500
600
700

9969
9908
9785
9663
9540

400
450
500
550
600
650
700

10506
10449
10390
10329
10267
10206
10145

146.0
148.2
152.8
157.3
161.8

16.28
16.10
15.74
15.60
15.60

158
156
155
155
155
155
155

15.97
15.74
15.54
15.39
15.23
15.07
14.91

1.118
1.096
1.052
1.026
1.010

10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5

1.540
1.422
1.188
1.013
8.736

10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10

3
3
3
4

7
7
7
8

0.01381
0.01310
0.01154
0.01022
0.00906

Lead (Pb) Melting Point: 327 C

9.623
9.649
9.651
9.610
9.568
9.526
9.483

10
10
10
10
10
10
10

6
6
6
6
6
6
6

2.277
2.065
1.884
1.758
1.632
1.505
1.379

3
3
3
3
3
3

7
7
7
7
7
7

0.02252
0.02048
0.01879
0.01771
0.01661
0.01549
0.01434

Sodium (Na) Melting Point: 98 C

100
200
300
400
500
600

927.3
902.5
877.8
853.0
828.5
804.0

200
300
400
500
600

795.2
771.6
748.0
723.9
699.6

1378
1349
1320
1296
1284
1272

85.84
80.84
75.84
71.20
67.41
63.63

6.718
6.639
6.544
6.437
6.335
6.220

10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5
5

6.892
5.385
3.878
2.720
2.411
2.101

10
10
10
10
10
10

4
4
4
4
4
4

7
7
7
7
7

0.01106
0.008987
0.006751
0.004953
0.004593
0.004202

Potassium (K) Melting Point: 64 C

790.8
772.8
754.8
750.0
750.0

43.99
42.01
40.03
37.81
35.50

6.995
7.045
7.090
6.964
6.765

10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5

3.350
2.667
1.984
1.668
1.487

10
10
10
10
10

4
4
4
4
4

Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting Point:

100
200
300
400
500
600

847.3
823.2
799.1
775.0
751.5
728.0

944.4
922.5
900.6
879.0
880.1
881.2

25.64
26.27
26.89
27.50
27.89
28.28

3.205
3.459
3.736
4.037
4.217
4.408

10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5
5

5.707
4.587
3.467
2.357
2.108
1.859

10
10
10
10
10
10

4
4
4
4
4
4

7
7
7
7

0.006023
0.004906
0.00374
0.003309
0.003143

11 C
6.736
5.572
4.339
3.041
2.805
2.553

7
7
7
7
7

0.02102
0.01611
0.01161
0.00753
0.00665
0.00579

Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

10
10
10

4
4
4

21
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 15
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
Specific
Thermal
Thermal
Density
Heat
Conductivity
Diffusivity
r, kg/m3
cp, J/kgK
k, W/mK
a, m2/s

Temp.
T, C
150
100
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000

2.866
2.038
1.582
1.514
1.451
1.394
1.341
1.292
1.269
1.246
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.145
1.127
1.109
1.092
1.059
1.028
0.9994
0.9718
0.9458
0.8977
0.8542
0.8148
0.7788
0.7459
0.6746
0.6158
0.5664
0.5243
0.4880
0.4565
0.4042
0.3627
0.3289
0.3008
0.2772
0.1990
0.1553

983
966
999
1002
1004
1005
1006
1006
1006
1006
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1008
1008
1009
1011
1013
1016
1019
1023
1033
1044
1056
1069
1081
1093
1115
1135
1153
1169
1184
1234
1264

0.01171
0.01582
0.01979
0.02057
0.02134
0.02211
0.02288
0.02364
0.02401
0.02439
0.02476
0.02514
0.02551
0.02588
0.02625
0.02662
0.02699
0.02735
0.02808
0.02881
0.02953
0.03024
0.03095
0.03235
0.03374
0.03511
0.03646
0.03779
0.04104
0.04418
0.04721
0.05015
0.05298
0.05572
0.06093
0.06581
0.07037
0.07465
0.07868
0.09599
0.11113

4.158
8.036
1.252
1.356
1.465
1.578
1.696
1.818
1.880
1.944
2.009
2.074
2.141
2.208
2.277
2.346
2.416
2.487
2.632
2.780
2.931
3.086
3.243
3.565
3.898
4.241
4.593
4.954
5.890
6.871
7.892
8.951
1.004
1.117
1.352
1.598
1.855
2.122
2.398
3.908
5.664

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

8.636
1.189
1.474
1.527
1.579
1.630
1.680
1.729
1.754
1.778
1.802
1.825
1.849
1.872
1.895
1.918
1.941
1.963
2.008
2.052
2.096
2.139
2.181
2.264
2.345
2.420
2.504
2.577
2.760
2.934
3.101
3.261
3.415
3.563
3.846
4.111
4.362
4.600
4.826
5.817
6.630

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

3.013
5.837
9.319
1.008
1.087
1.169
1.252
1.338
1.382
1.426
1.470
1.516
1.562
1.608
1.655
1.702
1.750
1.798
1.896
1.995
2.097
2.201
2.306
2.522
2.745
2.975
3.212
3.455
4.091
4.765
5.475
6.219
6.997
7.806
9.515
1.133
1.326
1.529
1.741
2.922
4.270

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Prandtl
Number
Pr
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4

Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of r at the given temperature by P and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley,
1984; and Thermophysical Properties of Matter. Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S.
Touloukian, S. C. Saxena, and P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.

0.7246
0.7263
0.7440
0.7436
0.7425
0.7408
0.7387
0.7362
0.7350
0.7336
0.7323
0.7309
0.7296
0.7282
0.7268
0.7255
0.7241
0.7228
0.7202
0.7177
0.7154
0.7132
0.7111
0.7073
0.7041
0.7014
0.6992
0.6974
0.6946
0.6935
0.6937
0.6948
0.6965
0.6986
0.7037
0.7092
0.7149
0.7206
0.7260
0.7478
0.7539

22
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A1 6
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure
Temp.
T, C

Density
r, kg/m3

50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

2.4035
1.9635
1.6597
1.4373
1.2675
1.1336
0.9358
0.7968
0.6937
0.4213
0.3025
0.2359

Specific
Heat
cp, J/kgK

Thermal
Conductivity
k, W/mK

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s

Dynamic
Viscosity
m, kg/ms

Kinematic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

Prandtl
Number
Pr

Carbon Dioxide, CO2

746
811
866.6
914.8
957.4
995.2
1060
1112
1156
1292
1356
1387

0.01051
0.01456
0.01858
0.02257
0.02652
0.03044
0.03814
0.04565
0.05293
0.08491
0.10688
0.11522

5.860
9.141
1.291
1.716
2.186
2.698
3.847
5.151
6.600
1.560
2.606
3.521

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

1.129
1.375
1.612
1.841
2.063
2.276
2.682
3.061
3.416
4.898
6.106
7.322

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1.378
1.629
1.863
2.080
2.283
2.472
2.812
3.111
3.379
4.557
6.321
9.826

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

8.564
1.028
1.191
1.345
1.491
1.630
1.886
2.119
2.334
3.281
4.434
6.360

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7.293
8.391
9.427
1.041
1.136
1.228

10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

4.699
7.003
9.714
1.281
1.627
2.008
2.866
3.842
4.924
1.162
2.019
3.103

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

9.012
1.303
1.764
2.274
2.830
3.426
4.722
6.136
7.653
1.700
3.284
6.543

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

9.774
1.436
1.969
2.567
3.227
3.944
5.529
7.297
9.228
2.136
4.022
7.395

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

6.624
9.329
1.240
1.582
1.957
2.365

10
10
10
10
10
10

6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

0.8019
0.7661
0.7520
0.7464
0.7445
0.7442
0.7450
0.7458
0.7460
0.7455
0.7745
0.8815

Carbon Monoxide, CO
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.5297
1.2497
1.0563
0.9148
0.8067
0.7214
0.5956
0.5071
0.4415
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502

1081
1048
1039
1041
1049
1060
1085
1111
1135
1226
1279
1309

0.01901
0.02278
0.02641
0.02992
0.03330
0.03656
0.04277
0.04860
0.05412
0.07894
0.10458
0.13833

1.149
1.739
2.407
3.142
3.936
4.782
6.619
8.628
1.079
2.401
4.246
7.034

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

0.7840
0.7499
0.7328
0.7239
0.7191
0.7164
0.7134
0.7111
0.7087
0.7080
0.7733
0.9302

Methane, CH4
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.8761
0.7158
0.6050
0.5240
0.4620
0.4132
0.3411
0.2904
0.2529
0.1536
0.1103
0.0860

2243
2217
2302
2443
2611
2791
3158
3510
3836
5042
5701
6001

0.02367
0.03042
0.03766
0.04534
0.05344
0.06194
0.07996
0.09918
0.11933
0.22562
0.31857
0.36750

1.204
1.917
2.704
3.543
4.431
5.370
7.422
9.727
1.230
2.914
5.068
7.120

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4

6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

0.8116
0.7494
0.7282
0.7247
0.7284
0.7344
0.7450
0.7501
0.7502
0.7331
0.7936
1.0386

Hydrogen, H2
50
0
50
100
150
200

0.11010
0.08995
0.07603
0.06584
0.05806
0.05193

12635
13920
14349
14473
14492
14482

0.1404
0.1652
0.1881
0.2095
0.2296
0.2486

1.009
1.319
1.724
2.199
2.729
3.306

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
5
5
5

5
4
4
4
4

0.6562
0.7071
0.7191
0.7196
0.7174
0.7155

23
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 16
Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded)
Specific
Thermal
Density
Heat
Conductivity
r, kg/m3
cp, J/kgK
k, W/mK

Temp.
T, C
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.04287
0.03650
0.03178
0.01930
0.01386
0.01081

14481
14540
14653
15577
16553
17400

0.2843
0.3180
0.3509
0.5206
0.6581
0.5480

Thermal
Diffusivity
a, m2/s
4.580
5.992
7.535
1.732
2.869
2.914

Dynamic
Viscosity
n, m2/s

m, kg/ms
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

4
4
3
3
3

Kinematic
Viscosity

1.403
1.570
1.730
2.455
3.099
3.690

10
10
10
10
10
10

1.390
1.640
1.874
2.094
2.300
2.494
2.849
3.166
3.451
4.594
5.562
6.426

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1.616
1.916
2.194
2.451
2.694
2.923
3.350
3.744
4.114
5.732
7.133
8.417

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7.187
8.956
1.078
1.265
1.456
1.650
2.045
2.446
2.847
4.762
6.411
7.808

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5

Prandtl
Number
Pr

3.274
4.302
5.443
1.272
2.237
3.414

10
10
10
10
10
10

9.091
1.312
1.774
2.289
2.851
3.457
4.783
6.242
7.816
1.713
2.889
4.278

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

9.246
1.342
1.818
2.346
2.923
3.546
4.923
6.463
8.156
1.871
3.243
4.907

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

7.305
1.114
1.587
2.150
2.806
3.556
5.340
7.498
1.002
2.761
5.177
8.084

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

4
4
3
3
3

0.7149
0.7179
0.7224
0.7345
0.7795
1.1717

Nitrogen, N2
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.5299
1.2498
1.0564
0.9149
0.8068
0.7215
0.5956
0.5072
0.4416
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502

957.3
1035
1042
1041
1043
1050
1070
1095
1120
1213
1266
1297

0.02001
0.02384
0.02746
0.03090
0.03416
0.03727
0.04309
0.04848
0.05358
0.07938
0.11793
0.18590

1.366
1.843
2.494
3.244
4.058
4.921
6.758
8.727
1.083
2.440
4.839
9.543

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

0.6655
0.7121
0.7114
0.7056
0.7025
0.7025
0.7078
0.7153
0.7215
0.7022
0.5969
0.4483

Oxygen, O2
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

1.7475
1.4277
1.2068
1.0451
0.9216
0.8242
0.6804
0.5793
0.5044
0.3063
0.2199
0.1716

984.4
928.7
921.7
931.8
947.6
964.7
997.1
1025
1048
1121
1165
1201

0.02067
0.02472
0.02867
0.03254
0.03637
0.04014
0.04751
0.05463
0.06148
0.09198
0.11901
0.14705

1.201
1.865
2.577
3.342
4.164
5.048
7.003
9.204
1.163
2.678
4.643
7.139

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4

0.7694
0.7198
0.7053
0.7019
0.7019
0.7025
0.7030
0.7023
0.7010
0.6986
0.6985
0.6873

Water Vapor, H2O

50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000

0.9839
0.8038
0.6794
0.5884
0.5189
0.4640
0.3831
0.3262
0.2840
0.1725
0.1238
0.0966

1892
1874
1874
1887
1908
1935
1997
2066
2137
2471
2736
2928

0.01353
0.01673
0.02032
0.02429
0.02861
0.03326
0.04345
0.05467
0.06677
0.13623
0.21301
0.29183

7.271
1.110
1.596
2.187
2.890
3.705
5.680
8.114
1.100
3.196
6.288
1.032

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
3

6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4

Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of p at the given temperature by r and by dividing n and a by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.

1.0047
1.0033
0.9944
0.9830
0.9712
0.9599
0.9401
0.9240
0.9108
0.8639
0.8233
0.7833

24
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A1 7
Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
Altitude,
z, m

Temperature,
T, C

Pressure,
P, kPa

Gravity
g, m/s2

Speed of
Sound,
c, m/s

Density,
r, kg/m3

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
8000
9000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000

15.00
13.70
12.40
11.10
9.80
8.50
7.20
5.90
4.60
3.30
2.00
0.70
0.59
1.89
3.19
4.49
5.79
7.09
8.39
9.69
10.98
12.3
13.6
14.9
16.2
17.5
18.8
20.1
21.4
22.7
24.0
25.3
26.6
27.9
29.2
30.5
36.9
43.4
49.9
56.5
56.5
56.5
56.5

101.33
98.95
96.61
94.32
92.08
89.88
87.72
85.60
83.53
81.49
79.50
77.55
75.63
73.76
71.92
70.12
68.36
66.63
64.94
63.28
61.66
60.07
58.52
57.00
55.51
54.05
52.62
51.23
49.86
48.52
47.22
45.94
44.69
43.47
42.27
41.11
35.65
30.80
26.50
19.40
14.17
10.53
7.57

9.807
9.806
9.805
9.805
9.804
9.804
9.803
9.802
9.802
9.801
9.800
9.800
9.799
9.799
9.798
9.797
9.797
9.796
9.796
9.795
9.794
9.794
9.793
9.793
9.792
9.791
9.791
9.790
9.789
9.785
9.788
9.788
9.787
9.786
9.785
9.785
9.782
9.779
9.776
9.770
9.764
9.758
9.751

340.3
339.5
338.8
338.0
337.2
336.4
335.7
334.9
334.1
333.3
332.5
331.7
331.0
330.2
329.4
328.6
327.8
327.0
326.2
325.4
324.6
323.8
323.0
322.2
321.4
320.5
319.7
318.9
318.1
317.3
316.5
315.6
314.8
314.0
313.1
312.3
308.1
303.8
299.5
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.1

1.225
1.202
1.179
1.156
1.134
1.112
1.090
1.069
1.048
1.027
1.007
0.987
0.967
0.947
0.928
0.909
0.891
0.872
0.854
0.837
0.819
0.802
0.785
0.769
0.752
0.736
0.721
0.705
0.690
0.675
0.660
0.646
0.631
0.617
0.604
0.590
0.526
0.467
0.414
0.312
0.228
0.166
0.122

Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/mK

Viscosity
m, kg/ms
1.789
1.783
1.777
1.771
1.764
1.758
1.752
1.745
1.739
1.732
1.726
1.720
1.713
1.707
1.700
1.694
1.687
1.681
1.674
1.668
1.661
1.655
1.648
1.642
1.635
1.628
1.622
1.615
1.608
1.602
1.595
1.588
1.582
1.575
1.568
1.561
1.527
1.493
1.458
1.422
1.422
1.422
1.422

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

0.0253
0.0252
0.0252
0.0251
0.0250
0.0249
0.0248
0.0247
0.0245
0.0244
0.0243
0.0242
0.0241
0.0240
0.0239
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0233
0.0232
0.0231
0.0230
0.0229
0.0228
0.0227
0.0226
0.0224
0.0223
0.0222
0.0221
0.0220
0.0219
0.0218
0.0217
0.0212
0.0206
0.0201
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195

Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45 latitude and varies
with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 101.325 kPa, T 15 C, r
1.2250 kg/m3,
g 9.80665 m2/s.

25
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 18
Emissivities of surfaces
(a) Metals
Material
Aluminum
Polished
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Anodized
Bismuth, bright
Brass
Highly polished
Polished
Dull plate
Oxidized
Chromium, polished
Copper
Highly polished
Polished
Commercial sheet
Oxidized
Black oxidized
Gold
Highly polished
Bright foil
Iron
Highly polished
Case iron
Wrought iron
Rusted
Oxidized
Lead
Polished
Unoxidized, rough
Oxidized

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300900
400
400800
300
350

0.040.06
0.09
0.200.33
0.8
0.34

500650
350
300600
450800
3001400

0.030.04
0.09
0.22
0.6
0.080.40

300
300500
300
6001000
300

0.02
0.040.05
0.15
0.50.8
0.78

3001000
300

0.030.06
0.07

300500
300
300500
300
500900

0.050.07
0.44
0.28
0.61
0.640.78

300500
300
300

0.060.08
0.43
0.63

Material
Magnesium, polished
Mercury
Molybdenum
Polished
Oxidized
Nickel
Polished
Oxidized
Platinum, polished
Silver, polished
Stainless steel
Polished
Lightly oxidized
Highly oxidized
Steel
Polished sheet
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Tin, polished
Tungsten
Polished
Filament
Zinc
Polished
Oxidized

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300500
300400

0.070.13
0.090.12

3002000
600800

0.050.21
0.800.82

5001200
4501000
5001500
3001000

0.070.17
0.370.57
0.060.18
0.020.07

3001000
6001000
6001000

0.170.30
0.300.40
0.700.80

300500
5001200
300
300

0.080.14
0.200.32
0.81
0.05

3002500
3500

0.030.29
0.39

300800
300

0.020.05
0.25

26
APPENDIX 1

T ABL E A1 8
Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded)
(b) Nonmetals
Material
Alumina
Aluminum oxide
Asbestos
Asphalt pavement
Brick
Common
Fireclay
Carbon filament
Cloth
Concrete
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Pyroceram
Ice
Magnesium oxide
Masonry
Paints
Aluminum
Black, lacquer, shiny
Oils, all colors
Red primer
White acrylic
White enamel

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

8001400
6001500
300
300

0.650.45
0.690.41
0.96
0.850.93

300
1200
2000
300
300

0.930.96
0.75
0.53
0.750.90
0.880.94

300
3001200
3001500
273
400800
300

0.900.95
0.820.62
0.850.57
0.950.99
0.690.55
0.80

300
300
300
300
300
300

0.400.50
0.88
0.920.96
0.93
0.90
0.90

Material
Paper, white
Plaster, white
Porcelain, glazed
Quartz, rough, fused
Rubber
Hard
Soft
Sand
Silicon carbide
Skin, human
Snow
Soil, earth
Soot
Teflon
Water, deep
Wood
Beech
Oak

Temperature,
K

Emissivity,
e

300
300
300
300

0.90
0.93
0.92
0.93

300
300
300
6001500
300
273
300
300500
300500
273373

0.93
0.86
0.90
0.870.85
0.95
0.800.90
0.930.96
0.95
0.850.92
0.950.96

300
300

0.94
0.90

27
APPENDIX 1

T A BLE A 19
Solar radiative properties of materials
Description/composition
Aluminum
Polished
Anodized
Quartz-overcoated
Foil
Brick, red (Purdue)
Concrete
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new
Oxidized, weathered
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered
Low iron oxide type
Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective)
Metal, plated
Black sulfide
Black cobalt oxide
Black nickel oxide
Black chrome
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness
Paints
Black (Parsons)
White, acrylic
White, zinc oxide
Paper, white
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness
Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed surface)
Roofing tiles, bright red
Dry surface
Wet surface
Sand, dry
Off-white
Dull red
Snow
Fine particles, fresh
Ice granules
Steel
Mirror-finish
Heavily rusted
Stone (light pink)
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness
Wood

Solar
Absorptivity, as

Emissivity, e,
at 300 K
as /e

Ratio,
Solar
Transmissivity, ts

0.09
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.63
0.60

0.03
0.84
0.37
0.05
0.93
0.88

3.0
0.17
0.30
3.0
0.68
0.68

0.65
0.80

0.13
0.28

5.0
2.9
0.79
0.88

0.40

0.88

0.92
0.93
0.92
0.87

0.10
0.30
0.08
0.09

0.45
9.2
3.1
11
9.7
0.87

0.98
0.26
0.16
0.27

0.98
0.90
0.93
0.83

1.0
0.29
0.17
0.32

0.26

0.85

0.30

0.65
0.88

0.85
0.91

0.76
0.96

0.52
0.73

0.82
0.86

0.63
0.82

0.13
0.33

0.82
0.89

0.16
0.37

0.41
0.89
0.65

0.05
0.92
0.87

8.2
0.96
0.74

0.90

0.92
0.92
0.59

0.90

0.66

Source: V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, Solar Properties of Some Building Elements, Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805810, and other sources.

0.1
0.09

Laminar

Transitional Turbulent
flow
0.08

flo
w

Fully rough turbulent flow (

f levels off)

flow

0.05

0.07

0.04

0.06

0.03

0.05

0.02
0.015

0.04
Da
rc
y
fri
cti
on
fac
tor
,f

0.01
Re
0.008
lati
ve
0.006
ro
ug
0.004
hn
ess
,
0.002
e/

0.03
0.025

0.001
0.0008
0.0006

0.02
Roughne
ss, e

Materi
al

0.0
15

0.01
0.0
09
0.0
08

Glass, plastic
Concrete
Wood stave
Rubber,
smoothed
Copper or brass
tubing
Cast iron
Galvanized
iron Wrought
iron Stainless
steel
Commercial
steel

103

0.0004

ft
mm

2(103) 3

0
0.003
0.03
0.00
16
0.0000
33
0.0000
05
0.000
85
0.00
05
0.000
15
0.0000
07
0.000
15
4 5 6

0
0.9
9
0
.
5
0.
01
0.00
15
0.
26
0.
15
0.0
46
0.0
02
0.0
45
8 104

Smooth
pipes
e/
D
=0

0.0002
0.0001
e /D =
0.000005
e /D =
0.000001

2(104) 3 4

5 6

8 105

0.00005

0.00001

2(105) 3 4 5 6 8 106

2(10
6
) 3
4 5
6
8
107

2
(
1
0
7

)
3
4
5
6
8

0
8

F
I

The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes for use in the head
loss relation PL f
D

flow are evaluated from the Colebrook equation

2log10

D/
f

2.51
Re

. Friction factors in the

turbulent

3.7

8
9
1
APPE
NDIX
1