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Hotspring
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Ahotspringisaspringthatisproducedbythe
emergenceofgeothermallyheatedgroundwaterfrom
theEarth'scrust.Therearegeothermalhotspringsin
manylocationsalloverthecrustoftheearth.

Contents
1Definitions
2SourcesofHeat
3Flowrates
3.1Highflowhotsprings

GrandPrismaticSpringandMidwayGeyserBasin
inYellowstoneNationalPark

4Therapeuticuses
5Biotainhotsprings
6Notablehotsprings
7Etiquette
8Seealso
9References
10Furtherreading
11Externallinks

Definitions
Thereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitionofahotspring.Forexample,onecanfindthephrasehotspring
definedas
anygeothermalspring[1]
aspringwithwatertemperaturesaboveitssurroundings[2]
anaturalspringwithwatertemperatureabovebodytemperaturenormallybetween36.5and
37.5C(97.7and99.5F)[3]
anaturalspringwithwarmwaterabovebodytemperature[4]
athermalspringwithwaterwarmerthan36.7C(98F)[5][6]
anaturalspringofwatergreaterthan21.1C(70F)(synonymouswiththermalspring)[7][8][9][10]
anaturaldischargeofgroundwaterwithelevatedtemperatures[11]
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atypeofthermalspringinwhichhotwaterisbroughttothesurface.
Thewatertemperatureofahotspringisusually6.5C(12F)or
moreabovemeanairtemperature.[12]Notethatbythisdefinition,
"thermalspring"isnotsynonymouswiththeterm"hotspring"
aspringwhosehotwaterisbroughttothesurface(synonymouswith
athermalspring).Thewatertemperatureofthespringisusually
8.3C(15F)ormoreabovethemeanairtemperature.[13]
aspringwithwaterabovethecorehumanbodytemperature36.7C
(98F).[14]
aspringwithwateraboveaverageambientgroundtemperature[15]
aspringwithwatertemperaturesabove50C(122F)[16]

"BloodPond"hotspringin
Beppu,Japan

Therelatedterm"warmspring"isdefinedasaspringwithwater
temperaturelessthanahotspringbymanysources,although
Pentecostetal.(2003)suggestthatthephrase"warmspring"isnot
usefulandshouldbeavoided.[14]TheUSNOAAGeophysicalData
Centerdefinesa"warmspring"asaspringwithwaterbetween20
and50C(68and122F).

SourcesofHeat
Thewaterissuingfromahotspringisheatedbygeothermalheat,
i.e.,heatfromtheEarth'smantle.Ingeneral,thetemperatureof
rockswithintheearthincreaseswithdepth.Therateoftemperature
increasewithdepthisknownasthegeothermalgradient.Ifwater
percolatesdeeplyenoughintothecrust,itwillbeheatedasitcomes
intocontactwithhotrocks.Thewaterfromhotspringsinnon
volcanicareasisheatedinthismanner.
InactivevolcaniczonessuchasYellowstoneNationalPark,water
maybeheatedbycomingintocontactwithmagma(moltenrock).
Thehightemperaturegradientnearmagmamaycausewatertobe
heatedenoughthatitboilsorbecomessuperheated.Ifthewater
becomessohotthatitbuildssteampressureanderuptsinajet
abovethesurfaceoftheEarth,itiscalledageyser.Ifthewateronly
reachesthesurfaceintheformofsteam,itiscalledafumarole.If
thewaterismixedwithmudandclay,itiscalledamudpot.

GuelmainAlgeria

HotspringinLassenVolcanic
NationalPark

Notethathotspringsinvolcanicareasareoftenatorneartheboilingpoint.Peoplehavebeenseriously
scaldedandevenkilledbyaccidentallyorintentionallyenteringthesesprings.
Warmspringsaresometimestheresultofhotandcoldspringsmixingbutmayalsooccuroutsideof
volcanicareas,suchasWarmSprings,Georgia(frequentedforitstherapeuticeffectsbyparaplegicU.S.
PresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt,whobuilttheLittleWhiteHousethere).
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Flowrates
Hotspringsrangeinflowratefromthetiniest"seeps"toveritable
riversofhotwater.Sometimesthereisenoughpressurethatthe
watershootsupwardinageyser,orfountain.

Highflowhotsprings
SteamCrepuscularraysatMammoth
Therearemanyclaimsintheliteratureabouttheflowratesofhot
HotSprings
springs.Itshouldbenotedthattherearemanymoreveryhighflow
nonthermalspringsthangeothermalsprings.Forexample,thereare
33recognized"magnitudeonesprings"(havingaflowinexcessof
2,800L/s(99cuft/s)inFloridaalone.SilverSprings,Floridahasaflowof
morethan21,000L/s(740cuft/s).Springswithhighflowratesinclude:

TheExcelsiorGeyserCraterinYellowstoneNationalParkyields
about4,000U.S.gal/min(0.25m3/s).
EvansPlungeinHotSprings,SouthDakotahasaflowrateof
5,000U.S.gal/min(0.32m3/s)of87degreespringwater.ThePlunge,
builtin1890,istheworld'slargestnaturalwarmwaterindoor
swimmingpool.
Thecombinedflowofthe47hotspringsinHotSprings,Arkansasis
35L/s(1.2cuft/s).
ThehotspringofSaturnia,Italywitharound500litersasecond[17]
ThecombinedflowofthehotspringscomplexinTruthor

Deildartunguhver,Iceland:
thehighestflowhotspring
inEurope

Consequences,NewMexicoisestimatedat99liters/second.[18]
LavaHotSpringsinIdahohasaflowof130liters/second.
GlenwoodSpringsinColoradohasaflowof143liters/second.
ElizabethSpringsinwesternQueensland,Australiamighthavehadaflowof158liters/secondinthe
late19thcentury,butnowhasaflowofabout5liters/second.
DeildartunguhverinIcelandhasaflowof180liters/second.
ThehotspringsofBrazil'sCaldasNovas("NewHotSprings"inPortuguese)aretappedby86wells,
fromwhich333liters/secondarepumpedfor14hoursperday.Thiscorrespondstoapeakaverage
flowrateof3.89liters/secondperwell.
The2,850hotspringsofBeppuinJapanarethehighestflowhotspringcomplexinJapan.Together
theBeppuhotspringsproduceabout1,592liters/second,orcorrespondingtoanaveragehotspring
flowof0.56liters/second.
The303hotspringsofKokonoeinJapanproduce1,028liters/second,whichgivestheaveragehot
springaflowof3.39liters/second.
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TheOitaPrefecturehas4,762hotsprings,withatotalflowof4,437liters/second,sotheaveragehot
springflowis0.93liters/second.
ThehighestflowratehotspringinJapanistheTamagawaHotSpringinAkitaPrefecture,whichhas
aflowrateof150liters/second.TheTamagawaHotSpringfeedsa3m(9.8ft)widestreamwitha
temperatureof98C(208F).
ThereareatleastthreehotspringsintheNageregion8km(5.0mi)southwestofBajawain
Indonesiathatcollectivelyproducemorethan453.6liters/second.
Thereareanotherthreelargehotsprings(Mengeruda,WaeBanaandPiga)18km(11mi)northeast
ofBajawa,Indonesiathattogetherproducemorethan450liters/secondofhotwater.
TheDalhousieSpringscomplexinAustraliahadapeaktotalflowofmorethan23,000liters/second
in1915,givingtheaveragespringinthecomplexanoutputofmorethan325liters/second.Thishas
beenreducednowtoapeaktotalflowof17,370liters/secondsotheaveragespringhasapeakoutput
ofabout250liters/second.[19]
InYukonsBorealForest,25minutesnorthwestofWhitehorseinnorthernCanada,TakhiniHot
SpringsflowsoutoftheEarthsinteriorat385L/min(85impgal/min102USgal/min)and47C
(118F)yearround.[20]

Therapeuticuses
Becauseheatedwatercan
holdmoredissolvedsolids,
warmandespeciallyhot
springsalsooftenhavea
veryhighmineralcontent,
containingeverythingfrom
simplecalciumtolithium,
andevenradium.Becauseof
boththefolkloreandthe
claimedmedicalvaluesome
HammamEssalihine,Romanhot
ofthesespringshave,they
springinAlgeria
areoftenpopulartourist
destinations,andlocations
forrehabilitationclinicsforthosewithdisabilities.[21][22][23]

Japaneseopenairhotspringin
Nachikatsuura,Wakayama

Biotainhotsprings
Athermophileisanorganismatypeofextremophilethatthrivesatrelativelyhightemperatures,
between45and80C(113and176F).[24]Thermophilesarefoundinhotsprings,aswellasdeepsea
hydrothermalventsanddecayingplantmattersuchaspeatbogsandcompost.
Somehotspringsbiotaareinfectioustohumans.Forexample:
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Naegleriafowleri,anamoeba,liveinwarmwatersandsoils
worldwideandmaycausemeningitis.[25][26]Severaldeaths
havebeenattributedtothisamoeba,whichentersthebrain
throughthenasalpassages.[27][28]
Acanthamoebaalsocanspreadthroughhotsprings,according
totheUSCentersforDiseaseControl.[29]
Legionellabacteriahavebeenspreadthroughhot
springs.[30][31]

AlgalmatsgrowinginaNewZealand
hotpool

Viruseshavebeencollectedfromveryextremeenvironments,
forexample,ahotspringwithatemperatureof87to93C(189to199F)andanincrediblyacidic
pHof1.5inPozzuoli,Italy.Theseviruseswereobservedtoinfectcellsinthelaboratory.[32]

Notablehotsprings

Macaquesenjoyinganopenairhot
springor"onsen"inNagano

Therearehotspringsonall
continentsandinmany
countriesaroundtheworld.
Countriesthatarerenowned
fortheirhotspringsinclude
China,CostaRica,Iceland,
Iran,NewZealand,Peru,
UnitedStates,Taiwan,and
Japan,buttherearehot
springsinmanyotherplaces
aswell:

Distributionofgeothermalspringsin
theUS

Manylittleancientvillages
existinCataloniawiththermaltraditionlikeCaldesde
Malavella,CaldesdeMontbui,Caldesd'Estrac,andCaldesde
Bo.
TheFryingPanLakeinWaimanguVolcanicRiftValley,
NewZealand,theworld'slargesthotspring.
TheBoilingLakehotspringinDominica.Itisthesecond
largesthotspringintheworld.

ChurningCaldroninYellowstone
NationalPark

TheGeysirhotspringsinIcelandarethesourceoftheword
"geyser".
ThetownofSpa,Belgiumistheoriginoftheword"spa"andfeaturesspringswithwater
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temperaturesof32C(90F).CasanovavisitedSpain1783lookingforbusinessopportunitiesbut
wasdisappointed.[33]
TheJordanspringinBadOeynhausen,Germany,wasdrilledin1926.Withadepthof725mand
3000l/minitisthelargest
carbonatedbrinewater
sourceintheworld36C
(97F).[34]
Aachen,Germanyhasoneof
thehottestspringsof
continentalEuropewith
LakeHvzinHungary,thelargest
thermallakeinEurope

watertemperaturesof74C
(165F).Thehottestspring

RockfaceinRubyBeachwithhot
springsintheOlympicNationalPark,
WashingtonState,USA

ofcontinentalEuropeisin
SaparevaBanya,Bulgaria(103C(217F)).
TheYangbajinghotspringsfieldabout87km.northofLhasa
inTibetisseveralsquarekilometersinsize,andusedto
supplyalargefractionoftheelectricityofLhasa.Atan
altitudebetween4,290and4,500m(14,070and14,760ft),
thisisastrongcandidateforthesetofhighestaltitudehot
springsonearth.
Icaria,Greecefeaturesaradioactivehotwaterspringthathas

CrabtreeHotSprings,Californiaon
RiceForkEelRiver

beenusedsincethe4thcenturyBC.
TherearenumeroushotspringsinGreenland,suchasonUunartoqislandnearAlluitsupPaa.There
areover2000hotspringsjustonDiskoIsland,whichhasanareaonly0.4%ofthatofGreenland.
Widelyrenownedsinceachemistryprofessor'sreportin1918classifiedthemasoneoftheworld's
mostelectrolyticmineralwaters,theRioHondoHotSpringsinnorthernArgentinahavebecome
amongthemostvisitedonearth.[35]TheCacheutaSpaisanotherfamoushotspringsinArgentina.
Icelandhasmanyfamoushotsprings,includingtheonefeedingtheBlueLagoonspainGrindavk,
Iceland,andEurope'shighestflowratehotspringDeildartunguhver.Deildartunguhver'swater
emergesat97C(207F)andispipedmanymilestoheatneighboringtowns.
OneofthehighlypotentialgeothermalenergyreservoirsinIndiaistheTattapanithermalspringsof
MadhyaPradesh.[36][37]
ShiretokoNationalParkinHokkaid,JapanhasahotspringswaterfallcalledKamuiwakkayuno
taki,whichtranslatesas"riverofthegods"intheAinulanguage.
NorthwestSpitsbergenNationalPark,Spitsbergenat80degreesnorth,containstwoofearth'smost
northerlyhotsprings.
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TherearemanygeothermalspringsintheUK,butthethermalspringsfoundinthetownofBath
producethehighesttemperaturegeothermalwaterintheUK.
OymyakonineasternSiberiaisacandidateforthecoldestpermanentlyinhabitedlocationinthe
NorthernHemisphereandanotherhotspringssite.TheYakutlanguageword"oymyakon"means
"riverdoesn'tfreeze"afterthelocaltributaryoftheIndigirkaRiverfedbythehotspringswhich
continuestoflowyearroundinthispermafrostregion.
BelaBela(formerlyWarmbaths)inLimpopoProvince,SouthAfrica.
Sirch(Kerman),Sar'eyn(Ardabil),Geno(BandarAbbas)andgheinarjeh(Ardabil)with86C
(187F)arenotablehotspringsinIran.
HotSpringsNationalParkhas47hotspringsatHotSpringsMountaininthetownofHotSprings,
ArkansasUSA.
LakeHvzisclosetothecityofHvz,Hungary.Isthesecondlargestthermallakeintheworld.
Thelakewatertemperaturesrangebetween2325Cinwinterand3336Cinsummer.
TakhiniHotSpringsistheonlydevelopedhotspringintheYukon,Canada.Itswaterflowsfrom
deepwithintheearthwithatemperatureofaround47C.
ElPandeoinJulimes,Chihuahua,Mexico,harborstheentireknownpopulationofJulimespupfish
(Cyprinodonjulimes)whichsharesitshabitatwithotherraremicroendemicspecies.TheJulimes
pupfishisconsideredtobethefreshwaterteleostthatlivesatthehighesttemperaturesonthe
planet,[38]andpossiblyalsothevertebratewiththesmallestknowndistributionrange.[39]

Etiquette
Dependingonthehotspringyouattendwilldependonthecustomsandpracticesyoumustobserve.Itis
commonpracticethatbathersshouldwashbeforeenteringthewatersoasnottocontaminatethewater
(with/withoutsoap).Inmanycountries,likeTaiwan,itisrequiredthatyouenterthehotspringwithno
clotheson,includingswimwear.Typicallyinthesecircumstances,theyaredifferentfacilitiesortimesfor
menandwomen.Insomecountries,ifitisapublichotspring,swimwearisrequired.[40]

Seealso
Hotspot(geology)
Listofhotsprings
Listofspatowns
Mineralspring
Onsen

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoHot
springs.
Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforHotsprings.

Taiwanesehotsprings
UKGeothermalSprings

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22. WebsiteofrehabilitationclinicsinCentralTexascreatedbecauseofageothermalspring
(http://www.warmsprings.org)
23. http://takhinihotsprings.com/water.htmlAnalyticalresultsforTakhiniHotSpringsgeothermalwater:
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24. MadiganMT,MartinoJM(2006).BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms(11thed.).Pearson.p.136.ISBN013
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Endo(July2003)."OccurrenceandDistributionofNaegleriaSpeciesinThermalWatersinJapan"
(http://www.blackwellsynergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.15507408.2003.tb00614.x?cookieSet=1).JEukaryot
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27. YasuoSugita,TeruhikoFujii,ItsurouHayashi,TakachikaAoki,ToshirouYokoyama,MinoruMorimatsu,
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1827.1999.00893.x).PathologyInternational49(5):46870.doi:10.1046/j.14401827.1999.00893.x
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(http://www.southernnewmexico.com/Articles/Southwest/GilaWilderness/HotspringsintheGilaNation.html)
29. CDCdescriptionofacanthamoeba
(http://www.cdc.gov/Ncidod/dpd/parasites/acanthomoeba/factsht_acanthamoeba.htm)
30. MiyamotoH,JitsurongS,ShiotaR,MarutaK,YoshidaS,YabuuchiE(1997)."Moleculardeterminationof
infectionsourceofasporadicLegionellapneumoniacaseassociatedwithahotspringbath".Microbiol.Immunol.
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0421.1997.tb01190.x).PMID9130230(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9130230).
31. EikoYabauuchi,KunioAgata(2004)."AnoutbreakoflegionellosisinanewfacilityofhotspringBathinHiuga
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32. HringM,RachelR,PengX,GarrettRA,PrangishviliD(August2005)."Viraldiversityinhotspringsof
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11.doi:10.1128/JVI.79.15.99049911.2005(https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.79.15.99049911.2005).
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40. http://wikitravel.org/en/Taipei/Beitou

Furtherreading
MarjorieGershYoung(2011).HotSpringsandHotPoolsoftheSouthwest:JaysonLoam'sOriginal
Guide.AquaThermalAccess.ISBN1890880078.
MarjorieGershYoung(2008).HotSprings&HotPoolsOfTheNorthwest.AquaThermalAccess.
ISBN1890880086.
G.JWoodsworth(1999).HotspringsofWesternCanada:acompleteguide.WestVancouver:
GordonSoules.ISBN0919574033.
ClayThompson(11203)."Tonopah:It'sWaterUnderTheBush".ArizonaRepublic.p.B12.Check
datevaluesin:|date=(help)

Externallinks
ThermalSpringsListfortheUnitedStates
(http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?

Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforHotsprings.

op_0=eq&v_0=&op_1=l&v_1=&op_2=l&v_2=&t=100006&s=1&d=1)1,661hotsprings
"GeothermalResourcesoftheGreatArtesianBasin,Australia"
(http://geoheat.oit.edu/bulletin/bull232/art5.pdf)(PDF).GHCBulletin23(2).June2002.
Ascholarlypaperwithamapofover20geothermalareasinUganda
(http://www.os.is/Apps/WebObjects/Orkustofnun.woa/swdocument/1883/04+Bahati+IGC+2003.pdf)
Listof100thermalhotspringsandhotpoolsinNewZealand(http://www.nzhotpools.co.nz)
Listofhotspringsworldwide(http://www.hotspringsworldwide.info/worldwide.html)
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Categories: Hotsprings Bathing Springs(hydrology)
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