KEY TERMS

Network Types
o PAN
o LAN
o MAN
o WAN
o Intranetwork
LAN Technologies use CSMA/CD tech
o Ethernet
o Fast-Ethernet
o Giga-Ethernet
o Virtual LAN divides single broadcast domain into multiple
Topologies
o Point-to-Point physical connection
o Bus Topology start and end point with terminators, uses CSMA/CD tech
o Star Topology everything connected to central hub
o Ring Topology connect left/right in a circle
o Mesh Topology everything is connected to one or multiple hosts
(sometimes everyone with everyone)
o Tree Topology Hierarchical, imitates star topology with propreties of bus
o Daisy Chain ring without a circle
o Hybrid combo of these guys (internet)
Computer Network Model
o Layered Tasks tasks separated by layer
o OSI Model physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation,
application
o Internet Model link, internet, transport, application
Computer Network Security
o Interruption availability attacked
o Privacy Breach someone else intercepting data
o Integrity modification of original data
o Authenticity poser as genuine person
o Secret Key Encryption both sender and receiver have secret key (DES)
o Public Key Encryption user decrypts data using own secret key (RSA)
o Message Digest hash value calculated and sent
-- PHYSICAL LAYER- Transmission Impairment
o Attenuation weaker over distance
o Dispersion spread and overlap
o Delay Distortion speed and frequency dont match
Noise
o Thermal Noise heat
o Intermodulation multiple frequencies share medium
o Crosstalk foreign signal enters
o Impulse irregular disturbance (short circuit, etc)
Digital to Digital Conversion
o Digital Transmission

Unipolar Encoding 0 and 1 straight up

Polar Encoding negative 0, positive 1
NRZ-L straight up 0 or 1/ NRZ-I switch when other encountered
RZ Same as NRZ but with 0 halfway through so it can end
Bipolar Encoding Every 1 is switched between pos/neg, 0 is 0
o Block Coding division, substitution, combination
Analog to Digital Conversion
o Sampling break up by T intervals
o Quantization get the value of the amplitudes
o Encoding encode into binary
Transmission Modes
o Parallel Transmission binary bits organized by fixed length (req lots of
wires)
o Serial Transmission string of binary
Digital to Analog Conversion
o Amplitude Shift Keying make the amplitude 0 when 0
o Frequency Shift Keying f1 and f2
o Phase Shift Keying Use a certain shift of phase when 0 or 1
Analog-to-Analog Conversion
o Amplitude Modulation change amplitude based on multiplier
o Frequency Modulation increase frequency to reflect change in voltage
(amplitude)
o Phase modulation frequency is made dense and sparse instead
Magnetic Media physical media
Twisted Pair Cable one ground one data
Coaxial Cable multiple layered
Power Lines Modulated data sent through power lines
Fiber Optics uses refraction
Radio Transmission Goes into the ionosphere (can penetrate walls)
Microwave Transmission Line of sight
Infrared Transmission remote control and tv
Light Transmission direct line of sight, best speed
Multiplexing
o Frequency Division Multiplexing use various frequencies for dedicated
channel
o Time Division Multiplexing set times when channel can send data
o Wavelength Division Multiplexing similar to frequency, but using
wavelength
o Code Division Multiplexing similar to FDM, but can send all data at one time
using unique code
Switching
o Circuit Switching establish circuit, transfer data, disconnect circuit
o Message Switching store and forward full packets
o Packet Switching establish circuit, store and forward (in chunks), transfer
data, disconnect

--DATA LINK- Framing data link encapsulates packets from network layer into frames

Errors
o Single Bit Error
o Multiple Bit Error
o Burst Error
o Parity Check checks for odd/even
o Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) uses divisor
o Backward Error Correction asks for resend
o Forward Error Correction checks using Error Correction
Flow Control
o Stop and Wait waits for ACK
o Sliding Window send an amount of data frames after which ACK should be
sent
Error Control
o ACK, NACK, Retransmission
o Stop and Wait ARQ Same as stop and wait but automated
o Go-Back-N ARQ sliding window, but restarts based on last NACK or no
signal, resends all following, including that frame
o Selective Repeat ARQ sends only the ones not yet sent

--NETWORK LAYER
Unicast Routing (one host)
o What data structure? Graphs
o Distance Vector Routing Protocol Decision based on number of hops
o Link State Routing Protocol Decision based on states of links & number of
hops
Broadcast Routing (group)
Multicast Routing (all)
o What data structure? Trees
Anycast Routing (nearest one)
Routing Algorithms
o Flooding send to all except for the one that sent
o Shortest Path Uses weight Dikjstras algorithm
Tunneling acts as if there is physical connection
Packet Fragmentation breaks up packets into smaller fragments
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) MAC and IP mapping
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Network diagnostic and error reporting
IPv4 vs IPv6 (role of DHCP servers) 32 vs 128 bit. Also makes it so if DHCP subnet
is down, hosts can still communicate
--TRANSPORT LAYER- End-to-end communication identifies peer host by TSAPs
TSAPs (port numbers)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
o Header tons of flags
o Addressing uses TSAPs
o Connection Management three way handshaking (SYN , SYN + ACK ,
ACK )
o Bandwidth Management window size

o Error Control & Flow Control sequence number tells you if it matches
o Multiplexing client can receive multiple connection over single virtual
connection (webpage)
o Congestion Control additive increase, multiplicative decrease, slow star,
timeout react
o Timer Management
Keep-Alive Timer check if connection still exists
Retransmission Timer did not receive ACK or NACK
Persist Timer Window size 0 dilemma (infinite loop)
Timed-Wait make sure both parties know youre gonna terminate
o Crash Recovery TCP server re-requests last data segment post crash
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
o Header super simple
o Application used for like videos and stuf

--Application Layer
Peer to Peer exchange data using some shared resource, same level
Client/Server one client, one server
Sockets server waits for request, client requests first (over a socket using port)
Remote Procedure Call Data is sent back and forth with parameters, then
procedure is run on the server (who received the request) and data is sent back to
the client
Protocols
o DNS uses UDP protocol for getting maps of IP (UDP port 53)
o SMTP Mail sending by end user, servers send & receiver (TCP ports 25, 587)
o FTP Connection establish/ends per file (TCP ports 20 for exchange, 21 for
data)
o POP Mail retrieval (delete or keep) (TCP port 110)
o HTTP Hypertext and hyperlinks everywhere (TCP port 80)