Project- A Report

on

Maha-gram (to move rural area to e-government)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
by

Mr. Sopan Rathod

Mrs. Archana kharat
Mrs. Pushpa Ahire
Supervisor:

Prof. Sumit Bhattacharye

Department of Computer Engineering

MGMs College Of Engineering And

Technology,Kamothe
Navi Mumbai.
Academic Year
(2014-2015)

Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in

my own words and where others' ideas or words have been
included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission.
I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal
action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited
or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.

(Signature)
(Signature)
Sopan Rathod

(Signature)
Archana kharat

Pushpa Ahire

Acknowledgement

No project is ever complete without the guidance of those experts who have already
treaded this path before and acquired mastery over it. So, we would like to take this opportunity
to thank all those who have aided us in visualizing this project.
We express our deep gratitude to our project guide; Prof. Sumit Bhattacharye (Computer Dept),
MGMs CET for his technical support and warm encouragement in this project work. . We also
thank him for sharing with us, his vast knowledge of industry trends and helping us identify the
driving technologies of the future.
We also thank Dr. Santosh K. Narayankhedkar, Principal, MGMs CET for his support through
various channels in the project work. His constant encouraging words have provided us a boost
in the planning phase of this project work.
We wish to extend our sincere appreciation to all the staff members of Computer Engineering
department, MGMs CET for their invaluable insights and tips during the project phase. Their
contributions have been so vital that we find it difficult to acknowledge each of them
individually.

Introduction
Maha-gram is a unique project that to move Maharashtras rural area position in eGovernance initiatives in the country. It integrates the front-end and back-end Grampanchayat
making it the first of its kind on this scale by any state government in India.
The Maha-gram Mission Mode Project holds great promise for the rural masses as it aims
at streamlining the delivery of government services to them through Gram Panchayats. Mahagrams function at the Village, intermediate (Block) and District level. Through Maha-gram G2C
services provided at Gram Panchayat.
Under Maha-gram Project, all the 33 Zilla Parishads, 351 Panchayat Samitis and 27900
Grampanchayats in Maharashtra are are equipped with Desktop computer, Printer cum Scanner
machine and internet connections to enable improved service delivery. These front end service
delivery centres have been names as Maha-gram in Maharashtra.

As Aadhaar card number and Ration card number is linked to a bank account, instead of
cash we can use bank account to withdraw cash, pay bills, cash transfer etc. Corruption, a major
issue in India can be solved by this approach as we use the card for every transaction that we
make, so it is easy to find the persons who transact in large amounts or who transact or spend

more than their income. By this, illegal transactions can be controlled and corruption can be
easily controlled.
Aap ka paisa, aapke haath (your money in your hands) by using ration card subsidy
directly transfer to their own account coined by maha-gram to the Direct Cash Transfer
scheme which would be rolled out in phases, initially covering 43 districts Food, fertilizers, and
fuel have been kept out of its purview at this time. The DBT scheme aims at cutting a subsidy
bill of 1,64,000 corers apart from other benefits like better delivery, accurate targeting, broader
choice, reducing delays and corruption.

The key features of the Maha-gram Kendras are:

The Maha-gram Kendras across Maharashtra have been designated as CSCs (Common Service Centres), .
These will offer Panchayat as well as other CSC services.

Like CSCs, these Maha-gram Kendras are also eligible to offer B2C services

Due to greater reach of the Maha-gram Kendras, the operators are being appointed as Banking
Correspondents ( BCs) to facilitate financial inclusion in the state

Literature Survey
Literature survey is the most important step in software development process. Before developing
the tool it is necessary to determine the time factor, economy n company strength. Once these
things r satisfied, ten next steps is to determine which operating system and language can be used

for developing the tool. Once the programmers start building the tool the programmers need lot
of external support. This support can be obtained from senior programmers, from book or from
websites. Before building the system the above consideration r taken into account for developing
the proposed system.

2.1 Data Mining

Generally, data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of
analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one
of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many
different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified.
Technically, data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields
in large relational databases.

The Scope of Data Mining

Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable business
information in a large database for example, finding linked products in gigabytes of store
scanner data and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore. Both processes require either
sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find exactly where
the value resides. Given databases of sufficient size and quality, data mining technology can
generate new business opportunities by providing these capabilities:

Automated prediction of trends and behaviors. Data mining automates the process of
finding predictive information in large databases. Questions that traditionally required
extensive hands-on analysis can now be answered directly from the data quickly. A
typical example of a predictive problem is targeted marketing. Data mining

uses data on past promotional mailings to identify the targets most likely to maximize
return on investment in future mailings. Other predictive problems include forecasting

bankruptcy and other forms of default, and identifying segments of a population likely to
respond similarly to given events.

Automated discovery of previously unknown patterns. Data mining tools sweep through
databases and identify previously hidden patterns in one step. An example of pattern
discovery is the analysis of retail sales data to identify seemingly unrelated products that
are often purchased together. Other pattern discovery problems include detecting
fraudulent credit card transactions and identifying anomalous data that could represent
data entry keying errors.

The most commonly used techniques in data mining are:

Artificial neural networks: Non-linear predictive models that learn through training and
resemble biological neural networks in structure.

Decision trees: Tree-shaped structures that represent sets of decisions. These decisions
generate rules for the classification of a dataset. Specific decision tree methods include
Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Chi Square Automatic Interaction
Detection (CHAID) .

Genetic algorithms: Optimization techniques that use process such as genetic

combination, mutation, and natural selection in a design based on the concepts of
evolution.

Nearest neighbor method: A technique that classifies each record in a dataset based on a
combination of the classes of the k record(s) most similar to it in a historical dataset
(where k 1). Sometimes called the k-nearest neighbor technique.

Rule induction: The extraction of useful if-then rules from data based on statistical
significance.

Architecture for Data Mining

To best apply these advanced techniques, they must be fully integrated with a data warehouse as
well as flexible interactive business analysis tools. Many data mining tools currently operate
outside of the warehouse, requiring extra steps for extracting, importing, and analyzing the data.
Furthermore, when new insights require operational implementation, integration with the
warehouse simplifies the application of results from data mining. The resulting analytic data
warehouse can be applied to improve business processes throughout the organization, in areas
such as promotional campaign management, fraud detection, new product rollout, and so on.
Figure 1 illustrates an architecture for advanced analysis in a large data warehouse.

Figure 2.1 - Integrated Data Mining Architecture

The ideal starting point is a data warehouse containing a combination of internal data tracking all
customer contact coupled with external market data about competitor activity. Background
information on potential customers also provides an excellent basis for prospecting. This
warehouse can be implemented in a variety of relational database systems: Sybase, Oracle,
Redbrick, and so on, and should be optimized for flexible and fast data access.

2.2 Data Mining Products

Data mining products are taking the industry by storm. The major database vendors have already
taken steps to ensure that their platforms incorporate data mining techniques. Oracle's Data
Mining Suite (Darwin) implements classification and regression trees, neural networks, k-nearest
neighbors, regression analysis and clustering algorithms. Microsoft's SQL Server also offers data
mining functionality through the use of classification trees and clustering algorithms. If you're
already working in a statistics environment, you're probably familiar with the data mining
algorithm implementations offered by the advanced statistical packages SPSS, SAS, and S-Plus.

2.2.1 Classification:
This means getting to know your data. If you can categorize, classify, and/or codify your data,
you can place it into chunks that are manageable by a human. Rather than dealing with 3.5
million merchants at a credit card company, if we could classify them into 100 or 150 different
classifications that were virtually dead on for each merchant, a few employees could manage the
relationships rather than needing a sales and service force to deal with each customer
individually. Likewise, at a university, if an alumni group treats its donors according to their
classifications, part-time students might be the representatives who work with minor donors and
full-time professionals might receive incoming calls from the donors whose names appear on
buildings on campus.

2.2.2 Estimation:
This process is useful in just about every facet of business. From finance to marketing to Sales,
the better you can estimate your expenses, product mix optimization, or potential customer value,
the better off you will be. This and the next use are fairly self-evident if you have ever spent a
day at a business.

2.2.3 Prediction:

Forecasting, like estimation, is ubiquitous in business. Accurate prediction can reduce Inventory
levels (costs), optimize sales, blah, blah, blah. If you can predict the future, you will rule the
world.

2.3 Affinity Grouping/Market Basket Analysis

This is a use that marketing loves. Product placement within a store can be set up based on sales
maximization when you know what people buy together. There are several schools of thought on
how to do it. For example, you know people buy paint and paint brushes together. One, do you
make a sale on paint then jack up the prices on brushes, two do you put the paint in aisle 1 and
the brushes in aisle 7 hoping that people walking from one to the other will see something else
they will need, three do you set cheap stuff on the end of the aisle for everyone to see hoping
they will buy it on impulse knowing they will need something else with that impulse buy (chips
and dip, charcoal briquettes and lighter fluid, etc). As you can see, knowing what people buy
together has serious benefits for the retail world.

2.4 Clustering/Target Marketing

Target marketing saves millions of dollars in wasted coupons, promotions, etc. If you send your
promo to only the most likely to accept the offer, use the coupon, or buy your product, you will
be much better served. If you sell acne medication, sending coupons to people over sixty is
usually a waste of your marketing dollars. If, however, you can cluster your customers and know
which households have a 75% chance of having a teenager, you are pushing your marketing on a
group most likely to buy your product.

Motivation and Approach

3.1 Problem Defination
We present work assumes that all user local instance repositories have content-based descriptors
referring to the subjects, however, a large volume of documents existing on the web may not
have such content-based descriptors. For this problem, in Section 4.2, strategies like ontology
mapping and text classification/clustering were suggested. These strategies will be investigated
in future work to solve this problem. The investigation will extend the applicability of the
ontology model to the majority of the existing web documents and increase the contribution and
significance of the present work.

Exiting System
Maha-online
MahaOnline is a unique project that propels Maharashtras position in e-Governance initiatives
in the country. It integrates the front-end citizen portal with back-end DigiGOV making it the
first of its kind on this scale by any state government in India. Citizens in 10,483 rural and
1336 urban localities are being provided various online services through Common Service
Centres of MahaOnline. It include 7/12 extract, Birth and Death Certificate, No-objection
certificate, Solvency Certificate etc.

Advantages:
1) Maha-eseva is work on the zila parishad (District )level and tahsils
(taluka) level that save your time and money.

2) Maha-Eseva Kendra provide various important certificate by common

service center.
3) Maha-eseva Kendra provide various job related application filling option
such as MPSC and other job related form.
4) Time saving process .
5) Online payment mode.
Drawback:
1) Electricity : There is load shedding problem in rural Maharashtra. To
overcome this challenge we have hired local manpower, Village Level
Entrepreneur (VLE) on work basis rather than time basis, so the VLE
completes the work as and when the electricity is available.
2) Internet Connectivity : There was internet connectivity issue inrural
Maharashtra. So to get internet connectivity at GP level we have
negotiated with various ISPs and most of the GPs got internet
connectivity. We have formed the group of nearby GPs and all these GPs
worked from one location with good net connectivity, thus all GPs started
working.
3) Quality of Technical Manpower: We have conducted various trainings to
groom VLEs and invested heavily on the same and generated local
employment in rural Maharashtra with social responsibility.
4) It work on high level such as zilla parishad and tahshil but it required
document from low level that via document required from lower level is
more

ePanchayat SANGRAM- Sanganakiya Gramin Maharashtra

The three tiers of panchayat system are spread across the state of Maharashtra and the epanchayat services being proposed need to be made available for the employees/users and
citizens across the state. The deployment envisages coverage of 33 ZilhaParishads, 351
Panchayat Samities and 27896 Gram Panchayats to bridge the digital divide and further socioeconomic opportunities for its citizens.
Objective:
1. Enabling panchayats to better deliver its mandated services to the Citizens through IT.
2. Improving internal management processes and decision making in Panchayat.
3. Enabling panchayat to use IT for electronic tagging and tracking of funds transferred to
Panchayats, including rapid bank transfer of funds, tracking fund transfers to, expenditures of the
Panchayats.
4. Digitization of the documents maintained at Panchayats as well creating the database in order
to support e-governance of Panchayats.

Core Subsidy Management System (CSMS)

The government in order to leverage technology solutions and in particular the Aadhaar i.e. the
Unique Identification (UID) programme for this purpose, constituted a task force on Direct
Transfer of Subsidies on Kerosene, LPG & Fertilizer headed by Nandan Nilekani (Chairperson
of UID Authority). The task force proposed the Solution Architecture (Core Subsidy
Management System (CSMS)) to achieve a fully electronic back-office process for direct transfer
of subsidy. The system would automate all business processes related to direct subsidy transfer
and can be customized according to the business rules. At the very core of the system would be:
Aadhaar Integration, ERP Integration and Integration with nodal bank and payments gateway.
The money will be directly transferred into bank accounts of beneficiaries. LPG and kerosene
subsidies, pension payments, scholarships and employment guarantee scheme payments as well
as benefits under other government welfare programmes will be made directly to beneficiaries.
The money can then be used to buy services from the market. For eg- if subsidy on LPG or
kerosene is abolished and the government still wants to give the subsidy to the poor, the subsidy
portion will be transferred as cash into the banks of the intended beneficiaries.
For those who dont have access to bank branches, they rely on Banking Correspondents or
BC.
It is a poverty reduction measure in which government subsidies and other benefits are given
directly to the poor in cash rather than in the form of subsidies.

Challenges:
1) Only 400 million Aadhaars issued till date, which leaves 800 million numbers to be issued
before April 2014 which seems to be a tall task.
2) About 188,000 villages had banking connectivity in June 2012 whereas India has 700,000
villages

Services:
In Maharashtra 2,27,241 rural localities(Grampanchayat) we are aim provided various
services through Common Service Centres of Maha-gram. It includes human resource
management, marriage certificate, Birth certificate, Death Certificate, income certificate,
domicile certificate, ration card subsidy, etc.

3.4 Proposed System

Registration and Issuance of Birth Certificate

Registration and Issuance of Death Certificate
Issuance of Unemployed Certificate
Issuance of Below Poverty Line Certificate
Issuance of Residential Certificate
Issuance of Marriage Certificate
Issuance of Old Age Certificate for Niradhar
Ration subsidy directly transfer to bank account

Registration and Issuance of Birth Certificate

Having birth certificate is very important because it is an essential document that can be
used during verification. It is used as the supporting document when you apply for passport, visa
or any such procedure. It is a legal document which act as a proof of your residence and your real
name in the place where you born. It is important that before applying for birth certificate, you
need to register your child within 21 days to the nearest municipal birth certificate office. Birth
certificate can be issued from hospital or from municipal office, both can be convenient.
Every birth shall be registered within 14 days and every death shall be registered within
7 days with the Town Panchayat.
On registration one copy of an extract of Birth/Death Register will be given to the
party, free of cost. If a certificate of Birth/Death is required at a later date from the Town
Panchayat, an application in the prescribed format furnishing the information required in the
format like name of the child, father's name, mother's name, date and place of birth, etc.,
in the case of birth certificate and name of the person, father's /husband's
name, date and place of death, etc., in the case of Death Certificate shall be furnished.

a)
b)
c)
d)

Issue of Birth & Death Certificates at citizen service center counter of Maha-gram
Generation of Reports of Birth, Death, and Still Born
Computerized Birth and Death certificates through on line
Online registration system

Registration and Issuance of Death Certificate

When a death occurs, the first and most important document to be completed is the Registration
of Death Form or what is commonly referred to as the Death Certificate. Without it, final care
and disposition of the deceased cannot take place. In order to be valid, the Death Certificate must
be signed by the attending physician or family physician who is familiar with the deceaseds
medical history. Most hospitals will not release the remains until the certificate is signed. This
can cause delays for the funeral home, particularly on weekends and holidays when the physician
is not working.
To accurately complete the medical information required on the certificate, the physician
may require an autopsy to verify or determine the cause of death. If the death is sudden,
unexpected or as a result of foul play, the family cannot overrule the decision. A family may also
choose to have an autopsy performed to verify the cause of death or to seek more information
about the deceaseds medical history, which might assist his or her offspring.
When an autopsy is to be performed, delays are also encountered by the funeral home both in the
release of the remains and preparation for viewing. For example, if death occurs in midafternoon and a full autopsy is required, the remains may not be released for 24 hours after the
death. An additional hour or two over and above the typical time period will then be needed for
preparation. This time frame is reduced when a partial or less intrusive autopsy is performed. As
a forensic autopsy has priority over an autopsy requested by the family, further delays in the
release of the remains beyond the 24-hour period could also be encountered.
Once the remains is ready for release from the hospital, the funeral director conducting the
removal will be given the original Death Certificate which at this point is usually only partially
completed.
.
Registration
Once the Death Certificate is in the hands of the funeral director, it then becomes the funeral
homes responsibility to complete and register it. Completing the certificate usually entails
verifying personal information about the deceased such as age, date of birth, principal residence,
employer, et cetera, determining family information, like the names and birth places of the
deceaseds mother and father and providing burial information. Shortly after the funeral service
the original Death Certificate is registered at the Department of Vital Statistics. Funeral homes
are not permitted to give family members copies of the Death Certificate. True copies of the
Death Certificate can be obtained from the attending or family physician or in the case of a
reportable death, from the Medical Examiner.
When a Death Certificate is registered without all of the required information, the Department of
Vital Statistics will send a written request to the funeral home for this information. This is a
common occurrence as some family members are not aware of or recall certain information, such
as their grandparents birth place or grandmothers maiden name and with no other immediate

next-of-kin living, there is no one to provide this information. Even when the funeral director
indicates this information to be unknown, Vital Statistics will still send out its inquiry.
There are times when the information cannot be provided because the family has not determined
what they would like to do. For example, the funeral director is required to provide the name of
the cemetery in which the deceased was buried along with the date of interment. However, with
cremation and the many options available, some families are uncertain as to what to do with the
cremated remains and/or decide to delay the interment, thus preventing the funeral home from
supplying this information.

Issuance of Marriage Certificate

A Marriage Certificate is the proof of registration of a marriage. Needed to prove that you
are legally married to someone, for purposes like obtaining a passport, changing your maiden
name, etc.
1) Age proof Bride & Bridegroom Age proof: Leaving Certificate/ Passport /Birth Certificate/
Domicile Certificate OR PAN Card.
2) Residential Proof of Bride & Bridegroom: Ration Card /Passport/ Election Card/ Light Bill
and Telephone Bill of own name.
3) Witness Proof: - Ration Card/ Passport/ Election Card/ Driving License/ Govt. Identity Card.
4) Wedding Card
5) Rs. 100/- Court Fee Stamp
6) Photographs of both Bridegroom / Bride.

Issuance of Below Poverty Line Certificate

Below Poverty Line is an economic benchmark and poverty threshold used by the government of
India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of
government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state
to state and within states. The present criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. Going
into a survey due for a decade, India's central government is undecided on criteria to identify
families below poverty line.

Internationally, an income of less than $1.25 per day per head of purchasing power parity is
defined as extreme poverty. By this estimate, about 32.7% percent of Indians are extremely poor.
Income-based poverty lines consider the bare minimum income to provide basic food
requirements; it does not account for other essentials such as health care and education

Ration subsidy directly transfer to bank account

The Government's Economic Survey for 2010-11 proposed a scheme of cash transfers,
which was followed by an announcement by the finance minister to replace subsidies on goods
with cash transfers. The announcement comes as a huge relief for all who believe it will solve all
problems of poor delivery, mismanagement, and corruption by government agencies

The government in order to leverage technology solutions and in particular the Aadhaar
i.e. the Unique Identification (UID) programme for this purpose, constituted a task force on
Direct Transfer of Subsidies on Kerosene, LPG & Fertilizer headed by Nandan Nilekani
(Chairperson of UID Authority). The task force proposed the Solution Architecture (Core
Subsidy Management System (CSMS)) to achieve a fully electronic back-office process for
direct transfer of subsidy. The system would automate all business processes related to direct

subsidy transfer and can be customized according to the business rules. At the very core of the
system would be: Aadhaar Integration, ERP Integration and Integration with nodal bank and
payments gateway.
The money will be directly transferred into bank accounts of beneficiaries. LPG and kerosene
subsidies, pension payments, scholarships and employment guarantee scheme payments as well
as benefits under other government welfare programmes will be made directly to beneficiaries.
The money can then be used to buy services from the market. For eg- if subsidy on LPG or
kerosene is abolished and the government still wants to give the subsidy to the poor, the subsidy
portion will be transferred as cash into the banks of the intended beneficiaries.
For those who dont have access to bank branches, they rely on Banking Correspondents or
BC.
It is a poverty reduction measure in which government subsidies and other benefits are given
directly to the poor in cash rather than in the form of subsidies.

3.4.2 System Requirements:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

System

Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

Hard Disk

40 GB.

Floppy Drive :

1.44 Mb.

Monitor

15 VGA Colour.

Mouse

Logitech.

Ram

512 Mb.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Operating system

: Windows XP.

Coding Language

: Java net bean

Data Base

: Mysql

System Analysis and Design

4.1Feasibility Study
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a
very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility
study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is
not a burden to the company.

For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major

requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

Economic feasibility
This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development
of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well
within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely
available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

Technical feasibility

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical
requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available
technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This
will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

Operational feasibility
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and
to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to
make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

4.2 System Analysis

After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the
problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system
and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are
equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications
and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and
requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding
of the existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can
lead diversion from solution.

4.2.1 Analysis Model

Waterfall model

Waterfall approach was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software
Engineering to ensure success of the project. In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of
software development is divided into separate process phases. The phases in Waterfall model are:
Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation and Testing &
Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that second phase is started as and
when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it is signed off, so the name "Waterfall
Model". All the methods and processes undertaken in Waterfall Model are more visible.

Figure 4.1- Waterfall Model

The stages of "The Waterfall Model" are:

Requirement Analysis & Definition: All possible requirements of the system to be

developed are captured in this phase. Requirements are set of functionalities and
constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The
requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are
analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requirements in the
system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document

is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model.
System & Software Design: Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to
understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirement
specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared.
System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in
defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for
the next phase of the model.

Implementation & Unit Testing: On receiving system design documents, the work is
divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in
small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is
developed and tested for its functionality; this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing

mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications.

Integration & System Testing: As specified above, the system is first divided in units
which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a
complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units
coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the

specifications. After successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer.

Operations & Maintenance: This phase of "The Waterfall Model" is virtually never
ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed (which are not
found during the development life cycle) come up after its practical use starts, so the
issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. Not all the
problems come in picture directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solved;
hence this process is referred as Maintenance.

4.3 System Design

Data Flow Diagram / Use Case Diagram / Flow Diagram:

The DFD is also called as bubble chart. It is a simple graphical formalism that can be
used to represent a system in terms of the input data to the system, various processing
carried out on these data, and the output data is generated by the system

The data flow diagram (DFD) is one of the most important modeling tools. It is used to
model the system components. These components are the system process, the data used
by the process, an external entity that interacts with the system and the information flows
in the system.

DFD shows how the information moves through the system and how it is modified by a
series of transformations. It is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and the
transformations that are applied as data moves from input to output.

DFD is also known as bubble chart. A DFD may be used to represent a system at any
level of abstraction. DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing
information flow and functional detail.

NOTATION

SOURCE OR DESTINATION OF DATA:

External sources or destinations, which may be people or organizations or other entities.

DATA SOURCE:
Here the data referenced by a process is stored and retrieved.
\

PROCESS:
People, procedures or devices that produce data. The physical component is not identified.

DATA FLOW:
Data moves in a specific direction from an origin to a destination. The data flow is a packet of
data.

MODELING RULES:
There are several common modeling rules when creating DFDs:
1. All processes must have at least one data flow in and one data flow out.
2. All processes should modify the incoming data, producing new forms of outgoing data.
3. Each data store must be involved with at least one data flow.
4. Each external entity must be involved with at least one data flow.
5. A data flow must be attached to at least one process.

References:
http://uidai.gov.in/
http://www.npci.org.in/documents/AEPSFAQBank.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Identification_Authority_of_India
http://emaharashtra.eletsonline.com/2013/epanchayat-mission-mode-project-sangram-sanganakiyagramin-maharashtra/
Website Referred:
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.economicstimes.com

www.thehindu.com
www.youtube.com
www.timesofindia.com