Foundation Engineering

Kaniraj Shenbaga
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Site Visit

Date: 24 November 2012 (Saturday)

Time: 7.45 am
Pick up venue: FK LG Lobby Area
Place of visit: Batang Sadong bridge construction site
Students should wear protective footwear and should take all
safety precautions at the site. Students should stay within the
place they are allowed to visit.
Students need to submit a site visit report. They should use
their individual log book for recording observations. However,
the site visit report is a group report.

Typical Contents of Site Visit Report

Cover page with details of group members

Aim of the site visit
Description of the project and site
Observations at the site relevant to the course objectives
of Foundation Engineering
Conclusions including the usefulness of the site visit
Relevant photographs with appropriate caption
Explanation of the contribution made by each member of
the group to the report

Site Visit Report

The report is a group report. The groups are the same as for the
laboratory reports.
Use 25 mm margin all around, Times New Roman 12pt size font,
and 1.15 spacing.
The report should not exceed 5 pages excluding the cover page
and contribution page.
Submit the reports Dr Kanirajs mail box before 12 noon on 10
December 2012.
The marks for the site visit report are 10.
Plagiarism will be viewed seriously.

Pile Foundations

Learning Objective 3

Categorize different types of deep

foundations in sand and clay and
calculate their vertical load carrying
capacity.

Topics on Pile Foundations

Methods & Applications

Different types of piles and their methods of
construction

Load Capacity
Determination of load carrying capacity of single piles.
Structural capacity
Compressive load, uplift load and lateral load
capacities

Topics on Pile Foundations

Pile Groups
Determination of load carrying
capacity and settlement of pile group
Pile Caps
Procedures of structural design of
pile caps

Types of Foundations

Shallow Foundations
GL
Soil

D
B

D = Depth, B = Breadth or width

Shallow
foundation
D/B 1. e.g.
Footings, Raft
foundation

Deep Foundations
GL

D/B > 1
D
1 L/D 15.
B
Moderately
deep
Shallow foundation
foundations
L/D 15. Deep
foundations. e.g.
Pile foundation

GL

Soil

Pile

D
Pile
foundation
D = diameter or breadth
L = length of embedment

Pile cap
Piles
Piles are columnar
structures buried
within soil.

Types of Foundations
Shallow foundations
D/B 1. e.g. Footings,
Mat/raft foundation.

Deep foundations

D/B > 1.
1 L/D 15. Moderately
deep foundations
L/D 15. Deep
foundations. e.g. Pile
foundation

GL
D
B

Shallow foundation

D
Pile foundation

Shallow foundation: B = breadth or

width; D = depth

Deep foundation: D = diameter or

breadth; L = length of embedment

Shallow Vs. Deep Foundations

Shallow Foundations

Deep Foundations

D/B 1

L/D > 15

Construction is visible

Construction is invisible

Load is transferred directly

on the soil

Load is transferred through

surface and tip

Less skill required

Special equipment and skill

required

Inexpensive

Expensive

Timber Piles

http://www.123rf.com/photo_5972425_closeup-of-pile-oflogs-showing-tree-rings-in-cross-sections.html

http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-699138/stock-photo-close-up-of-a-pile-oflumber-from-the-cross-section-building-material-at-a-construction-site.html

Precast Concrete Piles

Square pile

Octagonal pile

Steel Piles

H-section plies
http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00YMdahIqAfbpK/Steel-Pile-Seagull.jpg

Hollow tube plies

Situations where pile foundations are needed

A hard stratum
underlies soft soil.
Pile is resting on the
hard stratum. Load is
transferred to the
hard stratum. This is
an end bearing pile.
http://www.crazyengineers.com/forum/civil-structural-engineering/41286-pile-foundations.html

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Soil is soft and

deep. Pile transfers
the load to the soft
soil. This is a
friction pile.
http://accessscience.com/content/Pile%20foundation/516900

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Uplift or tensile load

acts on the foundation.
Shallow foundation has
limited or low uplift
load capacity.
Therefore, pile
foundation is used.
http://www.ustudy.in/node/2735

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Horizontal
load
Soil
reaction

Pile
Pile

Soil

Lateral load acts on

the foundation.
Shallow foundation
has limited or low
lateral load capacity.
Therefore, pile
foundation is used.

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Retaining
wall

Vertical and battered

(inclined) piles are
used to resist
combined uplift and
lateral loads, and
moment acting on
the foundation.

Soil
GL

Batter piles

Earth
pressure

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Large areas
exposed to wind
load transmit high
moment to the
foundation.
Therefore, they are
supported by piles.

Large
surface
area

Piles

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Pier
River

Soil
Piles

Soil below the

foundation may be
removed by the
water current (scour).
Requires piles to
transfer the load
below the scour zone.

Bridge pier

Piles
http://tn.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FHWA-RD-97-028/effepier.htm

Pile cap

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Loose
saturated
sand
Zone not
susceptible to
liquefaction

Loose saturated sand

layers near the ground
surface may liquefy
during earthquake.
Piles are required to
transfer the load into
the zone below.

Liquefaction failures Niigata Earthquake 1964

http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/selectpiclique/nigata64/tiltedbuilding.jpg

http://www.nishimatsu.co.jp/eng/ar2008/contents/Photo/Photo_21.html

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Pile foundations
are often used as
fender systems to
protect bridge
piers from vessel
impact.

Vessel

Fender
piles

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Present
construction

In urban areas, pile

foundations may
be required if deep
excavations are
anticipated nearby.

Soil swelling
Up and down movement due to swelling
and shrinking of soil damages the buildings.
Pile foundation prevents the damage.

Soil shrinking
http://www.foundationspecialists.com/Default.aspx?tabid
=5536&id=Causes%20of%20Foundation%20Movement

Situations where pile foundations are needed

Pile

In expansive soils,
pile foundations
are required to
support the
structure in the
stable zone.

Pile Installation

Driven Pre-Cast Piles

Houses in Miri, Sarawak

Pre-cast concrete piles

Pile driving rig

Drum

Hammer

Hammer

Piles stacking arrangement

Lifting hooks

Pile end to receive pins

Pile end - Pin

Marking pile locations on the ground

Hooking the pile

Lifting the pile

Lifting the pile

Pile helmet

Beginning pile driving

Pile driving in progress

Pile driving in progress

Attaching the follower

Driving the follower

Driving near completion

Controlling pile driving

Formwork and
reinforcement
for pile cap

Formwork and
reinforcement
for pile cap

Concreted pile cap

Pile cap ready for construction of column

Ready to level the site

Installation of Piles
Cast-in-situ Piles

Driven Cast-in-situ Concrete Pile

Driven Cast-in-situ Concrete Pile

1 2: Driving hollow casing

pipe (with closed end at the
bottom) into the soil
3: Pouring concrete into
the pipe to some depth
4 5: Lifting the casing up
and driving it down to form
a bulb at the tip

6: Filling concrete inside

the casing pipe up to the
top
7: Pushing the
reinforcement cage into
concrete
8: Completion of
installation of pile

Bored Cast-in-situ Concrete Pile

http://www.n-sharyo.co.jp/business/kiden_e/earthdril.html

Bored Cast-in-situ Concrete Pile

1 2 3: Installation of a
short guide casing
4 5: Drilling below casing
using bentonite slurry to
support the borehole
6 7 8: Forming a bell at
the bottom using underreaming tool

9 10 11 12: Inserting
reinforcement cage and
tremie concreting under
water
13 14: Removal of guide
casing at the top and
completion of pile
installation

Driven
Cast-in-situ
Shell Pile

Driven
Cast-in-situ
Shell Pile

Driven
Cast-in-situ
Shell Pile

http://www.geoforum.com/info/pileinfo/images/west2.jpg

Driven
Cast-in-situ
Shell Pile

Driven Cast-in-situ Shell Pile

1. Placing assembled shell pile sections with

pile shoe and driving mandrel on the ground
2. Driving shell pile sections into the ground
3. Removing mandrel
4. Placing reinforcement cage and concreting
5. Completion of installation of pile

Classification of Piles

Classification of Piles

Classification of Piles

Based on material

Timber pile for light loads

Concrete pile for heavy loads
Steel pile for very heavy loads
Composite pile for very heavy loads

Based on method of construction

Precast pile, Cast-in-situ pile
Driven pile, Bored pile, Jacked pile

Classification of Piles

Based on method of load transfer

Friction pile load transmitted mainly by skin friction
End bearing pile load transmitted mainly by point
bearing

Based on use
Load bearing pile used for transferring load
Uplift pile used for transferring uplift load
Compaction pile used for densifying the soil

Classification of Piles

Based on influence of construction of

pile on the soil and pore water pressure
in the soil
Displacement pile
Non-displacement pile
Small displacement pile

Displacement Pile

Construction of pile displaces and

disturbs the soil around the pile
significantly. e.g. driven precast pile,
driven closed ended tube pile

Non-displacement Pile

Construction of pile has no significant

influence on the soil surrounding the
pile. e.g. bored piles

Small Displacement Pile

Construction of pile has small

influence on the soil surrounding the
pile. e.g. driven H-pile, driven open
ended pipe pile

Factors in Selection of Pile Type

Factors in Selection of Pile Type

Nature of load transmitted
- light/heavy/very heavy load
- compressive/uplift/lateral load

Location of site
- presence of nearby structures

Ground conditions
- ground slope
- accessibility of the site

Factors in Selection of Pile Type

Durability
-

presence of living organism

pH of soil
presence of sulphate in soil
wave action

Contractors past experience

- past performance
- available resources