Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Openings in the Base of the Skull and the structures that pass through them
Openings in the Skull
Perforations in the Cribriform plate
Optic Canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Foramen Magnum
Hypoglossal Canal
Jugular Foramen
Occipital
Between petrous part of temporal and
condylar part of occipital
Structures Transmitted
Olfactory nerves
Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery
Lacrimal, frontal, trochlear,
oculomotor, nasociliary and abducent
nerves; superior ophthalmic vein
Maxillary Division of the Trigeminal
Nerve
Mandibular division of the Trigeminal
Nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Internal carotid artery
Medulla Oblongata, spinal part of
accessory nerve, and right and left
vertebral arteries
Hypoglossal nerve
Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and
accessory nerves; sigmoid sinus
becomes internal jugular vein
Vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
Inferior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Striated Skeletal Muscle)
Tendinous ring on
Superior surface of
CNIII
posterior wall of
eyeball just posterior
orbital cavity
to corneoscleral
junction
Tendinous ring on
Inferior surface of
CNIII
posterior wall of
eyeball just posterior
orbital cavity
to corneoscleral
junction
Tendinous ring on
Medial surface of
CNIII
posterior wall of
eyeball just posterior
orbital cavity
to corneoscleral
junction
Tendinous ring on
Lateral surface of
CNVI
posterior wall of
eyeball just posterior
orbital cavity
to corneoscleral
junction
Posterior wall of
Passes through
CNIV
orbital cavity
pulley and is
attached to superior
surface of eyeball
beneath superior
rectus
Floor of orbital cavity Lateral surface of
CNIII
eyeball deep to
lateral rectus
Intrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Smooth Muscle)
Action
Raises cornea
upward and medially
Depresses cornea
downward and
medially
Rotates eyeball so
that cornea looks
medially
Rotates eyeball so
that cornea looks
laterally
Rotates eyeball so
that cornea looks
downward and
laterally
Rotates eyeball so
that cornea looks
upward and laterally
2
Sphincter Pupillae
of Iris
Dilatory Pupillae of
Iris
Ciliary Muscle
Parasympathetic via
CNIII
Sympathetic
Constricts pupil
Parasympathetic via
CNIII
Controls shape of
lens; in
accommodation,
makes lens more
globular
Lateral palpebral
raphe
Loops return to origin
Facial nerve
Striated muscle
oculomotor nerve,
smooth muscle
Sympathetic
Dilates pupil
Muscles of Eyelids
Orbicularis Oculi
Palpebral Part
Orbital Part
Levator Palpebrae
Superioris
Medial palpebral
ligament
Medial palpebral
ligament and
adjoining bone
Back of orbital cavity
Facial nerve
Origin
Insertion
Muscle of Scalp
Innervation
Action
Medial palpebral
ligament
Medial palpebral
ligament and
adjoining bone
Superciliary arch
Lateral palpebral
raphe
Loops return to origin
Facial nerve
Skin of eyebrow
Facial nerve
Aponeurosis of
bridge of nose
Ala of nose
Facial nerve
Dilator Naris
Frontal process of
maxilla
Maxilla
Procerus
Nasal bone
Facial nerve
Orbicularis Oris
Maxilla, mandible
and skin
Skin between
eyebrows
Encircles oral orifice
Frontal belly
Orbicularis Oculi
Palpebral Part
Orbital Part
Corrugator
Supercilii
Compressor Nasi
Levator Labii
Superioris Alaeque
Nasi
Levator Labii
Superioris
Zygomaticus Minor
Zygomaticus Major
Levator Anguli Oris
Risorius
Depressor Anguli
Oris
Depressor Labii
Inferioris
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Compresses lips
together
Separate lips
3
Mentalis
Buccinator
Platysma
Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral Pterygoid
(two heads)
Medial Pterygoid
(two heads)
Facial nerve
Greater wing of
sphenoid and lateral
pterygoid plate
Tuberosity of maxilla
and lateral pterygoid
plate
Neck of mandible
and articular sac
Mandibular division
of trigeminal nerve
Medial surface of
angle of mandible
Mandibular division
of trigeminal nerve
Compresses cheeks
and lips against teeth
Depresses mandible
and angle of mouth
Elevates mandible to
occlude teeth
Anterior and superior
fibers elevate
mandible; posterior
fibers retract
mandible
Pulls neck of
mandible forward
Elevates mandible
Muscles of Tongue
Muscle
Longitudinal
Origin
Median septum and
submucosa
Insertion
Intrinsic Muscles
Mucous membrane
Innervation
Action
CNXII
Alters shape of
tongue
CNXII
Protrudes apex of
tongue through
mouth
Depresses tongue
Transverse
Vertical
Genioglossus
Extrinsic Muscles
Blends with other
muscles of tongue
Hyoglossus
Body of greater
cornu of hyoid bone
Styloid process of
temporal bone
CNXII
Palatine aponeurosis
Side of tongue
Pharyngeal plexus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
CNXII
Draws tongue
upward and
backward
Pulls roots of tongue
upward and
backward, narrows
oropharyngeal
isthmus
Digastric
Posterior belly
Anterior belly
Stylohyoid
Origin
Deep fascia over
pectoralis major and
deltoid
Manubrium sterni
and medial third of
the clavicle
Insertion
Body of mandible
and angle of mouth
Innervation
Facial nerve cervical
branch
Action
Depresses mandible
and angle of mouth
Mastoid process of
temporal bone and
occipital bone
Spinal part of
accessory nerve and
C2 and C3
Mastoid process of
temporal bone
Intermediate tendon
is held to hyoid by
fascial sling
Facial nerve
Depresses mandible
or elevates hyoid
bone
Body of mandible
Styloid process
Nerve to mylohyoid
Facial nerve
4
Mylohyoid
Mylohyoid line of
body of mandible
Inferior alveolar
nerve
Geniohyoid
Sternohyoid
Manubrium sterni
and clavicle
Manubrium sterni
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Inferior belly
Superior belly
Scalenius Anterior
Scalenius Medius
Scalenius Posterior
Oblique line on
lamina of thyroid
cartilage
Oblique line on
lamina of thyroid
cartilage
Lower border of body
of hyoid bone
Elevates floor of
mouth and hyoid
bone or depresses
mandible
Elevates hyoid bone
or depresses
mandible
Depresses hyoid
bone
Depresses larynx
Depresses hyoid
bone or elevates
larynx
Upper margin of
scapula and
suprascapular
ligament
Lower border of body
of hyoid bone
Transverse
processes of 3rd, 4th
5th and 6th cervical
vertebrae
Transverse
processes of upper
six cervical vertebrae
Intermediate tendon
is held to clavicle and
first rib by fascial
sling
Depresses hyoid
bone
First rib
C4, 5 & 6
First rib
Anterior rami of
cervical nerves
Transverse process
of lower cervical
vertebrae
Second rib
Anterior rami of
cervical nerves
Cranial Nerves
Olfactory
Nerve
Components
Sensory
Optic
Oculomotor
Sensory
Motor
Trochlear
Motor
Trigeminal
Ophthalmic division
Sensory
Maxillary division
Sensory
Mandibular division
Motor
Function
Smell
Vision
Lifts upper eyelid, turns
eyeball upward, downward
and medially; constricts
pupil; accommodates eye
Assists in turning eyeball
downward and laterally
Cornea, skin of forehead,
scalp, eyelids and nose;
also mucous membrane of
paranasal sinuses and
nasal cavity
Skin of face over maxilla
and the upper lip; teeth of
upper jaw; mucous
membrane of nose, the
maxillary air sinus, and
palate
Muscles of mastication,
mylohyoid, anterior belly of
digastrics, tensor veli
palatini and tensor tympani
Opening in Skull
Openings in cribriform plate
of ethmoid
Optic canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
5
Sensory
Abducent
Motor
Facial
Motor
Sensory
Secretomotor
parasympathetic
Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular
Sensory
Cochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory
Motor
Secretomotor
parasympathetic
Sensory
Vagus
Motor
Sensory
Accessory
Cranial root
Motor
Spinal root
Motor
Hypoglossal
Motor
Jugular Foramen
Jugular Foramen
Jugular Foramen
Hypoglossal Canal
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Wall/ Muscles of the Pectoral Region (except Serratus
Anterior)
Muscle
Pectoralis Major
Origin
Clavicle, sternum
and upper six costal
cartilages
Insertion
Lateral lip of the
bicipital groove of
humerus
Innervation
Medial and lateral
pectoral nerves form
brachial plexus
Pectoralis Minor
Coracoid process of
scapula
Subclavius
Clavicle
Nerve to subclavius
from upper trunk of
brachial plexus
Serratus Anterior
Action
Adducts arm and
rotates it medially;
clavicular fibers also
flex arm
Depresses point of
shoulder; if the
scapula is fixed, it
elevates the ribs of
origin
Depresses the
clavicle and steadies
this bone during
movements of the
shoulder girdle
Draws the scapula
forward around the
thoracic wall; rotates
the scapula
Muscles Connecting the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back
Muscles
Muscle
Trapezius
Origin
Occipital bone,
ligamentum nuchae,
spine of 7th cervical
vertebra, spines of all
thoracic vertebra
Insertion
Upper fibers into
lateral third of
clavicle; middle and
lower fibers into
acromion and spine
of the scapula
Innervation
Spinal part of
accessory nerve
(motor) and C3 and
C4 (sensory)
Latissimus Dorsi
Floor of bicipital
groove of humerus
Thoracodorsal nerve
C3 and C4 and
dorsal scapular nerve
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Medial border of
scapula
Dorsal scapular
nerve
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major
Action
Upper fibers elevate
the scapula; middle
fibers pull the
scapula medially;
lower fibers pull
medial border of the
scapula downward
Extends, adducts and
medially rotates the
arm
7
Muscle
Deltoid
Origin
Lateral third of
clavicle, acromion,
spine of scapula
Insertion
Middle of lateral
surface of shaft of
humerus
Innervation
Axillary nerve
Supraspinatus
Supraspinous fossa
of scapula
Spurascapular nerve
Infraspinatus
Infraspinous fossa
Teres Major
Greater tuberosity of
humerus; capsule of
shoulder joint
Greater tuberosity of
humerus; capsule of
shoulder joint
Medial lip of bicipital
groove of humerus
Teres Minor
Greater tuberosity of
the humerus; capsule
of shoulder joint
Lesser tuberosity of
humerus
Axillary nerve
Subscapularis
Suprascapular nerve
Lower subscapular
nerve
Action
Abducts arm; anterior
fibers flex and
medially rotate arm;
posterior fibers
extend and laterally
rotate arm
Abducts arm and
stabilizes shoulder
joint
Laterally rotates arm
and stabilizes
shoulder joint
Medially rotates and
adducts arm and
stabilizes shoulder
joint
Laterally rotates arm
stabilizes shoulder
joint
Medially rotates arm
and stabilizes
shoulder joint
Origin
Insertion
Anterior Compartment
Innervation
Supraglenoid
tubercle of scapula
Coracoid process of
scapula
Tuberosity of radius
Musculocutaneous
and bicipital
nerve
aponeurosis into
deep fascia of
forearm
Coracoid process of
Medial aspect of
Musculocutaneous
scapula
shaft of humerus
nerve
Front of lower half of
Coronoid process of
Musculocutaneous
humerus
ulna
nerve
Posterior Compartment
Infraglenoid tubercle
of scapula
Upper half of
posterior surface of
shaft of humerus
Lower half of
posterior surface of
shaft of humerus
Olecranon process of
ulna
Radial nerve
Action
Supinator of forearm
and flexor of elbow
joint; weak flexor of
shoulder joint
Flexes arm and also
weak adductor
Flexor of elbow joint
Extensor of elbow
joint
Origin
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial border of
coronoid process of
ulna
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Insertion
Innervation
Median nerve
Median nerve
Median nerve
Action
8
aponeurosis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Humeral head
Ulnar head
Flexor Digitorum
Superficialis
Humeroulnar
head
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial aspect of
olecranon process
and posterior border
of ulna
Flexor Pollicis
Longus
Medial epicondyle of
humerus; medial
border of coronoid
process of ulna
Oblique line on
anterior surface of
shaft of radius
Anterior surface of
shaft of radius
Flexor Digitorum
Profundus
Anteromedial surface
of shaft of ulna
Distal phalanges of
medial four fingers
Pronator Quadratus
Anterior surface of
shaft of ulna
Anterior surface of
shaft or radius
Radial head
Middle phalanx of
medial four fingers
Distal phalanx of
thumb
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Flexes middle
phalanx of fingers
and assists in flexing
proximal phalanx and
hand
Anterior interosseus
branch of median
nerve
Ulnar (medial half)
and median (lateral
half) nerves
Anterior interosseus
branch of median
nerve
Origin
Lateral
supracondylar ridge
of humerus
Insertion
Base of styloid
process of radius
Innervation
Radial nerve
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Longus
Lateral
supracondylar ridge
pf the humerus
Posterior surface of
base of 2nd
metacarpal bone
Radial nerve
Action
Flexes forearm at
elbow joint; rotates
forearm to the
midprone position
Extends and abducts
hand at wrist joint
Origin
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Extensor Digitorum
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Extensor Digiti
Minimi
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Extensor Carpi
Ulnaris
Anconeus
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Supinator
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Posterior surface of
shaft of radius and
ulna
Abductor Pollicis
Longus
Insertion
Posterior surface of
base of third
metacarpal bone
Middle and distal
phalanges of medial
four fingers
Extensor expansion
of little finger
Innervation
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Action
Extends and abducts
hand at wrist joint
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Base of fifth
metacarpal bone
Lateral surface of
olecranon process of
ulna
Neck and shaft of
radius
Base of first
metacarpal bone
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Radial nerve
Extends
metacarpophalangeal
joint of little finger
Extends and adducts
hand at wrist joint
Extends elbow joint
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Supination of forearm
Extends and abducts
thumb
9
Extensor Pollicis
Brevis
Posterior surface of
shaft or radius
Base of proximal
phalanx of thumb
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Extensor Pollicis
Longus
Extensor Indicis
Posterior surface of
shaft of ulna
Posterior surface of
shaft of ulna
Base of distal
phalanx of thumb
Extensor expansion
of index finger
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Extends
metacarpophalangeal
joint of thumb
Extends distal phalanx
of thumb
Extends
metacarpophalangeal
joint of index finger
Interossei (8)
Palmar (4)
Dorsal (4)
Origin
Flexor retinaculum,
palmar aponeurosis
Tendons of flexor
digitorum profundus
Insertion
Skin of palm
Innervation
Superficial branch of
ulnar nerve
1st and 2nd (i.e.
lateral two) median
nerve; 3rd and 4th
deep branch of ulnar
nerve
Action
Corrugates skin to
improve grip of palm
Flexes
metacarpophalangeal
joints and extend
interphalangeal joints of
fingers except thumb
Proximal phalanges
of thumb and index,
ring and little fingers
and dorsal extensor
expansion of each
finger
Deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Proximal phalanges
of index, middle and
ring fingers and
dorsal extensor
expansion
Deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Extensor expansion
of medial four
fingers
Flexor Pollicis
Brevis
Opponens Pollicis
Flexor retinaculum
Abductor Pollicis
Brevis
Shaft of metacarpal
bone of thumb
Base of proximal
phalanx of thumb
Median nerve
Abduction of thumb
Flexes
metacarpophalangeal
joint of thumb
Pulls thumb medially
and forward across palm
Adduction of thumb
Distribution
Roots
10
Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)
Long Thoracic Nerve (C5, 6, 7)
11
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Outer surface of ilium, Iliotibial tract and gluteal Inferior gluteal nerve Extends and laterally rotates hip
sacrum, coccyx,
tuberosity of femur
joint; through iliotibial tract, it
sacrotuberous ligament
extends knee joint
Gluteus
Outer surface of ilium Lateral surface of
Superior gluteal
Abducts thigh at hip joint; tilts
medius
greater trochanter of
nerve
pelvis when walking to permit
femur
opposite leg to clear ground
Gluteus
Outer surface of ilium Anterior surface of
Superior gluteal
Abducts thigh at hip joint; tilts
minimus
greater trochanter of
nerve
pelvis when walking to permit
femur
opposite leg to clear ground
Tensor fasciae Iliac crest
Iliotibial tract
Superior gluteal
Assists gluteus maximus in
latae
nerve
extending the knee joint
Piriformis
Anterior surface of
Upper border of greater First and second
Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
sacrum
trochanter of femur
sacral nerves
joint
Obturator
Inner surface of
Upper border of greater Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
internus
obturator membrane
trochanter of femur
joint
Gemellus
Spine of ischium
Upper border of greater Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
superior
trochanter of femur
joint
Gemellus
Ischial tuberosity
Upper border of greater Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
inferior
trochanter of femur
joint
Quadratus
Lateral border of ischial Quadrate tubercle of
Sacral plexus
Lateral rotator of thigh at hip
femoris
tuberosity
femur
joint
Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
Muscle
Sartorius
Origin
Anterior superior iliac
spine
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Upper medial surface of Femoral nerve
shaft of tibia
Iliacus
Psoas
Pectineus
Quadriceps
femoris
Rectus
femoris
Femoral nerve
Action
Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates
thigh at hip joint; flexes and
medially rotates leg at knee joint
Flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh is
fixed, it flexes the trunk on the
thigh as in sitting up from lying
down
Flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh is
fixed, it flexes the trunk on thigh
as in sitting up from lying down
Flexes and adducts thigh at hip
joint
Extension of leg at knee joint;
flexes thigh at hip joint
12
Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
medialis
Vastus
intermedius
ligamentum patellae
into tubercle of tibia
Quadriceps tendon into Femoral nerve
patella, then via
ligamentum patellae
into tubercle of tibia
Upper end and shaft of Quadriceps tendon into Femoral nerve
femur
patella, then via
ligamentum patellae
into tubercle of tibia
Anterior and lateral
Quadriceps tendon into Femoral nerve
surfaces of shaft of
patella, then via
femur
ligamentum patellae
into tubercle of tibia
Origin
Insertion
Inferior ramus of pubis, Upper part of shaft of
ramus of ischium
tibia on medial surface
Body of pubis, medial to Posterior surface of
pubic tubercle
shaft of femur (linea
aspera)
Inferior ramus of pubis Posterior surface of
shaft of femur (linea
aspera)
Inferior ramus of pubis, Posterior surface of
ramus of ischium,
shaft of femur, adductor
ischial tuberosity
tubercle of femur
Outer surface of
obturator membrane
and pubic and ischial
rami
Medial surface of
greater trochanter
Nerve Supply
Obturator nerve
Obturator nerve
Action
Adducts thigh at hip joint; flexes
leg at knee joint
Adducts thigh at hip joint and
assists in lateral rotation
Obturator nerve
Adductor portion:
obturator nerve
Hamstring portion:
sciatic nerve
Obturator nerve
Origin
Long head: ischial
tuberosity
Semitendinosus
Insertion
Head of fibula
Nerve Supply
Long head: tibial
portion of sciatic
nerve
Action
Flexes and laterally rotates
leg at knee joint; long head
also extends thigh at hip
joint
Adductor tubercle of
femur
Tibial portion of
sciatic nerve
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Lateral surface of shaft Medial cuneiform and Deep peroneal nerveExtendsb foot at ankle joint;
of tibia and
base of first metatarsal
inverts foot at subtalar and
interosseous membrane bone
transverse tarsal joints; holds
up medial longitudinall arch of
13
Extensor
digitorum
longus
Peroneus
tertius
Extensor
hallucis
longus
Extensor
digitorum
brevis
foot
Anterior surface of shaft Extensor expansion of Deep peroneal nerveExtends toes; extends foot at
of fibula
lateral four toes
ankle joint
Anterior surface of shaft Base of fifth metatarsal Deep peroneal nerveExtends foot at ankle joint;
of fibula
bone
everts foot at subtalar and
transverse tarsal joints
Anterior surface of shaft Base of distal phalanx Deep peroneal nerveExtends big toe; extends foot at
of fibula
of great toe
ankle joint; inverts foot at
subtalar and transverse tarsal
joints
Calcaneum
By four tendons into the Deep peroneal nerve
proximal phalanx of big
toe and long extensor
tendons to second,
third, and fourth toes
Muscles of the Lateral Fascial Compartment of the Leg
Muscle
Peroneus
longus
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Lateral surface of shaft Base of first metatarsal Superficial peroneal Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
of fibula
and the medial
nerve
everts foot at subtalar and
cuneiform
transverse tarsal joints;
supports lateral longitudinal and
transverse arches of foot
Peroneus
Lateral surface of fibula Base of fifth metatarsal Superficial peroneal Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
brevis shaft of
bone
nerve
everts foot at subtalar and
fibula
transverse tarsal joint; supports
lateral longitudinal arch of foot
Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg
Muscle
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Superficial Group
Gastrocnemius Lateral head from
Via tendo calcaneus
Tibial nerve
lateral condyle of femur into posterior surface of
and medial head from calcaneum
above medial condyle
Plantaris
Lateral supracondylar Posterior surface of
Tibial nerve
ridge of femur
calcaneum
Soleus
Shafts of tibia and fibula Via tendo calcaneus
Tibial nerve
into posterior surface of
calcaneum
Popliteus
Flexor
digitorum
longus
Origin
Deep Group
Lateral surface of lateral Posterior surface of
Tibial nerve
condyle of femur
shaft of tibia above
soleal line
Posterior surface of
shaft of tibia
Bases of distal
Tibial nerve
phalanges of lateral four
toes
Tibialis
posterior
Posterior surface of
Tuberosity of navicular Tibial nerve
shafts of tibia and fibula bone and other
and interosseous
neighboring bones
Action
Plantar flexes foot at ankle
joint; flexes knee joint
Plantar flexes foot at ankle
joint; flexes knee joint
Together with gastrocnemius
and plantaris is powerful
plantar flexor of ankle joint;
provides main propulsive force
in walking and running
Flexes leg at knee joint;
unlocks knee joint by lateral
rotation of femur on tibia and
slackens ligaments of joint
Flexes distal phalanges of
lateral four toes; plantar flexes
foot at ankle joint; supports
medial and lateral longitudinal
arches of foot
Flexes distal phalanx of big toe;
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
supports medial longitudinal
arch of foot
Plantar flexes foot at ankle
joint; inverts foot at subtalar
and transverse tarsal joints;
14
membrane
Muscle
Origin
Abductor
hallucis
Flexor
digitorum
brevis
Insertion
Medial tuberosity of
calcaneum and flexor
retinaculum
Medial tubercle of
calcaneum
Nerve Supply
Action
First Layer
Base of proximal
Medial plantar nerve Flexes and abducts big toe;
phalanx of big toe
braces medial longitudinal arch
Plantar (3)
Peroneus
longus tendon
Adjacent sides of
metatarsal bones
Bases of proximal
Lateral plantar nerve Abduction of toes; flexes
phalanges first: medial
metatarsophalangeal joints and
side of second toe;
extends interphalangeal joints
remainder: lateral sides
of second, third, and
fourth toes also dorsal
extensor expansion
Inferior surfaces of third, Medial side of bases of Lateral plantar nerve Adduction of toes; flexes
fourth, and fifth
proximal phalanges of
metatarsophalangeal joints and
metatarsal bones
lateral three toes
extends interphalangeal joints
15
Tibialis
posterior
tendon
Muscle of the Dorsum of the Foot
Muscle
Extensor
digitorum
brevis
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Action
Anterior part of upper By four tendons into the Deep peroneal nerveExtends toes
surface of the
proximal phalanx of big
calcaneum and from the toe and long extensor
inferior extensor
tendons to second,
retinaculum
third, and fourth toes
Branches of the Sacral Plexus and Their Distribution
Branches
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Nerve to piriformis
Nerve to obturator internus
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Perforating cutaneous nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Sciatic nerve (L4, 5; S1, 2, 3) Tibial portion
Pudendal nerve
Distribution
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles
Gluteus maximus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Obturator internus and superior gemellus muscles
Quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles
Skin over medial aspect of buttock
Skin over posterior surface of thigh and popliteal fossa, also over
lower part of buttock, scrotum, or labium majus
Hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, biceps femoris [long head],
adductor magnus [hamstring part]), gastrocnemius, soleus,
plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor
hallucis longus, and via medial and lateral plantar branches to
muscles of sole of foot; sural branch supplies skin on lateral side of
leg and foot
Biceps femoris muscle (short head) and via deep peroneal branch:
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum
longus, peroneus tertius, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles;
skin over cleft between first and second toes. The superficial
peroneal branch supplies the peroneus longus and brevis muscles
and skin over lower third of anterior surface of leg and dorsum of
foot
Muscles of perineum including the external anal sphincter, mucous
membrane of lower half of anal canal, perianal skin, skin of penis,
scrotum, clitoris, and labia majora and minora
Distribution
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis muscles
of anterior abdominal wall; skin over lower anterior abdominal wall
and buttock
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis muscles
of anterior abdominal wall; skin of upper medial aspect of thigh;
root of penis and scrotum in the male; mons pubis and labia majora
in the female
Skin of anterior and lateral surfaces of the thigh
Cremaster muscle in scrotum in male; skin over anterior surface of
thigh; nervous pathway for cremasteric reflex
Iliacus, pectineus, sartorius, quadriceps femoris muscles, and
intermediate cutaneous branches to the skin of the anterior surface
of the thigh and by saphenous branch to the skin of the medial side
of the leg and foot; articular branches to hip and knee joints
Gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, obturator externus,
pectineus, adductor magnus (adductor portion), and skin on medial
surface of thigh; articular branches to hip and knee joints
16
Segmental branches
Back
Muscles Connecting the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back
Muscles
*Trapezius
*Latissimus Dorsi
*Levator Scapulae
*Rhomboid Major
*Rhomboid Minor
Intermediate (Respiratory) Group of Back Muscles
Muscle
Serratus
Posterior
Superior
Serratus
Posterior Inferior
Origin
Lower portion of
ligamentum
nuchae, spinous
process of C7 to
T3 and
supraspinous
ligaments
Spinous process
of T11 to L3 and
supraspinous
ligaments
Insertion
Upper border of
ribs 2 to 5 just
lateral to their
angles
Innervation
Anterior rami of
upper thoracic
nerves (T2 to T5)
Action
Elevates ribs 2 to
5
Lower border of
ribs 9 to 12 just
lateral to their
angles
Anterior rami of
lower thoracic
nerves (T9 to
T12)
Depresses ribs 9
to 12 and may
prevent lower ribs
from being
elevated when
the diaphragm
contracts
Action
Together- draw
head backwards
extending neck;
individually- draw
and rotate head
to one side (turn
face to same
side)
Together- extend
neck; individuallydraw and rotate
head to one side
(turn face to same
side)
Origin
Lower half of
ligamentum
nuchae, spinous
processes of C7
to T4
Insertion
Mastoid process,
skull below lateral
1/3 of superior
nuchal line
Innervation
Posterior rami
middle cervical
nerves
Splenius Cervicis
Spinous
processes of T3
to T6
Transverse
processes of C1
to C3
Posterior rami
middle cervical
nerves
Iliocostalis Thoracis
Origin
Sacrum, spinous process of
lumbar and lower two thoracic
vertebrae and their
supraspinous ligaments and
the iliac crest
Angles of the lower 6 ribs
Insertion
Angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs
17
Iliocostalis Cervicis
Angles of ribs 3 to 6
Longissimus Thoracis
Longissimus Cervicis
Longissimus Capitis
Spinalis Thoracis
Spinalis Cervicis
Spinalis Capitis
Origin
Transverse processes of T2 to
T10
Semispinalis Cervicis
Semispinalis Capitis
Multifidus
Rotatores Lumborum
Rotatores Thoracis
Rotatores Cervicis
Insertion
Spinous processes of upper 4
thoracic and lower 2 cervical
vertebrae
Spinous processes of C2 (axis)
to C5
Medial area between the
superior and inferior nuchal
lines of occipital bone
Base of spinous processes of
all vertebrae from L5 to C2
Intertransversarii
Origin
Short paired muscles
arising from transverse
processes of C7 to T11
Short paired muscles
attached to the
spinous process of
contiguous vertebrae,
one on each side of
the interspinous
ligament
Small muscles
between the
transverse processes
of contiguous
vertebrae
Insertion
The rib below vertebra
of origin near tubercle
Action
Contraction elevates
rib
18
Suboccipital Gorup of Back Muscles
Muscle
Rectus Capitis
Posterior Major
Origin
Spinous process
of axis (C2)
Rectus Capitis
Posterior Minor
Posterior tubercle
of atlas (C1)
Obliquus Capitis
Superior
Transverse
process of atlas
(C1)
Obliquus Capitis
Inferior
Spinous process
of axis (C2)
Insertion
Lateral portion of
occipital bone
below inferior
nuchal line
Medial portion of
occipital bone
below inferior
nuchal line
Occipital bone
between superior
and inferior
nuchal lines
Transverse
process of atlas
(C1)
Innervation
Posterior ramus
of C1
Function
Extension of
head; rotation of
face to same side
as muscle
Extension of head
Posterior
of C1
ramus
Posterior
of C1
ramus
Extension of head
and bends it to
same side
Posterior
of C1
ramus
Rotation of face
to same side
Thorax
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Wall/ Muscles of the Pectoral Region (except Serratus
Anterior)
*Pectoralis Major
*Subclavius
*Pectoralis Minor
Muscles of the Thorax/ Thoracic Wall
Muscle
External
Intercostal
Origin
Inferior margin of
rib above
Insertion
Superior surface f
rib below
Innervation
Intercostal
nerves; T1-T11
Internal
Intercostal
Lateral edge of
costal groove of
rib above
Intercostal
nerves; T1-T11
Innermost
Intercostal
Medial edge of
costal groove of
rib above
Internal surface
(near angle) of
lower ribs
Lower margins
and internal
surfaces of
cocostal
cartilages of 2nd to
6th ribs
Xiphoid process;
lower six costal
cartilages, first
three lumbar
vertebrae
Superior surface
of rib below deep
to the attachment
of the related
external
intercostal
Internal aspect of
superior surface
of rib below
Internal surface of
2nd to 3rd rib below
Inferior aspect of
deep surface of
body of sternum,
xiphoid process
and costal
cartilages ribs 4-7
Central tendon
Related
intercostals
nerves
Depresses costal
cartilages
Phrenic nerve
Very important
muscle of
inspiration;
increases vertical
diameter of thorax
by pulling central
tendon
downward;
assists in raising
Subcostales
Transversus
Thoracis
Diaphragm (most
important muscle
of respiration)
Intercostal
nerves; T1-T11
Related
intercostal nerves
Function
Most active
during inspiration;
supports
intercostals
space; moves ribs
superiorly
Most active
during expiration;
supports
intercostals
space; moves ribs
inferiorly
Acts with internal
intercostals
muscles
May depress ribs
19
Levatores
Costarum (12)
Serratus
Posterior
Superior
Serratus
Posterior Inferior
Tip of transverse
process of C7
and T1-11
vertebrae
Rib below
Posterior rami of
thoracic spinal
nerves