Definition: A stereotype is ...

a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of

people. (Cardwell, 1996). One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to respond rapidly to
situations because we may have had a similar experience before. One disadvantage is that it
makes us ignore differences between individuals; therefore we think things about people that might
not be true (i.e. make generalizations). The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify
our social world; since they reduce the amount of processing (i.e. thinking) we have to do when we
meet a new person.
By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we
assume all members of that group have. Stereotypes lead to social categorization, which is one of
the reasons for prejudice attitudes (i.e. them and us mentality) which leads to in-groups and outgroups.
Most stereotypes probably tend to convey a negative impression. Positive examples would include
judges (the phrase sober as a judge would suggest this is a stereotype with a very respectable set
of characteristics), overweight people (who are often seen as jolly) and television news readers
(usually seen as highly dependable, respectable and impartial). Negative stereotypes seem far
more common, however. Racial, Social Status, Religion, Sexual, de genero
An attitude is "a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies
towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbols" (Hogg, & Vaughan 2005, p. 150)
Structure of Attitudes
Attitudes structure can be described in terms of three components.
Affective component: this involves a persons feelings / emotions about the attitude object. For
example: I am scared of spiders.
Behavioral (or conative) component: the way the attitude we have influences how we act or behave.
For example: I will avoid spiders and scream if I see one.
Cognitive component: this involves a persons belief / knowledge about an attitude object. For
example: I believe spiders are dangerous.
This model is known as the ABC model of attitudes.
One of the underlying assumptions about the link between attitudes and behavior is that of
consistency. This means that we often or usually expect the behavior of a person to be consistent
with the attitudes that they hold. This is called the principle of consistency.
The principle of consistency reflects the idea that people are rational and attempt to behave
rationally at all times and that a persons behavior should be consistent with their attitude(s). Whilst
this principle may be a sound one, it is clear that people do not always follow it, sometimes
behaving in seemingly quite illogical ways; for example, smoking cigarettes and knowing that
smoking causes lung cancer and heart disease.
There is evidence that the cognitive and affective components of behavior do not always match with
behavior. This is shown in a study by LaPiere (1934).
Attitudes can serve functions for the individual. Daniel Katz (1960) outlines four functional areas:
Knowledge. Attitudes provide meaning (knowledge) for life. The knowledge function refers to our
need for a world which is consistent and relatively stable. This allows us to predict what is likely to
happen, and so gives us a sense of control. Attitudes can help us organize and structure our
experience. Knowing a persons attitude helps us predict their behavior. For example, knowing that
a person is religious we can predict they will go to Church.
Self / Ego-expressive. The attitudes we express (1) help communicate who we are and (2) may
make us feel good because we have asserted our identity. Self-expression of attitudes can be non-

verbal too: think bumper sticker, cap, or T-shirt slogan. Therefore, our attitudes are part of our
identify, and help us to be aware through expression of our feelings, beliefs and values.
Adaptive. If a person holds and/or expresses socially acceptable attitudes, other people will reward
them with approval and social acceptance. For example, when people flatter their bosses or
instructors (and believe it) or keep silent if they think an attitude is unpopular. Again, expression
can be nonverbal [think politician kissing baby]. Attitudes then, are to do with being apart of a social
group and the adaptive functions helps us fit in with a social group. People seek out others who
share their attitudes, and develop similar attitudes to those they like.
The ego-defensive function refers to holding attitudes that protect our self-esteem or that justify
actions that make us feel guilty. For example, one way children might defend themselves against
the feelings of humiliation they have experienced in P.E. lessons is to adopt a strongly negative
attitude to all sport.
How Do Attitudes Form?
Attitudes form directly as a result of experience. They may emerge due to direct personal
experience, or they may result from observation. Social roles and social norms can have a strong
influence on attitudes. Social roles relate to how people are expected to behave in a particular role
or context. Social norms involve society's rules for what behaviors are considered appropriate.
We tend to assume that people behave in accordance with their attitudes. However, social
psychologists have found that attitudes and actual behavior are not always perfectly aligned. After
all, plenty of people support a particular candidate or political party and yet fail to go out and vote.
Researchers have discovered that people are more likely to behave according to their attitudes
under certain conditions:
How do attitudes influence behavior
When your attitudes are the result of personal experience.
When you are an expert in the subject.
When you expect a favorable outcome.
When the attitudes are repeatedly expressed.
When you stand to win or lose something due to the issue.
Cognitive dissonance is a phenomenon in which a person experiences psychological distress due
to conflicting thoughts or beliefs. In order to reduce this tension, people may change their attitudes
to reflect their other beliefs or actual behaviors.