Effect of Zeros on The Response of Circuit

7799
Department of Electrical Engineering, FAST-NU, Islamabad, Pakistan.
28 April 2014

Abstract In this document I am discussing the topic

effect of zeroes on the response of circuits. Here I will
describe how zeroes affect the response. I will explain how
output change in presence of zeros or without zeroes
means response with or without zeros in transform
function. The whole discussion about the zeroes which take
part in the amplitude of the steady and natural response.
And how effect create in the time response which I will
explain through the graphs and how the system response
speeds up by adding a zero.
Keywords Affect on magnitude, Transfer function, pole
zero diagram, Time response, affect on pole.
I.

INTRODUCTION

This document is describing about affect of zeros on the

response of circuit. In this document I will explain what are
zeros? How we can find zeros? Zeros of transfer functions.
Graphical explanation of zeros on response. There affect on
amplitude of response. How they affect the gaining factor.
Iwill discuss the time response and frequency response explain
the zeros behavior.This document is organized as follows:
Section II describes the background. Section III explains the
topic with examples. Section IV lists how would marks be
allocated and/or deducted for the project. Section V describes
the concept of peer-review.
II.
Background
My whole topic is revolving about the zeros. In my topic I will
use Laplace transform, partial fractions, pole zero diagram.
Laplace transform is widely use in mathematics
physics and also in circuit analysis. Here I will discuss its use
in circuit analysis. We use Laplace transform in solving
different circuit which is very tough to solve in time domain
we convert a circuit in Laplace domain then after solving we
again return in time domain by inverse Laplace. We use this
definition to get s domain function :

F ( s )=L [ f ( t ) ]= est f ( t ) dt
0

In algebra, partial fraction of a rational fraction is the

operation that expresses the fraction as a sum of a polynomial
and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator. By
partial fraction we can easily obtained several fractions which
we can solve easily.
We locate zeros graphically on pole zero diagram. By
viewing pole zero diagram we can explain the behavior of the
response. In pole zero diagram there are two axis one real and
other one is imaginary axis where we can place pole and zeros
of a function a simple pole zero diagram of a function is given
from which we can take the idea of pole zero diagram.

Here -2 is zero and -2j ,+2j and -1 are poles.

I.

Affect of zeros on response of circuit :

For a system, it is important to understand how the
system is behaving which we are studying. The
Laplace transform is a valuable technique that can be
used to solve differential equations and obtain the
dynamic response of a system. The Laplace transform
make possible to understand the behavior of the
system response without solving for the response. So
by poles and zeros of a system tell us the behavior of
the response without solving the whole equations to
get response. Here I will only discuss about the
behavior of zeros on the response of a circuit. Using a
graphical method of pole zero diagram we can
understand the affect more briefly. Now Conversion
of time domain circuits to s-domain circuits and
drawing the response of circuits on graph as a pole
zero diagram which explains more briefly than the
time domain equations and I will explain by this way
how zeros affect the response of a circuit.
First I want to explain what are zeros.
A rational function may be expressed as the ratio of
two factored polynomials. In other words we may
write a Laplace function F(s) as

F ( s )=k

( s + z 1 ) ( s + z 2 ) .. ( s+ zn )
( s+ p 1 )( s+ p 2 ) .. ( s+ pn )

Where k is a constant.
For example:

F ( s )=

8 s 2 +120 s+ 400
4
3
2
2 s +20 s +70 s +100 s+ 48

s
4( 2+15 s+50)
s 4 +10 s 3+ 35 s 2+50 s+24
F ( s )=
2 ( s +5 ) ( s +10 )
F ( s )=
( s+1 ) ( s+ 2 )( s+3 )( s+ 4 )
So the roots of numerator are z1 z2 -zn
They are the values s at which F(s) becomes zero are
called zeroes of F(s). in above example -5 and -10 are
the zeros
Affect of zero on the response of a circuit can be
explained best by its poles and zeros diagram. Zeros
of a function may be complex as poles, so graphically
we plot their locations on the complex s-plane whose
axes represent the real and imaginary parts of the
complex variable s. Such plots are known as pole
zero plote. Zero location mark as circle (o) and a pole
location a cross (X) as in given below figure. The
location of the poles and zeros provide qualitative
analyses of a system response.
First I want to explain what are zeroes of a transfer
function ?. Let a transfer function H(s) which is as

H ( s )=

y (s)
x ( s)

here the roots y(s) are called zeros of H(s) or the

values of y(s) which gives the H(s)=0. For example a
transfer
function
:

H ( s )=

s+5
( s+ 3 ) (s +6)

Here if we put s = -5 then the transfer function H(s)

will become zero or we say that -5 is the root of
nominator which are called zeros of a transfer
function and the roots of denominator are called
poles here I am explaining poles because it effects the
stability of circuit which are also a ffected by the
location of zero. I will first explain zeros in first
order system. Here I will discuss about simple
example to know about the effect of zero in a simple
circuit response.[1]
So we can say zeros take part in the generation of
amplitude in steady and natural responses. Zero also
affects the speed of the
So we can say zeros take part in the generation of
amplitude in steady and natural responses. Zero also
affects the speed of the response faster or slower
which affect the location of the zero with respect to a
pole. Zero does not affect the nature of the response.
II.
Examples :
A transfer function H(s) of the circuit

H ( s )=

( s+ 2 )
( s+ 5 )

Here -2 is a zero of a transfer function and -5 is

pole. Now we let us see the unit step of a transfer
function. Let Y(s) is the response or output.

Y ( s )=

( s+2 )
s ( s+5 )

By partial fraction we solve it

Y ( s )=
A=

A B
+
s s+5

s+2
at s=0
s+5

A=2/5 and

B=

s +2
at s=5
s
B=3/5

So the

2
3
5
5
Y ( s )= +
s s+5

Here in last one expression when we transfer

it in time domain as

2 3
y (t )= + e5t
5 5

Here 2/5 and 3/5 resulted of zeros and poles

If a will far away from both b and c then the equation

could
be
written
as

H ( s )=

a
( s+ b ) (s+c )

So here zero is simple a gaining factor if a is near the poles

and then it does not change the amplitude of the component
relative to response.

So we can say zeros take part in the generation of

amplitude in steady and natural responses. Zero also
affects the speed of the response faster or slower
which affect the location of the zero with respect to a
pole. Zero does not affect the nature of the response.
Let us see by increasing number of zeros and taking
fix value of poles let us start poles of a transfer
function (-1+2.82j) (-1-2.82j) and we will change the
values of zeros as -3 -5 and -10 we can see from
figure that if a zero is closer to the pole a general
expression to see the behavior of zeros as

H ( s )=

s+ a
( s+ b ) ( s+ c )

where a is zero of transfer function now by partial

fraction

H ( s )=

A
B
+
s+ b s+ c

b+a
b+c
c+a
B=
c+b
b+a c +a
b+ c c +b
H ( s )=
+
s+ b
s+ c
A=

Circuit diagram;
Let us
consider

circuit

in

domain

Va
Va
+ =0
2+7 s 10
s
10 ( 2+7 s )
H ( s )=
10+ s ( 2+7 s )
20+70 s
H ( s )= 2
7 s +2 s+10
20
Zero=
=0.28
70
is+

Poles=

this figure shows the affect of singal zeros one by one

which are added to the response. Here in this
example We can see that the closer the zero is to the
poles, the greater its effect on the transient response.
As the zero moves away from the dominant poles, the
response approaches that of the two-pole system.
This analysis can be understand via the partialfraction expansion. The case in which zeros in LHP
We see that the major impact of the zero is to
increase the overshoot, with little impact on the
settling time. But if the value of zero is positive then
there will be a zero on the RHP then the response will
be When the value of is negative, then there is a zero
on the RHP, also called a nonminimum-phase zero.
The transient response of the resulting system is quite
different. In fact, the overshoot is suppressed to the
point that the response first starts in the wrong
direction and then changes sign.[3]
Example 3 :

-0.142+1.86i.

Here filled dots represents poles and empty dot

represent zero, if we are calculating the phase angle
w.r.t given point for example (s=jw) then we can
calculate the phase angle just by subtracting the
phase angle of pole to the angle of zero. And
magnitude of H(s) is
III.
[1]
[2]
[3]

REFERNCES

http://aerostudents.com/files/aerospaceSystemsAndCon
trolTheory/Book/ControlSystemsEngineeringCH4.pdf
http://parlos.tamu.edu/MEEN364/Lecture12.pdf
Control Systems Engineering, International Student
Version, 6th Edition Norman S. Nise April 2011, 2011