Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC (/flrnsnatel/;

12 May 1820 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder
of modern nursing. She came to prominence while
serving as a manager of nurses trained by her during
the Crimean War, where she organised the tending to
wounded soldiers.[2] She gave nursing a highly favourable
reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of The Lady with the Lamp making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.[3]
Some recent commentators have asserted Nightingales
achievements in the Crimean War were exaggerated by
the media at the time, to satisfy the publics need for a
hero. Nevertheless, critics agree on the decisive importance of her followup achievements in professionalizing Embley Park, now a school, was one of the family homes of
William Nightingale.
nursing roles for women. In 1860, Nightingale laid the
foundation of professional nursing with the establishment
of her nursing school at St Thomas Hospital in London.
It was the rst secular nursing school in the world, now
part of Kings College London. The Nightingale Pledge
taken by new nurses was named in her honour, and the
annual International Nurses Day is celebrated around the
world on her birthday. Her social reforms include improving healthcare for all sections of British society, advocating better hunger relief in India, helping to abolish
prostitution laws that were over-harsh to women, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in
the workforce.
Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. In her
lifetime, much of her published work was concerned with
spreading medical knowledge. Some of her tracts were
written in simple English so that they could easily be
understood by those with poor literary skills. She also
helped popularise the graphical presentation of statistical data. Much of her writing, including her extensive
work on religion and mysticism, has only been published
posthumously.

Early life

Young Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a

rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the
Villa Colombaia,[4] in Florence, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florences older sister Frances
Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of
birth, Parthenopolis, a Greek settlement now part of the
city of Naples. When Florence was 1, the family moved
back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought

up in the familys homes at Embley and Lea Hurst.[5][6]

Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born
William Edward Shore (17941874) and Frances
(Fanny) Nightingale ne Smith (17891880).
Williams mother Mary ne Evans was the niece of
one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will
1

2
William inherited his estate at Lea Hurst in Derbyshire,
and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale.
Fannys father (Florences maternal grandfather) was the
abolitionist and Unitarian William Smith.[7] Nightingale
was educated mainly by her father.[6]
In 1838, her father took the family on a tour in Europe
where he was introduced to the English born Parisian
hostess Mary Clarke who was known as Clarkey. Florence bonded with this woman. She recorded that
Clarkey was a stimulating hostess who did not care for
her appearance but although her idea might not always
agree with her guests but she was incapable of boring
anyone. Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and
eccentric and she had no respect for upper class British
women who she regarded generally as inconsequential.
She said that if given the choice between being a woman
or a galley slave then she would choose the freedom of
the galleys. She generally rejected female company and
spent her time with male intellectuals. However Clarkey
made an exception in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to
remain close friends for 40 years despite their 27 year
age dierence. Mohl demonstrated that women could be
equals to men and this was an idea that Florence had not
obtained from her mother.[8]

EARLY LIFE

on him.
Nightingale also much later had strong relations with
Benjamin Jowett, who may have wanted to marry her.
Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and
Selina Bracebridge) as far as Greece and Egypt. Her writings on Egypt in particular are testimony to her learning,
literary skill and philosophy of life. Sailing up the Nile as
far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the Abu
Simbel temples, Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without eort, without suering...
not a feature is correct but the whole eect is more expressive of spiritual grandeur than anything I could have
imagined. It makes the impression upon one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to
overcome the strongest man.[10]

Nightingale underwent the rst of several experiences

that she believed were calls from God in February 1837
while at Embley Park, prompting a strong desire to devote her life to the service of others. In her youth she
was respectful of her familys opposition to her working
as a nurse, only announcing her decision to enter the eld
in 1844. Despite the intense anger and distress of her
mother and sister, she rebelled against the expected role
for a woman of her status to become a wife and mother.
Nightingale worked hard to educate herself in the art and
science of nursing, in spite of opposition from her family
and the restrictive social code for auent young English
women.[9]
As a young woman, Nightingale was attractive, slender
and graceful. While her demeanor was often severe, she
could be very charming and her smile was radiant. Her
most persistent suitor was the politician and poet Richard
Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, but after a nineyear courtship she rejected him, convinced that marriage
would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to
nursing.[9]
Nightingale circa 1854
In Rome in 1847, she met Sidney Herbert, a politician
who had been Secretary at War (18451846). Herbert
was on his honeymoon; he and Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would be Secretary of War
again during the Crimean War; he and his wife were instrumental in facilitating Nightingales nursing work in
the Crimea. She became a key adviser to him in his political career, though she was accused by some of having
hastened Herberts death from Brights Disease in 1861
because of the pressure her programme of reform placed

At Thebes, she wrote of being called to God, while a

week later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as distinct
from her far longer letters that her elder sister Parthenope
was to print after her return): God called me in the
morning and asked me would I do good for him alone
without reputation.[10] Later in 1850, she visited the
Lutheran religious community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein
in Germany, where she observed Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working for the sick and the deprived. She regarded the experience as a turning point

3
in her life, and issued her ndings anonymously in 1851;
The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her rst published
work;[11] she also received four months of medical training at the institute, which formed the basis for her later
care.
On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen
in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854.[12] Her father had given her an annual
income of 500 (roughly 40,000/US$65,000 in present
terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career.

Crimean War

Letter from Florence Nightingale to Mary Mohl, 1881

After Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for a government solution to the poor condition of the facilities,
A print of the jewel awarded to Nightingale by Queen Victoria, the British Government commissioned Isambard Kingfor her services to the soldiers in the war
dom Brunel to design a prefabricated hospital that could
be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. The
Florence Nightingales most famous contribution came result was Renkioi Hospital, a civilian facility that, under
during the Crimean War, which became her central focus the management of Dr. Edmund Alexander Parkes, had
when reports got back to Britain about the horric con- a death rate less than 1/10th that of Scutari.[16]
ditions for the wounded. On 21 October 1854, she and Stephen Paget in the Dictionary of National Biography
the sta of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, asserted that Nightingale reduced the death rate from
including her aunt Mai Smith,[13] and fteen Catholic 42% to 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene
nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)[14] were herself, or by calling for the Sanitary Commission.[17]
sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the During her rst winter at Scutari, 4,077 soldiers died
Ottoman Empire. Nightingale was assisted in Paris by there. Ten times more soldiers died from illnesses such
her friend Mary Mohl.[15] They were deployed about 295 as typhus, typhoid, cholera and dysentery than from batnautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) across the Black Sea tle wounds. With overcrowding, defective sewers and
from Balaklava in the Crimea, where the main British lack of ventilation, the Sanitary Commission had to be
camp was based.
sent out by the British government to Scutari in March
Nightingale arrived early in November 1854 at Selimiye
Barracks in Scutari (modern-day skdar in Istanbul).
Her team found that poor care for wounded soldiers was
being delivered by overworked medical sta in the face
of ocial indierence. Medicines were in short supply,
hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were
common, many of them fatal. There was no equipment
to process food for the patients.

1855, almost six months after Florence Nightingale had

arrived. The commission ushed out the sewers and improved ventilation.[18] Death rates were sharply reduced,
but she never claimed credit for helping to reduce the
death rate.[19] In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries that were critical of Nightingales performance
in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times. Nightin-

gale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as often preposterous, arguing they are not supported by the primary sources.[6]

LATER CAREER

darkness have settled down upon those miles

of prostrate sick, she may be observed alone,
with a little lamp in her hand, making her solitary rounds.[20]

Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to

poor nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air and overworking
of the soldiers. After she returned to Britain and began The phrase was further popularised by Henry Wadsworth
collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on Longfellow's 1857 poem "Santa Filomena":[21]
the Health of the Army, she came to believe that most
of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living
Lo! in that house of misery
conditions. This experience inuenced her later career,
when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of
A lady with a lamp I see
great importance. Consequently, she reduced peacetime
Pass through the glimmering gloom,
deaths in the army and turned her attention to the sanitary
design of hospitals and the introduction of sanitation in
And it from room to room.
working-class homes (see Statistics and Sanitary Reform,
below).

3 Later career
2.1

The Lady with the Lamp

In the Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale

Fund was established for the training of nurses during
a public meeting to recognise Nightingale for her work
in the war. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Sidney Herbert served as honorary secretary of the
fund and the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. Nightingale was considered a pioneer in the concept of medical
tourism as well, based on her 1856 letters describing spas
in the Ottoman Empire. She detailed the health conditions, physical descriptions, dietary information, and
other vital details of patients whom she directed there.
The treatment there was signicantly less expensive than
in Switzerland.
Nightingale had 45,000 at her disposal from the Nightingale Fund to set up the Nightingale Training School
at St. Thomas Hospital on 9 July 1860. The rst
trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16 May 1865
at the Liverpool Workhouse Inrmary. Now called the
Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery,
the school is part of Kings College London. She also
campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sisters home,
Claydon House.

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859). The book

served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the
The Lady with the Lamp popular lithograph reproduction of a Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it
was written specically for the education of those nursing
painting by Henrietta Rae, 1891.
at home. Nightingale wrote Every day sanitary knowlDuring the Crimean war, Florence Nightingale gained the edge, or the knowledge of nursing, or in other words, of
nickname The Lady with the Lamp from a phrase in a how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will
have no disease, or that it can recover from disease, takes
report in The Times:
a higher place. It is recognised as the knowledge which
every one ought to have distinct from medical knowlShe is a 'ministering angel' without any exedge, which only a profession can have.[22]
aggeration in these hospitals, and as her slenNotes on Nursing also sold well to the general reading
der form glides quietly along each corridor, evpublic and is considered a classic introduction to nursing.
ery poor fellows face softens with gratitude at
Nightingale spent the rest of her life promoting and orthe sight of her. When all the medical oganising the nursing profession. In the introduction to the
cers have retired for the night and silence and

5
said, to kill germs. Nightingales work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil War. The Union
government approached her for advice in organising eld
medicine. Although her ideas met ocial resistance, they
inspired the volunteer body of the United States Sanitary
Commission.
In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards,
Americas rst trained nurse, and enabled her to return to the USA with adequate training and knowledge
to establish high-quality nursing schools. Linda Richards
went on to become a great nursing pioneer in the USA
and Japan.
By 1882, several Nightingale nurses had become matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London
(St Marys Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Inrmary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney) and throughout Britain (Royal Victoria
Hospital, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Inrmary; Cumberland Inrmary and Liverpool Royal Inrmary), as well as
at Sydney Hospital in New South Wales, Australia.

Florence Nightingale, circa 1858

1974 edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale School of

Nursing wrote: The book was the rst of its kind ever to
be written. It appeared at a time when the simple rules of
health were only beginning to be known, when its topics
were of vital importance not only for the well-being and
recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated persons. The book has, inevitably, its
place in the history of nursing, for it was written by the
founder of modern nursing.[23]
As Mark Bostridge has recently demonstrated, one of
Nightingales signal achievements was the introduction of
trained nurses into the workhouse system in England and
Ireland from the 1860s onwards. This meant that sick
paupers were no longer being cared for by other, ablebodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing sta.
Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the
theory of infection for her entire life, a recent biography disagrees,[24] saying that she was simply opposed to
a precursor of germ theory known as "contagionism".
This theory held that diseases could only be transmitted by touch. Before the experiments of the mid-1860s
by Pasteur and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out that in the
early 1880s Nightingale wrote an article for a textbook
in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she

In 1883, Nightingale was awarded the Royal Red Cross

by Queen Victoria. In 1904, she was appointed a Lady of
Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ). In 1907, she became the rst woman to be awarded the Order of Merit.
In the following year she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. Her birthday is now celebrated as International CFS Awareness Day.
From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was intermittently
bedridden and suered from depression. A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis as the
cause.[25] Most authorities today accept that Nightingale
suered from a particularly extreme form of brucellosis,
the eects of which only began to lift in the early 1880s.
Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. During her bedridden years, she
also did pioneering work in the eld of hospital planning,
and her work propagated quickly across Britain and the
world. Nightingales output slowed down considerably in
her last decade. She wrote very little during that period
due to blindness and declining mental abilities, though she
still retained an interest in current aairs.[6]

4 Relationships
Although much of Nightingales work improved the lot
of women everywhere, Nightingale was of the opinion
that women craved sympathy and were not as capable
as men.[26] She criticised early womens rights activists
for decrying an alleged lack of careers for women at
the same time that lucrative medical positions, under
the supervision of Nightingale and others, went perpetually unlled.[27] She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insisting they had done more than women to
help her attain her goals, writing, I have never found one
woman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my

6
opinions.[28][29] She often referred to herself in the masculine, as for example a man of action and a man of
business.[30]

6 CONTRIBUTIONS

6 Contributions
6.1 Statistics and sanitary reform

She did, however, have several important and long-lasting

friendships with women. Later in life she kept up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Sister Mary Clare
Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea.[31] Her
most beloved condante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in 1837 and kept in touch with throughout
her life.[32]

Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift for mathematics

from an early age and excelled in the subject under the
tutorship of her father. Later, Nightingale became a
pioneer in the visual presentation of information and
statistical graphics.[40] She used methods such as the pie
chart, which had rst been developed by William Playfair
Some scholars of Nightingales life believe that she re- in 1801. While taken for granted now, it was at the time
[41]
mained chaste for her entire life; perhaps because she felt a relatively novel method of presenting data.
[33]
a religious calling to her career.
Indeed, Nightingale is described as a true pioneer in
the graphical representation of statistics, and is credited
with developing a form of the pie chart now known as
the polar area diagram,[42] or occasionally the Nightin5 Death
gale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular
histogram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military eld hospital she managed. Nightingale
called a compilation of such diagrams a coxcomb, but
later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams.[43] She made extensive use of coxcombs to
present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to Members
of Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports.
In 1859, Nightingale was elected the rst female member
of the Royal Statistical Society. She later became an honorary member of the American Statistical Association.

The grave of Florence Nightingale in the churchyard of St. Margarets Church, East Wellow.

On 13 August 1910, at the age of 90, she died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 South Street, Mayfair,
London.[34][35] The oer of burial in Westminster Abbey
was declined by her relatives and she is buried in
the graveyard at St. Margaret Church in East Wellow, Hampshire.[36][37] She left a large body of work,
including several hundred notes that were previously
unpublished.[38] A memorial monument to Nightingale
was created in Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in 1913 and placed in the cloister of Santa Croce
Church in Florence.[39]

"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the East" by

Florence Nightingale.

Her attention turned to the health of the British army

in India and she demonstrated that bad drainage, contaminated water, overcrowding and poor ventilation were
causing the high death rate. She concluded that the health
of the army and the people of India had to go hand in hand
and so campaigned to improve the sanitary conditions of
the country as a whole.
Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of
sanitation in Indian rural life and was the leading gure
in the introduction of improved medical care and public
health service in India. In 1858 and 1859, she successfully lobbied for the establishment of a Royal Commis-

6.3

Theology

sion into the Indian situation. Two years later, she pro- gales writing a major text of English feminism, a link
vided a report to the commission, which completed its between Wollstonecraft and Woolf.[51]
own study in 1863. After 10 years of sanitary reform, in
1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000.[42] 6.3 Theology
The Royal Sanitary Commission of 18689 presented
Nightingale with an opportunity to press for compulsory
sanitation in private houses. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed
Public Health Bill to require owners of existing properties
to pay for connection to mains drainage.[44] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Health Acts of
1874 and 1875. At the same time she combined with
the retired sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld to devolve powers to enforce the law to
Local Authorities, eliminating central control by medical technocrats.[45] Her Crimean War statistics had convinced her that non-medical approaches were more eective given the state of knowledge at the time. Historians
now believe that both drainage and devolved enforcement
played a crucial role in increasing average national life
expectancy by 20 years between 1871 and the mid-1930s
during which time medical science made no impact on
the most fatal epidemic diseases.[19][46]

6.2

Despite being named as a Unitarian in several older

sources, Nightingales own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are mildly negative. She remained
in the Church of England throughout her life, albeit with
unorthodox views. Inuenced from an early age by the
Wesleyan tradition, Nightingale felt that genuine religion
should manifest in active care and love for others.[52][53]
She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought,
her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas.
Nightingale questioned the goodness of a God who would
condemn souls to hell, and was a believer in universal reconciliation the concept that even those who die without being saved will eventually make it to Heaven.[54] She
would sometimes comfort those in her care with this view.
For example, a dying young prostitute being tended by
Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell and said
to her 'Pray God, that you may never be in the despair I am
in at this time'. The nurse replied Oh, my girl, are you
not now more merciful than the God you think you are going to? Yet the real God is far more merciful than any huLiterature and the womens movement man creature ever was or can ever imagine.[5][29][55][56]

While better known for her contributions in the nursing

and mathematical elds, Nightingale is also an important
link in the study of English feminism. During 1850 and
1852, she was struggling with her self-denition and the
expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions
for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. This was
an 829-page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had
printed privately in 1860, but which until recently was
never published in its entirety.[48] An eort to correct
this was made with a 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11[49] of a 16 volume project,
the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale.[50] The best
known of these essays, called Cassandra, was previously
published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it
in The Cause, a history of the womens movement. Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of sorting
out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.
Cassandra protests the over-feminisation of women into
near helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mothers
and older sisters lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for
the world of social service. The work also reects her
fear of her ideas being ineective, as were Cassandra's.
Cassandra was a princess of Troy who served as a priestess in the temple of Apollo during the Trojan War. The
god gave her the gift of prophecy; when she refused his
advances, he cursed her so that her prophetic warnings
would go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightin-

Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale believed for much of her life that the pagan and
eastern religions had also contained genuine revelation.
She was a strong opponent of discrimination both against
Christians of dierent denominations, and against those
of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion
helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good
work, and would ensure the nurses in her care attended
religious services. However she was often critical of organised religion. She disliked the role the 19th century
Church of England would sometimes play in worsening
the oppression of the poor. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. While she held that the ideal health
professional should be inspired by a religious as well as
professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiey
in securing their own salvation, and that this motivation
was inferior to the professional desire to deliver the best
possible care.[5][29]

7 Legacy and memory

7.1 Nursing
The rst ocial nurses training programme, the Nightingale School for Nurses, opened in 1860. The mission of
the school was to train nurses to work in hospitals, to work
with the poor and to teach. This intended that students

LEGACY AND MEMORY

instituted the Florence Nightingale Medal, awarded every two years to nurses or nursing aides for outstanding
service.

7.2 Hospitals
Four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale:
Florence Nightingale Hospital in ili (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital in Mecidiyeky, and Kzltoprak Florence
Nightingale Hospital in Kadiky, all belonging to the
Turkish Cardiology Foundation.[62]
Blue plaque for Nightingale in South Street, Mayfair

An appeal is being considered for the former Derbyshire

Royal Inrmary hospital in Derby, England to be named
after Nightingale. The suggested new name will be either
cared for people in their homes, an appreciation that is Nightingale Community Hospital or Florence Nightingale
still advancing in reputation and professional opportunity Community Hospital. The area in which the hospital lies
in Derby has recently been referred to as the Nightingale
for nurses today.[57]
Quarter.[63]
Florence Nightingales lasting contribution has been her
role in founding the modern nursing profession. She
set an example of compassion, commitment to patient 7.3 Museums and monuments
care and diligent and thoughtful hospital administration.
In addition to the continued operation of the Florence
Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery at Kings
College London, The Nightingale Building in the School
of Nursing and Midwifery at the University of Southampton is also named after her. International Nurses Day is
celebrated on her birthday each year.
The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,[58] established by nursing leaders throughout the world through
the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims
to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two
United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008. They will declare: The International Year of the Nurse2010 (the centennial of Nightingales death); The UN Decade for a Healthy World2011
to 2020 (the bicentennial of Nightingales birth). NIGH
also works to rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted by Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. So far, the Florence
Nightingale Declaration has been signed by over 18,500
signatories from 86 countries.
During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US
Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and
work. Her admirers include Country Joe of Country Joe
and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive website in
her honour.[59]
Statue of Florence Nightingale in Waterloo Place, London
[60]
The Agostino Gemelli Medical School
in Rome, the
rst university-based hospital in Italy and one of its most A statue of Florence Nightingale stands in Waterloo
respected medical centres, honoured Nightingales con- Place, Westminster, London, just o The Mall.
tribution to the nursing profession by giving the name There are three statues of Florence Nightingale in Derby
Bedside Florence to a wireless computer system it de- one outside the London Road Community Hospital forveloped to assist nursing.[61]
merly known as the Derbyshire Royal Inrmary, one in St.
In 1912 the International Committee of the Red Cross Peters Street, and one above the Nightingale-Macmillan

7.3

Museums and monuments

Florence Nightingale Statue, London Road, Derby

Painting of Florence Nightingale by Augustus Egg, c. 1840s

Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derby Royal Inrmary. A public house named after her stands close to the
Derby Royal Inrmary.[64] The Nightingale-Macmillan
continuing care unit is now at the Royal Derby Hospital,
formerly known as The City Hospital, Derby.
A remarkable stained glass window was commissioned
for inclusion in the Derbyshire Royal Inrmary chapel in
the late 1950s. When the chapel was later demolished
the window was removed, stored and replaced in the new
replacement chapel. At the closure of the DRI the window was again removed and stored. In October 2010,
6,000 was raised by friends of the window and St Peters Church to reposition the window in St Peters Church,
Derby. The remarkable work features nine panels, of the
original ten, depicting scenes of hospital life, Derby townscapes and Florence Nightingale herself. Some of the
work was damaged and the tenth panel was dismantled
for the glass to be used in repair of the remaining panels.
All the gures, who are said to be modelled on prominent Derby town gures of the early sixties, surround and
praise a central pane of the triumphant Christ. A nurse
who posed for the top right panel in 1959 attended the
rededication service in October 2010.[65]

to her is at her sisters family home, Claydon House, now

a property of the National Trust.
Upon the centenary of Nightingales death in 2010, and to
commemorate her connection with Malvern, the Malvern
Museum held a Florence Nightingale exhibit[66] with a
school poster competition to promote some events.[67]
In Istanbul, the northernmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building is now a Florence Nightingale Museum.[68]
and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions
relevant to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on
exhibition.[69]
When Nightingale moved on to the Crimea itself in May
1855, she often travelled on horseback to make hospital
inspections. She later transferred to a mule cart and was
reported to have escaped serious injury when the cart was
toppled in an accident. Following this episode, she used
a solid Russian-built carriage, with a waterproof hood
and curtains. The carriage was returned to England by
Alexis Soyer after the war and subsequently given to the
Nightingale training school for nurses. The carriage was
damaged when the hospital was bombed by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. It was later restored
and transferred to the Army Medical Services Museum
in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot.

The Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas Hospi- A bronze plaque, attached to the plinth of the Crimean
tal in London reopened in May 2010 in time for the cen- Memorial in the Haydarpaa Cemetery, Istanbul and untenary of Nightingales death. Another museum devoted veiled on Empire Day, 1954, to celebrate the 100th an-

10

LEGACY AND MEMORY

comrades of Balaclava and bring them safe to

shore. Florence Nightingale.[71]
The recording is available online.[72]

7.5 Theatre
The rst theatrical representation of Nightingale was
Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with the Lamp, premiering in London in 1929 with Edith Evans in the title role.
It did not portray her as an entirely sympathetic character
and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's
biography of her in Eminent Victorians.[73] It was adapted
as a lm of the same name in 1951.
In 2009, a stage musical play representation of Nightingale was produced by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Philippines (ANSAP), entitled
The Voyage of the Lass. The play depicts the story of
love and vocation on the nursing communities icon Florence Nightingale, shown on all Fridays of February 2009
at the AFP Theatre, Camp Crame, Philippines. It tells the
story of Nightingales early life and her struggles during
the Crimean War, showcasing Philippine local registered
nurses from various hospitals of the country.

7.6 Television

Florence Nightingale stained glass window, originally at the Derbyshire Royal Inrmary Chapel and now removed to St Peters
Church, Derby and rededicated 9 October 2010

Portrayals of Nightingale on television, in documentary

as in ction, vary the BBCs 2008 Florence Nightingale emphasised her independence and feeling of religious calling, but in Channel 4s 2006 Mary Seacole: The
Real Angel of the Crimea and Simon Schamas A History of Britain she was portrayed as narrow-minded and
opposed to Seacoles eorts. In 1985 a TV biopic Florence Nightingale, starring Jaclyn Smith as Florence,
was produced.[74]

niversary of her nursing service in that region, bears the

inscription:[70]
7.7
To Florence Nightingale, whose work
near this Cemetery a century ago relieved
much human suering and laid the foundations
for the nursing profession.

7.4

Audio

Film

In 1912 a biographical silent lm titled The Victoria Cross

starring Julia Swayne Gordon as Nightingale was produced. In 1915 another biographical silent lm, Florence
Nightingale, was produced starring Elisabeth Risdon. In
1936 a biographical lm titled The White Angel was produced, starring Kay Francis as Nightingale. In 1951 a
second biographical lm titled The Lady With the Lamp
starred Anna Neagle.

Florence Nightingales voice was saved for posterity in a

phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the British
7.8 Banknotes
Library Sound Archive. The recording is in aid of the
Light Brigade Relief Fund, and says:
Florence Nightingales image appeared on the reverse of
Series D 10 banknotes issued by the Bank of England
When I am no longer even a memory, just
from 1975 until 1994. As well as a standing portrait, she
a name, I hope my voice may perpetuate the
was depicted on the notes in a eld hospital in the Crimea,
great work of my life. God bless my dear old
holding her lamp.[75]

11

7.9

Photography

itorious services of nursing professionals characterised by

devotion, sincerity, dedication and compassion.

Nightingale had a principled objection to having photographs taken or her portrait painted. An extremely rare
photograph of her, taken at Embley on a visit to her family home in May 1858, was discovered in 2006 and is now
at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London. A black
and white photograph of Florence Nightingale taken in
about 1907 by Lizzie Caswall Smith at Nightingales London home in South Street, Park Lane, was auctioned on
19 November 2008 by Dreweatts auction house in Newbury, Berkshire, England, for 5,500.[76]

Washington National Cathedral celebrates her accomplishments with a double-lancet stained glass window featuring six scenes from her life, designed by artist Joseph
G. Reynolds.

7.10 Biographies

In 2002, Nightingale was ranked #52 in the BBC's list of

the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[80]

The rst biography of Nightingale was published in England in 1855. In 1911 Edward Cook was authorised by
Nightingales executors to write the ocial life, published
in two volumes in 1913. Lytton Strachey based much of
his chapter on Nightingale in Eminent Victorians on Cook,
and Cecil Woodham-Smith relied heavily on Cooks Life
in her 1950 biography, though she did have access to
new family material preserved at Claydon. In 2008 Mark
Bostridge published a major new life of Nightingale, almost exclusively based on unpublished material from the
Verney Collections at Claydon, and from archival documents from about 200 archives around the world, some
of which had been published by Lynn McDonald in her
projected sixteen-volume edition of the Collected Works
of Florence Nightingale (2001 to date).

Beginning in 1968, the US Air Force operated a eet of

20 C-9A Nightingale aeromedical evacuation aircraft,
based on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 platform.[77] The
last of these planes was retired from service in 2005.[78]
A KLM McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 (registration PHKCD) was also named in her honour.[79]

A tinted lithograph by William Simpson illustrating

conditions of the sick and injured in Balaklava
Nightingales moccasins that she wore in the
Crimean War
A ward of the hospital at Scutari where Nightingale
worked, from an 1856 lithograph by William Simpson
Nightingale receiving the Wounded at Scutari, a
portrait by Jerry Barrett
Florence Nightingale exhibit at Malvern Museum
2010
Florence Nightingale an angel of mercy. Scutari hospital 1855.

7.11 Other

8 Works
Nightingale, Florence (1979). Cassandra. First
published 1852: 1979 reprint by The Feminist
Press. ISBN 0-912670-55-X. Retrieved 6 July
2010.
Notes on Nursing: What Nursing Is, What Nursing
is Not. Philadelphia, London, Montreal: J.B. Lippincott Co. 1946 reprint (First published London,
1859: Harrison & Sons). Retrieved 6 July 2010.
KLM KLM MD-11 (registration PH-KCD) named after her

Several churches in the Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their liturgical calendars. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates her as a renewer of society with Clara Maass
on 13 August.
The President of India honours nursing professionals with
the National Florence Nightingale Award every year on
the occasion of International Nurses Day on 12 May. The
award, established in 1973, is given in recognition of mer-

Nightingale, Florence; McDonald, Lynn (2001).

Florence Nightingales Spiritual Journey: Biblical
Annotations, Sermons and Journal Notes. Collected Works of Florence Nighingale (Editor Lynn
McDonald) 2. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier
University Press. ISBN 0-88920-366-0. Retrieved
6 July 2010.
Florence Nightingales Theology: Essays, Letters
and Journal Notes. Collected Works of Florence
Nighingale (Editor Lynn McDonald) 3. Ontario,
Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2002.
ISBN 0-88920-371-7. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

12

11

Nightingale, Florence; Valle, Grard (2003).

Mysticism and Eastern Religions. Collected
Works of Florence Nighingale (Editor Gerard
Vallee) 4. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-413-6. Retrieved 6
July 2010.

REFERENCES

History of feminism
Licensed practical nurse
List of suragists and suragettes
Mary Seacole

Nightingales environmental theory

Nightingale, Florence; McDonald, Lynn (2008).
"Suggestions for Thought". Collected Works of Flo Nursing process
rence Nighingale (Editor Lynn McDonald) 11. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Womens surage in the United Kingdom
ISBN 978-0-88920-465-2. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
Privately printed by Nightingale in 1860.
British nursing matrons from the 19th century
Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes. London: Harrison. 1861. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

Sidney Browne

The Family, a critical essay in Frasers Magazine

(1870)

Edith Cavell

Introductory Notes on Lying-In Institutions.

Nature (London: Longmans, Green & Co) 5
(106): 22. 1871. Bibcode:1871Natur...5...22.
doi:10.1038/005022a0. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

Ethel Gordon Fenwick

Una and the Lion. Cambridge: Riverside Press.

1871. Retrieved 6 July 2010. Note: First few pages
missing. Title page is present.

Joanna Cruickshank

Caroline Keer
Eva Luckes
Maud McCarthy
Sarah Oram

Una and Her Paupers, Memorials of Agnes Elizabeth

Jones, by her sister. with an introduction by Florence Nightingale. New York: George Routledge
and Sons, 1872. Retrieved 6 July 2010.. See also
2005 publication by Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1905363-22-3

Rosabelle Osborne

Letters from Egypt: A Journey on the Nile 1849

1850 (1987) ISBN 1-55584-204-6

Sarah Swift

Nightingale, Florence (1867). Workhouse nursing.

London: Macmillan and Co.

Constance Watney

Pop Culture References

Worms 2: Armageddon videogame pays homage to
Florence Nightingale with an ingame award name
after her, awarded to the character who collects most
health crates.[81]

10

See also

Cicely Saunders
Betsi Cadwaladr
Dasha from Sevastopol
Crimean War Memorial
Florence Nightingale eect

Edith MacGregor Rome

Catherine Roy
Alicia Lloyd Still

Sarah Elizabeth Wardroper

11 References
[1] Florence Nightingale 2nd rendition, 1890 greetings to
the dear old comrades of Balaclava. Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
[2] Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. London:
Chatto and Windus.
[3] Kristine Swenson (2005). Medical Women and Victorian
Fiction. University of Missouri Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780-8262-6431-2.
[4] Joy Shiller (1 December 2007). The true Florence: Exploring the Italian birthplace of Florence Nightingale.
Retrieved 16 March 2015.
[5] Florence Nightingale and Gerard Vallee (Editor) (2003).
"passim, see esp Introduction. Florence Nightingale on
Mysticism and Eastern Religions. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0889204136.

13

[6] Florence Nightingale and Lynn McDonald (Editor)

(2010). An introduction to Vol 14. Florence Nightingale: The Crimean War. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
ISBN 0889204691.

[23] Nightingale, Florence (1974) [First published 1859]. Introduction by Joan Quixley. In ... Notes on Nursing:
What it is and what it is not. Blackie & Son Ltd. ISBN
9780216899742.

[7] Pedigree of Shore of Sheeld, Meersbrook, Norton and

Tapton. Rotherham Web. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[24] Florence Nightingale, the Woman and her Legend, by

Mark Bostridge (Viking, 2008)

[8] Cromwell, Judith Lissauer (2013). Florence Nightingale,

feminist. Jeerson, NC [u.a.]: McFarland et Company. p.
28. ISBN 0786470925.

[25] Bostridge (2008)

[9] Small, Hugh (1998). Florence Nightingale: Avenging Angel. New York: St. Martins Press. pp. 119.
[10] Edward Chaney (2006). Egypt in England and America:
The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution. In M. Ascari; A. Corrado. Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines. Amsterdam and New
York: Rodopi. pp. 3974.
[11] Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
[12] History of Harley Street at Harley Street Guide (commercial website)
[13] Gill, Christopher J.; Gill, GC; Gillian C. Gill (June
2005). Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40 (12): 1799
1805. doi:10.1086/430380. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID
15909269.
[14] Mary Jo Weaver (1985). New Catholic Women: a Contemporary Challenge to Traditional Religious Authority. San
Francisco: Harper and Row. p. 31. citing Olga Hartley
(1935). Women and the Catholic Church. London: Buns,
Oates & Washbourne. pp. 222223.
[15] Patrick Waddington, Mohl, Mary Elizabeth (1793
1883)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2007
accessed 7 February 2015
[16] Report on Medical Care. British National Archives
(WO 33/1 .119, 124, 1467). 23 February 1855.
[17] Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Nightingale, Florence".
Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement 3.
London: Smith, Elder & Co.
[18] Nightingale, Florence (August 1999). Florence Nightingale: Measuring Hospital Care Outcomes. ISBN 0-86688559-5. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[19] Florence Nightingale, Avenging Angel by Hugh Small
(Constable 1998)
[20] Cited in Cook, E. T. The Life of Florence Nightingale.
(1913) Vol 1, p 237.
[21] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (November 1857). Santa
Filomena. The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 2223. Retrieved
13 March 2010.
[22] Nightingale, Florence (1974) [First published 1859].
Preface. In ... Notes on Nursing: What it is and what
it is not. Glasgow and London: Blackie & Son Ltd. ISBN
0-216-89974-5.

[26] In an 1861 letter published in The Life of Florence Nightingale vol. 2 of 2 by Edward Tyas Cook, pp. 1417 at
Project Gutenberg, Nightingale wrote "Women have no
sympathy. [...] Women crave for being loved, not for loving. They scream out at you for sympathy all day long,
they are incapable of giving any in return, for they cannot
remember your aairs long enough to do so. ... They cannot state a fact accurately to another, nor can that other
attend to it accurately enough for it to become information..
[27] In the same 1861 letter available at Project Gutenberg she
wrote, It makes me mad, the Womens Rights talk about
'the want of a eld' for them when I would gladly give
500 a year for a Woman secretary. And two English
Lady superintendents have told me the same thing. And
we can't get one...
[28] The same 1861 letter published in The Life of Florence
Nightingale vol. 2 of 2 by Edward Tyas Cook, pp. 1417
at Project Gutenberg
[29] Florence Nightingale and Lynn McDonald (Editor)
(2005). Florence Nightingale on Women, Medicine, Midwifery and Prostitution. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
pp. 7, 4849, 414. ISBN 0889204667.
[30] Stark, Myra. Florence Nightingales Cassandra. The
Feminist Press, 1979, p.17.
[31] Institute of Our Lady of Mercy, Great Britain. Ourladyofmercy.org.uk. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 13 March
2010.
[32] Cannadine, David. Ever Yours, Florence Nightingale:
Selected Letters. The New Republic. 203.7 (13 August
1990): 3842.
[33] Dossey, Barbara Montgomery. Florence Nightingale:
Mystic, Visionary, Reformer. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
[34] Plaque #6 on Open Plaques.
[35] Miss Nightingale Dies, Aged Ninety. The New York
Times. 15 August 1910. Retrieved 21 July 2007. Florence Nightingale, the famous nurse of the Crimean war
and the only woman who ever received the Order of Merit,
died yesterday afternoon at her London home. Although
she had been an invalid for a long time, rarely leaving her
room, where she passed the time in a half-recumbent position and was under the constant care of a physician, her
death was somewhat unexpected. A week ago she was
quite sick, but then improved and on Friday was cheerful.
During that night alarming symptoms developed and she
gradually sank until 2 o'clock Saturday afternoon, when
the end came.

14

[36] http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/joe_grave.jpg
[37] Florence Nightingale: The Grave at East Wellow.
Countryjoe.com. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[38] Kelly, Heather (1998). Florence Nightingales autobiographical notes: A critical edition of BL Add. 45844 (England) (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University
[39] Vojnovic, Paola (2013). 'Florence Nightingale: The Lady
of the Lamp' in Santa Croce in Pink: Untold Stories of
Women and their Monuments. Adriano Antonioletti Boratto. p. 27.
[40] Lewi, Paul J. (2006). Speaking of Graphics.
[41] Cohen, I. Bernard (March 1984). Florence Nightingale.
Scientic American 250 (3):
128137.
doi:10.1038/scienticamerican0384-128.
PMID
6367033. (alternative pagination depending on country
of sale: 98107. Bibliography on p.114) online article
see documents link at left
[42] Cohen, I. Bernard (1984), p.107.
[43] Publication explaining Nightingales use of 'coxcomb'".
[44] McDonald, Lynn. Florence Nightingale on Public Health
Care. p. 550.
[45] Lambert, Royston (1963). Sir John Simon, 18161904.
McGibbon & Kee. pp. 5213.
[46] Szreter, Simon. The Importance of Social Intervention
in Britains Mortality Decline c. 18501914. Soc. Hist.
Med. 1 (1988): 1037.
[47] Cohen, I. Bernard (1984), p.98
[48] Nightingale, Florence (1994). Michael D. Calabria &
Janet A. Macrae, ed. Suggestions for Thought: Selections
and Commentaries. ISBN 0-8122-1501-X. Retrieved 6
July 2010.
[49] McDonald, Lynn, ed. (2008). Florence Nightingales
Suggestions for Thought. Collected Works of Florence
Nighingale. Volume 11. Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-465-2. Retrieved 6 July 2010. Privately printed by Nightingale in
1860.

11

REFERENCES

work with nurses, and not only at Edinburgh, but neither

[Cecil Woodham-]Smith nor his [sic C.W.-S. was a
woman] followers consulted their sources.
[54] While this has changed by the 21st century, universal
reconciliation was very far from being mainstream in the
Church of England at the time.
[55] Lynn McDonald Florence Nightingales theology: essays,
letters and journal notes 2002 p18 Certainly the worst
man would hardly torture his enemy, if he could, forever.
Unless God has a scheme that every man is to be saved
forever, it is hard to say in what He is not worse than man.
For all good men would save others if they could
[56] [inuence on Clara Barton] Russell E. Miller The larger
hope: the rst century of the Universalist Church in 1979
Clara Barton Although not formally a Universalist by
church membership, she had come of a Universalist family, was sympathetic to the tenets of the denomination, and
has always been claimed by it.124 Known as the Florence
Nightingale of our war
[57] Neeb, Kathy. Mental Health Nursing. 3rd. Philadelphia:
F.A. Davis Company, 2006.
[58] Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign. Nightingaledeclaration.net. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[59] Country Joe McDonalds Tribute to Florence Nightingale. Countryjoe.com. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[60] Universit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore The Rome Campus. .unicatt.it. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[61] Cacace, Filippo et. al. The impact of innovation
in medical and nursing training: a Hospital Information
System for Students accessible through mobile devices""
(PDF). Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[62] Group Florence Nightingale. Grouporence.com. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[63] Hospital name campaign will honour Florence. Derby
Express. 18 August 2011.
[64] Florence Nightingale.
March 2010.

Derby Guide.

Retrieved 13

[50] Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

[65] BBC News - Nurses attend tribute to Florence Nightingale in Derby. BBC News.

[51] Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. Florence Nightingale. The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women: The
Traditions in English. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996.
836837.

[66] Malvern Museums Nightingale Exhibit March October

2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.

[52] Her parents took their daughters to both Church of England and Methodist churches.
[53] Lynn McDonald Florence Nightingale: extending nursing p11 Nightingales rare references to Unitarianism are
mildly negative, and while her religious views were heterodox, she remained in the Church of England throughout
her life. Her biblical annotations, private journal notes
and translations of the mystics give quite a dierent impression of her beliefs, and these do have a bearing on her

[67] Chase pupil wins poster competition. Malvern Gazette

(Newsquest Media Group). 21 June 2010. Retrieved 12
July 2010.
[68] The Florence Nightingale Museum (Istanbul)". Telegraph. 15 September 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
[69] Florence Nightingale. Florence-nightingale-avengingangel.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
[70] Commonwealth War Graves Commission Haidar Pasha
Cemetery (PDF). Retrieved 13 March 2010.

15

[71] Florence Nightingale. British Library. Retrieved 14

January 2011.
""In aid of the Light Brigade Relief Fund catalogue entry. British Library. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
[72] Florence Nightingale voice. archive.org. Retrieved 14
January 2011.
[73] Mark Bostridge, Florence Nightingale The Woman and
Her Legend
[74] Florence Nightingale (1985)". Retrieved 25 May 2014.
[75] Withdrawn banknotes reference guide. Bank of England. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
[76] Rare Nightingale photo sold o. BBC News.
November 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.

19

[77] Air Mobility Command Museum: C-9 Nightingale.

[78] Historic C-9 heads to Andrews for retirement.
archive.is.
[79] Photos: McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Aircraft Pictures.
Airliners.net. 14 August 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[80] 100 great Britons A complete list. Daily Mail. 21
August 2002. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
[81] Worms Post-game awards

11.1

Sources

Baly, Monica E. and H. C. G. Matthew, Nightingale, Florence (18201910)"; Oxford Dictionary

of National Biography, Oxford University Press
(2004); online edn, May 2005 accessed 28 October
2006
Bostridge, Mark (2008). Florence Nightingale: The
Woman and Her Legend. London: Viking. ISBN
978-0-670-87411-8.
Gill, G. The extraordinary upbringing and curious
life of Miss Florence Nightingale Random House,
New York (2005)
Kelly, Heather (1998). Florence Nightingales autobiographical notes: A critical edition of BL Add.
45844 (M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
Lytton Strachey;
(1918)

Eminent Victorians, London

McDonald, Lynn ed., Collected Works of Florence

Nightingale. Wilfrid Laurier University Press
Pugh, Martin; The march of the women: A revisionist analysis of the campaign for womens surage
18661914, Oxford (2000), at 55.
Sokolo, Nancy Boyd.; Three Victorian women who
changed their world, Macmillan, London (1982)

Webb, Val; The Making of a Radical Theologician,

Chalice Press (2002)
Woodham Smith, Cecil; Florence Nightingale, Penguin (1951), rev. 1955

12 Further reading
Baly, Monica and E. H. C. G. Matthew. Nightingale, Florence (18201910)", Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004;
online edn, January 2011 accessed 22 February
2013
Bostridge, Mark (2008). Florence Nightingale. The
Woman and Her Legend. Viking (2008); Penguin
(2009). US title Florence Nightingale. The Making
of an Icon. Farrar Straus (2008).
Chaney, Edward (2006). Egypt in England and
America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion,
Royalty and Revolution, in: Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari
and A. Corrado. Rodopi, Amsterdam and New
York, 3974.
Davey, Cyril J. (1958). Lady with a Lamp. Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-2641-3.
Gill, Gillian (2004). Nightingales: The Extraordinary Upbringing and Curious Life of Miss Florence
Nightingale. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-34545187-3
Magnello, M. Eileen. Victorian statistical graphics
and the iconography of Florence Nightingales polar
area graph, BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British
Society for the History of Mathematics (2012) 27#1
pp 1337
Nelson, Sioban and Anne Marie Raerty, eds.
Notes on Nightingale: The Inuence and Legacy of
a Nursing Icon (Cornell University Press; 2010) 184
pages. Essays on Nightingales work in the Crimea
and Britains colonies, her links to the evolving science of statistics, and debates over her legacy and
historical reputation and persona.
Rees, Joan. Women on the Nile: Writings of Harriet
Martineau, Florence Nightingale, and Amelia Edwards. Rubicon Press: 1995, 2008
Rehmeyer, Julia (26 November 2008). Florence
Nightingale: The Passionate Statistician. Science
News. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Richards, Linda (2006). Americas First Trained
Nurse: My Life as a Nurse in America, Great Britain
and Japan 18721911. Diggory Press. ISBN 9781-84685-068-4.

16

13

Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Pub. Co., Inc. ISBN
0-8486-4604-5. available online at http://www.
bartleby.com/189/201.html

13

External links

Works by Florence Nightingale at Project Gutenberg

Works by or about Florence Nightingale at Internet
Archive
UCLA Elmer Belt Florence Nightingale Collection, hosted at Internet Archive
Works by Florence Nightingale at LibriVox (public
domain audiobooks)
Victorians.co.uk: Florence Nightingale
Eminent Victorians: Florence Nightingale by Lytton
Strachey
1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article
New photo of 'Lady of the Lamp'". BBC News. 6
August 2006. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
Correspondence between Nightingale and Benjamin
Jowett
University of Guelph: Collected Works of Florence
Nightingale project
Archival material relating to Florence Nightingale
listed at the UK National Archives
Florence Nightingale Foundation
Florence Nightingale Correspondence from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives,
Kansas Historical Society
Florence Nightingale Letters Collection A collection of letters written by and to Florence Nightingale
from the UBC Library Digital Collections
Florence Nightingale Letters Collection correspondence in the University of Illinois at Chicago
digital collections
Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign for
Global Health established by the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH)
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F.,
Florence Nightingale, MacTutor History of
Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
Florence Nightingale Window at St. Peters, Derby
Papers of Florence Nightingale, 18201910
Southern Star article

EXTERNAL LINKS

17

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Florence Nightingale Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Nightingale?oldid=653329159 Contributors: Magnus Manske,

Derek Ross, Eloquence, Vicki Rosenzweig, The Anome, Christian List, Deb, William Avery, Heron, Leandrod, Mrwojo, Edward,
Kchishol1970, AdSR, Michael Hardy, Erik Zachte, Liftarn, Ixfd64, Paddu, Skysmith, Ellywa, Docu, Muriel Gottrop, Jebba, Andrewa,
Julesd, Kylet, Jimregan, Barfoed, Lancevortex, Rob Hooft, Mxn, Raven in Orbit, Mulad, Charles Matthews, Dcoetzee, Lfh, Sbwoodside, Teresag, CBDunkerson, Tpbradbury, Itai, HarryHenryGebel, Proteus, Francs2000, Owen, Jni, Dimadick, Robbot, Pigsonthewing,
Moriori, Fredrik, Tomchiukc, Schutz, Postdlf, Yosri, Henrygb, Auric, Timrollpickering, Jondel, Mendalus, Mervyn, Modeha, JackofOz,
Alba, Dina, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Nunh-huh, Cobaltbluetony, Meursault2004, Mark Richards, Bradeos Graphon, Everyking, Jacob1207,
Varlaam, Cantus, Rick Block, SupXl, Duncharris, Yekrats, Djegan, Jackol, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Edcolins, Isidore, Utcursch, Alexf,
Information Habitat, SURIV, Quadell, Antandrus, OverlordQ, Piotrus, Mr impossible, The MoUsY spell-checker, Ruzulo, Joyous!, JohnArmagh, Alperen, Eisnel, Canterbury Tail, Mike Rosoft, D6, Atrian, MattKingston, 83-129-67-118, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Wk
muriithi, Silence, YUL89YYZ, Francis Schonken, Ericamick, User2004, Arthur Holland, Mani1, Nard the Bard, Pavel Vozenilek, Paul
August, Bender235, Djordjes, Kbh3rd, JoeSmack, Aecis, El C, Kwamikagami, Kross, RoyBoy, Cacophony, CeeGee, Peter Greenwell,
Bobo192, Vervin, Smalljim, Clawson, C S, Shenme, Viriditas, Lonpicman, Dtremenak, AKGhetto, Rockhopper10r, Kaganer, Jojit fb,
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