Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/legaltranslation.htm
Legal issues
Legal translation carries strict deadlines, because when the translated
documents are needed particularly in court, a delay might render the
document null and void. Confidentiality is an issue because almost all legal
documents contain sensitive data.
Lawyers constantly face the contrasting world of the real legal life and
the ideal look of the law, which is actually an assortment of numerous
precedents that are still subject to general interpretation, and not by
permanent statutes.
Lawyers, when dealing with international legal problems have to deal
with words that should be accurately written, which depend on good
sentence structure, syntax and word selection. That is the reason why legal
translators should have the necessary experience and knowledge of legal
terminologies of both the source and target languages. An international
lawyer will depend on the expertise of a translator to have foreign
documents translated into his own language.
More difficult form of translation
Translating legal documents in foreign languages are considered more
difficult than other technical translations. The legal terminology is what
makes it difficult because each country has its own legal terminology as well
as legal system. More often than not, this is also different from another
country even if the language they speak is identical.
Translator requirements
A legal translator must have the competencies in three areas:
competency in the target language's particular writing style, familiarity with
the pertinent terminology and general knowledge of the legal systems of the
source and target languages. There is no room for word for word translation
when translating legal documents.
Due to this, the professional translator of legal documents must be part
detective, legal scholar and linguist with the amount of research work that
needs to be done to be able to decode the source and write its actual
meaning that will never, in any circumstances, deviate from the originate
content, even if an exact translation is not possible.
Likewise, the translator must understand where the translation is to be
used as this will affect the approach when translating the document. It
definitely affects several parameters, including tone or register, syntax,
phraseology and terminology. When the source text is not well written, it is
also the job of the translator to decide whether to translate it into something
vague as the original or make it meaningful, which could be the case but was
hampered by poor writing.
Legal document translation is such a demanding task. It requires
professional legal translators that have the right academic background, and
are backed by years of legal translation expertise.
2
http://www.ccaps.net/newsletter/06-05/art_3en.htm
According to Plato, words are unreliable guides to the ideal (the goal of all
knowledge) because one cannot know how good a job the lawgiver did in
making them, and because they have subsequently been subject to change
by people who care nothing for the truth, but only for the shape of their
mouths.
Likewise, lawyers must often face a contrast between an ideal vision
of the law and the reality of legal life, which is made up more by
precedents subject to interpretation than by statutes carved in stone. These
difficulties are compounded in the cross-border context due to the additional
complexities of different languages as well as different legal systems.
In solving international legal problems, a lawyer will be dealing with
words, and the accuracy of a written legal document depends largely on
word selection, syntax and good sentence structure. According to A. Samuel
Adelo, the lawyer must then depend on a translator to render the words he
uses in a legal document into another language. Conversely, a lawyer in
international practice will often require the services of a translator to render
foreign documents (usually drafted by an attorney subject to equally
demanding requirements relating to word selection, syntax and sentence
structure) into the lawyers native language. Unfortunately, lawyers often
underrate the importance of selecting a good translator to accomplish these
important tasks.
Legal translation is often more difficult than other types of technical
translation because of the system-bound nature of legal terminology. Unlike
scientific or other technical terminology, each country has its own legal
terminology (based on the particular legal system of that country), which will
often be quite different even from the legal terminology of another country
with the same language.
In Culture Clash: Anglo-American Case Law and German Civil Law in
Translation, Sylvia A. Smith explains that the system-bound nature of legal
text means that successful translation into another language requires
competency in at least three separate areas: first, a basic knowledge of the
legal systems, both of the source and target languages; second, familiarity
with the relevant terminology; and third, competency in the specific legal
Joseph,
John
E., Indeterminacy,
Translation and the Law,
in Translation and the Law,
American
Translators
Association
Scholarly
Monograph Series.
http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/21clusters.htm
negotiations."
Such noun clusters usually form part of both scientific and economic
documents, since it is often necessary to give a large amount of information
in a restricted space at our disposal. The problem arises when trying to
translate these expressions as correctly as possible since noun clusters to not
occur in Spanish. In English however, the more specialised the topic, the
greater the number and complexity of noun clusters. So, what can we do to
render them without altering their original sense? As we have already
mentioned, the first thing we have to do is to take into account the context in
which they are immersed as serious errors can produce an ambiguous or
erroneous translation. As a case in point, extracting the noun cluster "labour
arrangements" from a purely financial or economic context and placing it in
an agricultural context, we observe a transformation in meaning, i.e., human
resources management in the former and soil preparation in the latter, for
example.
Step III. Organizational Collocation
The widespread tendency is to start translating the last element of the group
and then continue in reverse order until we get to the first one, keeping in
mind the fact that we must produce a piece of information which can be
clearly
and
properly
understood.
Step IV. Socio-Linguistic Analysis
The process calls for cross-cultural expertise on the part of the translator, and
this is where translation becomes interpretation, and using an exact word is
not as efficient as creating the appropriate whole. In other words, an exact,
precise and concise context is the backbone of such a creative activity as
translation. For example, the noun cluster "Cajas de ahorros" and "feecharging autopistas dear to the PP" remains untranslated. The first
expression means savings banks, a concept requiring cross-cultural
knowledge which overlaps with translating skills. The second example may
require a translation of "autopistas," meaning motorways/thruways, for the
Spanish-speaking reader who, however, is unfamiliar with Spain's highway
structure. The abbreviation PP requires clarification regarding the right-wing
political party Partido Popular for which it stands. These particular examples
require interpretation for the exact translation of the concepts.
Therefore, in a step-by-step translation process, we can take as a first
example the following noun cluster taken from The Economist: "Spain's twoway trade in goods and services." Although at first sight its meaning in
English is clear, it is rather complicated to render it properly in Spanish
without altering its essence. Since the English sentence has three different
qualifiers of the noun "trade" ("Spain's," "two-way," and "(in) goods and
services," all of which would require a preposition in a literal translation into
Spanish, one solution is to replace "two-way" (which would be literally
Introduction
The given work is devoted to peculiarities of official style rendering on the basis of Weather
Ford company documents. There are many choices that determine the style. Word choices,
sentence composition and sentence structure choices, and other stylistic choices such as format
help determine the style of a document. The individual style of the author is something that
cannot be dismissed. Writers of each document make the document unique by the way they
utilize their own personal writing style and method. Style and purpose affect how the audience
views the document.style of documents that are intended for an audience that you do not know or
that you are not familiar with in a business sense are usually formal in nature. The document may
be a response to a customers complaint. It may be a request for payment that is overdue. It may
be a legal document, a business report, or many other types of correspondence that are conducted
for business. It is better to use the style of a formal document when trying to convey factual or
objective information. A formal document can be strong and dynamic. When conveying negative
or unpleasant information, it is best to use a formal document.
The relevance of the study stems from the fact that the theoretical issues of translation of official
documents into Kazakh have not been studied properly yet.
Nowadays more and more agreements are made in English, for English is the nearest thing we
have to a universal business language. Joint ventures, bank loans, and trademark licenses
frequently are spelt out in this language even though it is not native to at least one of the
contracting parties. In connection with the increasing rate of translation and its difficulties, which
technical translators working in different foreign companies have to deal with, the problem of
business correspondence translation is of current interest. That is why it is extremely important
to study the stylistic peculiarities of a source text since without it an appropriate translation
cannot be achieved.object of the research is texts of business correspondence. At the current
stage of development of linguistics a business correspondence represents a great interest, owing
to the fact that it serves as one of the most important spheres of human life such as economic,
industrial and commercial relations.subject of the research is an official style rendering from
English into Kazakh on the basis of Weather Ford documents.
The goal of the work is to study stylistic features which are characteristic of official style in the
source language and peculiarities of their rendering into the target language.achieve the goal of
the work the following tasks have been set:
- to study linguistic peculiarities of official style;
- to specify general characteristics of business style;
- to consider types of business correspondence;
- to investigate the peculiarities of business document translation;
- to reveal the ways of official style rendering from English into Kazakh on the word level;
- to reveal the ways of official style rendering from English into Kazakh on the word level.
The methods of the research used to solve the tasks are as follows:
- descriptive - to systematize and describe the material and to elucidate some notions.
- comparative - to compare original texts and their translation and revealing ways of style
rendering.Ford company original business correspondence texts and their translation variants
serve as the material of the investigation. Thus, the documents under study are various types of
business letters, memorandums, contracts, etc.theoretical basis of our research is presented by
works of such prominent linguists and translators as V.N. Komissarov, I.P. Galperin, E.E.
Izraelevich, M.V. Koltunova, Y.M. Skrebnev and others.theoretical value of the investigation is
that its findings shall be of certain interest for lexicologists and translators and can be used as a
starting point in the research of stylistic peculiarities of a business correspondence text and their
rendering from English into Kazakh.practical value of the work is that the findings of the
investigation can be used in writing research papers and thesis projects on the theme of rendering
different styles in the translation process from English into Kazakh. In addition, the findings of
the research may be applied to other lexical systems of social and humanitarian spheres, which
serve contiguous to business activity professional branches (for instance, to the vocabulary of
legal relations, diplomatic communication, political practice, etc.).
Scientific newness of the work lies in a specific methodological approach to the study of new
practical material and in the analysis of the translation process of business
correspondence.research work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and
references.introduction presents the problem under research and explains the method of its
handling. It also emphasizes the relevance of the research, the goal to be solved, the newness of
the work and description of the material used.first chapter reveals the stylistic peculiarities of
official documents in English in general, to be exact, official style features, types and style of
business correspondence documents. Like other styles of language, this style has a definite
communicative aim and the main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions
binding two parties in an undertaking. Here, such characteristic features of official style
documents as high degree of the named lexicon, the nominal character of speech expressed in
high rate of verbal nouns which often designate appointed action, high rate of denominative
pretexts and prepositional combinations, development of actually writing values connected with
transition of participles in a class of adjectives and pronouns, standardization of lexical
compatability, standardization of syntactic units are considered.second chapter includes the ways
of official style renderings into Kazakh and translation analysis of the peculiar features common
to all stylistic varieties of official documents such as abbreviations, conventional symbols and
contractions, words in their logical dictionary meaning, that is official style rendering on word.
The last paragraph reveals the ways of rendering official style on structure level.the concluding
part the findings of the research are summed up.the end of the paper a complete list of references
is presented.
1. English Official Style
1.1 Socially Related Sublanguages
The use of the sublanguages fettered by formality is as wide as any other, since it is up to us what
we regard as formal. There certainly are degrees of formality. Both the Charter of the United
Nations and a business letter signed by a low-ranking official are formal, i.e. as the meaning of
the adjective formal necessarily implies devoid of any indication of private emotions (except
when the subject is directly connected with emotions - say, in congratulations and condolences)
and - what is perhaps of greater importance, or at least, quite indispensible - devoid of any trace
of familiarity. [1; 183] It must be noted here that the word familiar is used here not in the sense
of acquainted with or known to, but as The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines it,
unceremonious, ever-free, treating inferiors or superiors as equals. [2; 437]remark is that of
essence. The word officialese usually applies to over-refined, very elaborate, archaically
stereotyped sets of linguistic units which are at least slightly ridiculous due to their excessive
refinement. The term is employed here as a conventional denomination of any type or degree of
officialism, i.e. the way of speaking and writing used by people who work in government and
other offices, especially when ordinary people cannot understand it. [3; 982]very rough and
approximate gradation of sub-spheres and their respective sublanguages is as follows:) private
correspondence with a stranger;) business correspondence between representatives of a
commercial or other establishments;) diplomatic correspondence, international treaties, other
documents;) legal documents (civil law - testaments, settlements, etc.; criminal law - verdicts,
sentences, etc.);) personal documents (certificates, diplomas, etc.).to the genres enumerated are:
- superneutral features of this whole group of sublanguages;
- socially established character, which, as alluded to before, may be collectively referred to as
archaic, i.e. either obsolete or obsolescent;
predetermined lingual form in all genres mentioned, though the degree is, of necessity, different);
-clichs (different genres have stereotyped expressions of their own);
-long polysyllabic word of Latin or Greek origin, often euphemistic as compared with their
counterparts;
-periphrastic expressions where a single word might have done just as well;
-complex syntax as compared to that of commonly bookish texts;
established forms of composition that cannot be deviated from. [1; 184]main area in which
business operates officially is the administrative and legal activities. This style serves the needs
of society as a documentation of various acts of public, social, political, economic and business
relations between the government and organizations, as well as between members of society in
the official sphere of communication. Texts of this style are a huge variety of genres: the statute,
law, order, contract, instruction, the complaint, the recipe, different kinds of statements, as well
as many business genres (for example, the explanatory memorandum, biography, profile,
statistical report, etc.). The expression of faith in a business document defines the properties, the
main features of the business language and socio-organizing the use of language. Therefore, the
basic form of the implementation of this style is written. In the field of science, business and law,
the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. For each of these spheres of
social life its subtype literary language, with a number of distinctive features at all linguistic
levels - lexical, morphological, syntactical, - is embodied. Such a subtype of the literary
language is called a functional style (register). [4; 54] Official style is embodied in the sphere of
social and legal relations realized in legislation, economy, management and diplomatic
activities.style includes informative advertising, trademark style and everyday-business speech
(statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.).
Organizational-administrative documentation (OAD) is the kind of business writing that best
represents its specificity. OAD is a center of business writing, the most important part of an
official style. For detailed treatment of business (the commercial sphere, diplomacy and
statesmanship, as well as a number of other particular spheres and types of speech) you can be
advised to consult comprehensive monographs by I.R. Galperin and other well-known
specialists: I.V. Arnold, V.A. Kukharenko, F.N. Morokhovsky, and others. Most linguists rely on
the classification by I.R. Galperin, because it is considered to be the most detailed. And
profound. Of course, this classification, one way or another, is supplemented, modified by
various researchers, but it remains fundamental. Analysis of any style and genre begins with the
proper classification of language styles. This is because each style of speech serves a particular
sphere of human activity, because it is diverse in its species, then therefore, subgenres that reflect
the specificity of language, it is inherent in this type of activity. According to the traditional
classification the functional style (art, publicist, news, and science fiction) includes the style of
business documents with substyles: diplomatic, business, legal and military documents. I.R.
Galperin notes that a style of language can be defined as a system of coordinated, interrelated
and interconditioned language means intended to fulfil a specific function of communication and
aiming at a definite effect. [5; 253] As any other style the style of official documents is used in
such speech genres as legislative and regulatory documents, correspondence, informational
documents and final documents.importance of selection of genres in this style is so great that
they are always marked in the title and subtitle text (application, certificate, order, etc.). The
study of the peciliarities of the original text is essential because without it a proper translation is
quite impossible. Translations and interpretations done by different translators are quite diverse
in the subject matter, language, genre affiliation, and there are, of course, different requirements
for accuracy and completeness of translation. V.N. Komissarov offers two main classifications of
the translation: the nature of translated texts and the nature of speech acts of an interpreter in the
translation process. The first classification is linked to the genre and stylistic features of the
original document, the second to psycholinguistic features of speech action in writing and oral
speech. Genre and stylistic classification of transfers results in the allocation of two functional
types of translation: literary translation and informative (special) translation. [6; 95]language of
business correspondence represented earlier periphery of official style. Today, along with the
regulated letters, all widely used independent business letters, along with official - semiofficial
(congratulatory, advertising) ones in which the expression and standard parity varies, enter into
practice of business dialogue [7; 10]. Undoubtedly, official style, as well as a whole Kazakh
language, has undergone essential changes. Its formation is closely connected with formation and
development of the Republic of Kazakhstan; the sphere of regulation of legal and economic
relations has created requirement for allocation of a special functional version of a literary
language. The regulation of relations between people, establishments, and countries have raised
the necessity of written certificates and documents, which make up the identified line of the
official style. The absence of emotionality, narrow range of a speech expression, the maximum
degree of the etiquette requirements, expressed in an abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts
expressing congratulation, condolence, gratitude, etc. - all of these refer to defining peculiarities
of the language of official style documents. Thus, it should be noted that characteristic features
of official style documents are as follows:
high degree of the named lexicon, for example:. Legal terms (the proprietor, the law, registration,
the property, acceptance of objects, transfer of objects, the certificate, privatization, falling, rent,
the repayment, the private affair etc.). Economic terms (the grant, expenses, purchase and sale,
the budget, the expense, the income, payment, the estimate, budget articles, an account part of
the budget etc.). Economic-legal terms (credit repayment, the property rights, term of sale of
goods, the quality certificate, etc.)
the nominal character of speech expressed in high rate of verbal nouns which often designate
appointed action, for example:
credit repayment - to extinguish the credituse - to use the creditquestion decision - to solve a
questionshipment - to ship the goodspayment delay - to delay payment
high rate of denominative pretexts and prepositional combinations, for example:the address, in
the relation to, in force, in communication, in conformity, in the account, in a course, with a view
of, on a measure, on a line, to the address, after the expiration, for the reason, at presence, etc.
development of actually writing values connected with transition of participles in a class of
adjectives and pronouns, for example:
The present rulespresent contractquotationsmeasuresappropriate referenceinadequate qualitydue
hereunder
standardization of lexical compatability: word meaning narrowing explains restriction of their
lexical compatibility, occurrence so-called regulated combinations, for example:
The control is usually assignedtransaction - consists- is madeaccount - is exposed (or is
paid)price - is establishedright - is given.happen constructive / not constructive; activity successful; necessity - insistent; discounts - considerable; disagreements - essential / insignificant
etc;
standardization of syntactic units (offers, word-combinations) which are not made as the formula
and are reproduced in the text of the document fixing an appropriate situation in socially-legal
relations, for example:
When due hereunder; according to the accepted arrangement;rendering of the technical help;case
of default of promissory notes;contract comes into force from the date of signing;move in the
order established by the law;is made by motor transport;
there is formal-logic principle of the text organization expressed in crushing of the basic theme
on subthemes, considered in points and subparagraphs for which the text is graphically split up
and which are designated by the Arabian figures, for example:
. A contract subject.
.1. The executor incurs duties on supply of the customer by a central heating and water supply.
.2. The customer in due time pays the rendered services;
Thus, the style of official documents is represented by the following substyles or variants:
- the language of business documents;
- the language of legal documents;
- the language of diplomacy;
- the language of military documents. [8; 297]other styles of language, this style has a definite
communicative aim and, accordingly has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic
means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties
in an undertaking and to reach agreement between two contracting parties.
1.2 Types of Business Correspondence
english official style rendering
Business ties are inconceivable without an exchange of the business
correspondence. Developing for centuries written business etiquette wins the
positions despite of the fact that it had such gaining in strength contenders
as a phone, telex, fax, satellite computer communication, video telephone,
etc. Nevertheless, despite advantages of oral negotiations, say, efficiency of
information interchange on the phone, it has some disadvantages like
elementary misunderstanding. What is the business correspondence itself? It
is the integral communication facility of the enterprise with the external
organizations as letters connect the organization-author to other
establishments. Through letters information interchange is carried out, offers
become, trunk-call dialogue is conducted, etc. Sometimes the directory
documentation simply confirms the facts, events which need to be taken
only into consideration. Thus, the office letter is the generalized name of
various documents under the maintenance, issued according to the State
Volume, sent by mail, by fax or other way [9; 43]. Without exaggeration it is
possible to say that it is one of the most widespread types of office
documents, and therefore, the success of the decision of concrete questions
as well as the competitive ability of the whole enterprise depends on the
accuracy of the message..V. Koltunova divides business correspondence into
three types according to its main genres of written business language:
. Business letters;
. Organizational-administrative documentation (OAD);
. Agreements (Contracts). [10; 21]
1. Business letters. The business letter is a special type of document, the
less tightly regulated than the contract or order, but without legal
significance. Business correspondence is recorded and stored in both
organizations, as the incoming and outgoing documentation. This is
important because business letters serve as a tool for regulatory, legal and
social relations between the correspondents (contractors, partners and
participants in social relations). There are several types of classification of
business letters, based not on their different approaches, but on different
qualifying signs. Business letters can be distinguished in business
other production issues can be figured out. Textual execution of the order is
largely similar to that of regulated letters.
3. Agreements (contracts). Agreement is the document that establishes legal
relations between legal persons (contractors) or between the individuals and
legal persons. The nature of the transaction, conditions, terms, rights and
obligations of the parties are definitely reflected in the relevant paragraphs
of the treaty as well as aggregate information which guarantees legal force
for the document. From the viewpoint of the text formation these items
represent modules - text fragments with standard page headers provided by
a set of standard phrases. Contracts shall be made in writing in the
prescribed form and are used without changing the form of the text, or with
little editing. Sending of document can be implemented through postal,
telegraph, telex, faxes and other communications. All applications to the
contract or agreement form its integral part: specifications, calculations,
orders, statements, protocols, questionnaires, etc. Applications are the
commercial documents, which often made in the form of tables or examples
and include the specific terms of the transaction. In the module text of the
agreement, the contract includes the following information:
. Submission of the parties entering into contractual relationships provides
the full name of organizations and individuals to sign documents. In addition,
in the first module the basis on which these individuals and conditional
designations act is mentioned.
. Subject of the contract. Here the subject-matter of the agreement such as:
trade, purchase and sales, contractors, rental, applying information, etc is
stated. In the absence of a separate module cost indicates the cost of the
contract.
. The obligations of the parties clearly formulate what obligations the
contracting parties assume. In terms of communicative appropriateness, this
module should be particularly carefully considered, because any
miscalculation or voice negligence can lead to serious unintended
consequences. The rights of the parties (rights and obligations of the parties)
can be prescribed in the same module.
. Conditions and procedures for the calculations. Here the conditions of
payments to consolidated services, received goods, etc. and the order of
calculation are recorded. Often, the financial relationship is disclosed in the
estimates contained in the annex to the treaty, which is an integral part of it.
. Parties' Responsibilities. It formulates the sanctions to be applied to the
party who transgressed its obligations. If the contract does not require
detailing, the record can be made in the generalized form.
. The validity of the contract. It indicates the beginning and the end of the
contract, the order of extension or early annulment.
. Legal addresses and signatures of the parties. Here the precise postal
address and bank details of organizations, and signatures of the persons
named in the first module as well as stamps of organizations signing the
contract should be indicated.
expressions. The key note is simplicity. Modern letters tend towards using the
language of conversational style.is not only a means of communication and
contact, but also a record of affairs, information, events, etc. So it is
necessary to feel the spirit and trend of the style in order to write a perfect
letter. Letter or contract law is a complex and vastly documented subject,
only a lawyer can deal with it on a serious level. A number of basic
principles, however, can be outlined sufficiently to mark of encounters that
require the use of specialized English. Business means working out
agreements with other people, sometimes through elaborate contracts and
sometimes through nothing but little standard forms, through exchanges of
letters and conversations at lunch. More and more agreements are made in
English, for English is the nearest thing we have to a universal business
language. Joint ventures, bank loans, and trademark licenses frequently are
spelt out in this language even though it is not native to at least one of the
contracting parties.is a business document presenting an agreement for the
delivery of goods, services, etc., approved and signed by both the Buyer
(exporter) and the Seller (importer) [12; 31]. By law contracts are made in
writing. When striking a deal, standard contracts are widely used. Standard
contracts are not a must. Some articles can be altered and supplemented
[13; 12].
The principles of purpose, style and tone transfer from one area or specialty
of writing to another, yet each document written varies depending on the
purpose of the document, on the style chosen for the document, and on the
tone the document conveys. In every area of writing, the purpose of the
document must be determined. The style of the document needs to achieve
the intended purpose of the document. Through style, the tone of the
document is conveyed. When the document is edited and revised it is
necessary to remember the purpose, style, and tone of the document. No
matter the area or specialty, each document has a purpose. The style of
each document differs from other documents depending on the purpose of
the document, the format of the document, and the area or the specialty for
which the document is written. The principle of rewriting and editing a
document before production is consistent with all documents. The method of
revision varies depending on the importance of the document, the time
frame allotted to create and produce the document, and the media used to
produce the document. The completed document conveys a unique emotion
or tone to the audience as a result of the purpose, style, media used, and
area or specialty. Produce and utilize documents for numerous purposes. The
purpose of a document you may write in the traditional business
environment may be as follows:
Providing factual information to the board of directors to give them insight
into a particular product and its production problems.
Persuading your supervisor or fellow workers to believe in your point of
view.
Generally speaking, the translation of the verbals consists of two stages: first
it is necessary to understand its meaning and then find a corresponding way
of expressing it in Kazakh. For the purpose of translation, grammar does not
exist separately. It is not the grammatical form but the grammatical meaning
that is of primary concern for a translator or an interpreter. A mistake in
grammar (whether it is a misunderstood construction of the source language
or a wrong variant in the target language) always tells on the sense and logic
of the text. As soon as the sense and logic of the sentence stop to be
transparent it is necessary to stop and look for a mistake in the
translation.hus having made a quantitative analysis of the documents to
determine the most frequently used transformations done in their
translations, we have revealed that in translation of English business
documents into Kazakh grammatical transformations are used more
frequently than lexical ones, which proves the discrepancy of grammatical
systems of the two languages.in the period of world community integration
the significance of proper business document writing, as well as its proper
translation cannot be overestimated. The increasing role of business English
as a working language of the majority of international companies and
organizations, and frequent use of business correspondence have led to the
necessity of being able to understand and translate business documents in a
proper way which is impossible without knowing translation techniques.
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( ). : , 1993. - 323
c.
To draw the between official style documents in the Russian and English
languages.
To investigate differences of this style documents both in Russian and
English.
To use in poetical analysis of the knowledge obtained
Practical application: Results of the analysis can be used in other philological
studies, deeper researches. It can be useful both for translators and
interpreters in their professional practice. It can be also be of an interest for
people studying this style in English and functional usage of formal and
informal styles. The results of the research may be taken into consideration
by students and instructors of English and English stylistics. Also they can be
used as material for special courses on business English for students of
linguistic and economic departments.
Structure of the work: the current issue contain introduction. Two main
chapters and conclusion. First chapter contains from theoretical basses of
official style translation. Second chapter includes analysis of stylistic and
grammar peculiarities of official style translation.
Materials used: Introducing translation studies, Jeremy Muday. Introducing
Translation studies is an introductory textbook providing an accessible
overview of the key contributions to translation studies.
Translation and translating: Theory and Practice, Roger T. Bell, Longman. This
book derives from a feeling of considerable unease and puzzlement about
the way translation has been treated, over a sustention period, by translation
theorists on the one hand and linguists on the other.
There is a clear-cut between formal and informal styles of English, but there
is no strict difference between spoken and written business English.
Obviously, businessmen do not communicate with their companions using
intricate phrases and bookish words. Still, they are obliged to use some
formal cliches which may sound strange to non-business people, but are
essential for conducting business. The style of official documents is
represented by the following sub-styles and variants:
The language of business documents;
The language of legal documents;
The language of diplomacy;
The language of military documents.
Like other style of language, this style has a definite communicative aim and,
accordingly, has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means.
The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding
two parties in an undertaking and to reach agreement between two
contracting parties.
Each of subdivisions of this style has its own peculiar terms, phrases and
expressions, which differ from the corresponding terms, phrases and
expressions of other variants of this style.
The peculiar features common to all stylistic varieties of official documents
are the following:
between
E. g. to begin with -
Furthermore -
Summing up -
Differences in British English and American English
company - corporation
programme - program