Angelica P.

Cano
2012-40545

Semiconducting oxide on textile fabric for antimicrobial

application
I. Metal oxides
A. Titanium oxide
B. Zinc oxide
C. Copper oxide
II. Functional Textiles
Functional textile is defined as a generic term that includes all types of clothing
that are specifically engineered to deliver a pre-defined performance above its
normal functions.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.

water and wind proof

breathable
thermo regulating
stain resistant
anti microbial
UV protection
electrical conductive
electrical shielding
antistatic
skin protection
water regulation

III. Antimicrobial activity

A. Photocatalytic
B. Catalytic
IV. Fabrication techniques
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.

Gas-phase synthesis
Sol-gel synthesis
Micro-emulsion
Dry-casting
Micellar templating
Pyrolysis
Biosynthesis
Wet chemical method
Electrodeposition
A galvanic or electrochemical cell acting in reverse. The part being
plated becomes the cathode of the circuit. With a soluble anode, the
anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part which dissolves

in a chemical solution, like gold or palladium. In a soluble anode, the

metal is actually contained in solution.
V. Zinc oxide
A. Properties
ZnO is an odorless, white powder that is insoluble in water. ZnO is a
semiconductor with a wide band gap energy of 3.37 eV.
B. Structure
ZnO exists in two crystalline forms: hexagonal wurtzite and cubic
zincblende. It is most stable in the wurtzite structure.

Wurtzite crystalline structure

C. Zinc salts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc

nitrate
acetate
chlorate
sulfate
phosphate
molybdenate
chromate
arsenite

VI. Reducing agent

A. NaOH
Sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture
from the air. It is a manufactured substance. When dissolved in water or
neutralized with acid it liberates substantial heat, which may be sufficient to
ignite combustible materials. Sodium hydroxide is very corrosive.
VII. Stabilizing agent
A. C6H8O6
Also known as ascorbic acid

VIII. Coating methods

A. Knife coating
B. Direct roll coating
C. Pad-dry-cure method
The fabric is submerged in the coating solution then the excess squeezed out
in the rollers, which dictates the pick-up percentage, the fabric is then dried
and cured.

Pad-dry-cure method
D. Calendar coating
E. Hot melt extrusion coating
F. Foam finishing
IX. Characterization Techniques
A. X-ray diffraction
X-ray diffractometry (XRD), the most widely used X-ray diffraction technique in materials
characterization, was originally used for examining the crystal structure of powdered samples. The XRD
instrument is called an X-ray diffractometer. In the diffractometer, an X-ray beam of a single wavelength is
used to examine polycrystalline specimens. By continuously changing the incident angle of the X-ray
beam, a spectrum of diffraction intensity versus the angle between incident and diffraction beam is
recorded. Diffractometry enables us to identify the crystal structure and quality by analyzing then
comparing the spectrum with a database containing over 60,000 diffraction spectra of known crystalline
substances.

B. Scanning Electron Microscopy

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is the most widely used type of electron microscope. It examines
microscopic structure by scanning the surface of materials, similar to scanning confocal microscopes but
with much higher resolution and much greater depth of field. An SEM image is formed by a focused
electron beam that scans over the surface area of a specimen.

X. Bacterial test
A. Dilution methods
B. Disk diffusion method
A growth medium, usually Mueller-Hinton agar, is first evenly seeded
throughout the plate with the isolate of interest that has been diluted at a
standard concentration. Commercially prepared disks, each of which are
pre-impregnated with a standard concentration of a particular antibiotic, are
then evenly dispensed and lightly pressed onto the agar surface. The test
antibiotic immediately begins to diffuse outward from the disks, creating a
gradient of antibiotic concentration in the agar such that the highest
concentration is found close to the disk with decreasing concentrations
further away from the disk. After an overnight incubation, the bacterial
growth around each disc is observed. If the test isolate is susceptible to a
particular antibiotic, a clear area of no growth will be observed around
that particular disk.
C. E-test
XI. Bacteria

Escherichia coli
Camplylobacter jejuni
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumonia

Salmonella typhimurium
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobactrium smegmatis
Bacillus subtilis
Penicillin expansium
Vibrio cholerea