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John W. Labadie
Margaret T. Herzog
ABSTRACT
To assist water engineers to utilize an advanced water distribution system optimizer, a user-friendly interface,
database support, and mapping utilities have been integrated into ArcView 3.1 GIS using AVENUE and the
Dialog Designer extension. This decision support system (DSS) is developed into an ArcView extension called
WADSOP - Water Distribution System Optimizer. WADSOP optimizes pipe sizing and layout, as well as
pump station sizing and layout, to improve cost-effectiveness and reliability over most existing water
distribution models based on less effective pipe simulation algorithms. GIS provides functions for development
and preparation of accurate spatial information for input into the network design optimization model, which
include network layout, connectivity, pipe characteristics and cost, pressure gradients, demand patterns, cost
analysis, network routing and allocation, and effective color graphic display of results.
INTRODUCTION
Municipal water distribution systems represent a major portion of the investment in urban infrastructure and a
critical component of public works. The goal is to design water distribution systems to deliver potable water
over spatially extensive areas in required quantities and under satisfactory pressures. In addition to these goals,
cost-effectiveness and reliability in system design are also important.
Municipal water distribution systems are inherently complex because they are:
large-scale and spatially extensive
composed of multiple pipe loops to maintain satisfactory levels of redundancy for system reliability
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street network characteristics, since most water distribution systems are installed in existing and planned
road systems
right of way issues
congestion problems during installation due to buried utilities
land use and development issues impacting installation costs, such as increased costs of pipe excavation
in commercial districts due to business disruption and the need for traffic rerouting
spatially distributed soil characteristics impacting excavation costs, such as loose, sandy soils requiring
more costly reinforcement of the site.
With the wide range of optimization models available, it is interesting to speculate as to why these models are
not routinely being used by practicing design engineers. Goulter [1992] believes that the primary reason for this
is the lack of "suitable packaging" for optimal design models. It is clear that a spatial decision support system
[DSS] is needed to aid design engineers, which would include the following components:
data base management system for both spatial and non-spatial data
user friendly dialog interfaces for data manipulation and output display
models subsystem including both simulation and optimization.
Modern geographic information systems [GIS] alone are capable of fulfilling many of these requirements for a
spatial DSS.
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require extensive fine-tuning of algorithmic parameters, which are highly dependent on the individual
problem
can be extremely time consuming computationally
current applications have not included use of multiple demand loadings because of computational
difficulties.
Presented herein is WADSOP (WAter Distribution System Optimizer) which improves on the method of
Morgan and Goulter (1985) by
employing an efficient NLP technique as the hydraulic network solver which offers distinct advantages
over traditional methods such as Hardy-Cross, Newton-Raphson, and linear system theory solvers
allows simultaneous inclusion of multiple demand loading scenarios in the optimization
includes the optimal location and sizing of pump stations
is linked with ArcView GIS for spatial and nonspatial data base requirements, effective display of results,
and dialog interfacing for practicing engineers.
WADSOP applies an NLP-based network solver and an LP-based optimal design model interactively in a
convergent scheme with the following advantages:
Software
Base Map
GIS Data
Mapping Program
spatially-referenced cost functions are developed through the GIS for network layout and sizing
discrete, commercially available pipe sizes are utilized for any size ranges specified by the user
multiple demand loading scenarios are efficiently input into the GIS
inclusion of pump station sizing and layout decision variables to allow efficient analysis of tradeoffs
between capital and energy costs.
The goals of WADSOP are to:
combine GIS with pipe network design and analysis models
encourage greater use of optimization models by design engineers
provide a flexible tool for engineers for:
- analyzing existing networks
- optimal design of new water distribution networks
- expansion of existing systems.
Details on the optimization techniques employed in WADSOP can be found in Taher, et al. (1998). The
purpose here is to present the WADSOP extension developed for implementation in ArcView 3.1. The spatial
and nonspatial data requirements are described, as well as the ability to edit network characteristics. The
WADSOP extension builds the database, prepares formatted ASCII files which are read by the design
optimization model, executes the design model, and then displays results as color coded maps of the optimal
pipe network characteristics, flows and pressures. Network routing and allocation routines are also available as
part of the GIS.
WADSOP GIS APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
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The WADSOP application was developed exclusively in ArcView GIS (3.1) as an extension using AVENUE
programming and ArcView project customization capabilities. All dialogs were developed using the Dialog
Designer extension to ensure that the application could be used on any platform. The CAD Reader extension
was used to permit CAD drawing input, mapping, and conversion, and the Spatial Analyst extension was used
for digital elevation model input and usage. One of the most useful extensions incorporated was the Network
Analyst for routing new pipes and rerouting old ones, allocating water supply to demand zones, and for
developing pressure zones.
WADSOP Menu System
The figure below depicts the WADSOP menu system which functionality can also be accessed through a toolbar
that can be activated from the WADSOP button in the button bar or toggle on or off from the menu system.
Modules include data development, optimization, results, route, allocate, and help. The development of each of
these modules will be discussed in detail in the following sections.
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Edit Nodes
The next data development option is to add pipe nodes and attributes including elevation and up to four demand
scenarios. Using multiple demand scenarios insures that the resulting optimized system is robust. It ensures
that a pipe is not eliminated as unnecessary or undersized. As with pipes, nodes can be selected directly from
the map for editing as well as added or deleted from the Node Edit dialog. Two different kind of nodes can be
added, supply or demand nodes. As opposed to demand nodes, supply nodes are added to represent a water
supply tank or a reservoir.
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Although not entirely functional yet, a script is being developed to allow all node elevations to be estimated
from a map of ground elevation contours or a digital elevation model (DEM) grid minus a constant depth-topipe factor. Although this is a rough method, it makes data editing easier if values close to what they should be
are already in the elevation field of the table. It also allows a rough optimization run to be executed to
determine general areas of concern in pipe network design and expansion.
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Help
Currently, every dialog includes a help button to obtain text-based information to assist the user in proceeding
through the options as well as more general help accessed from the menu-system with details about the
WADSOP application. A future goal is to replace this help system with a standard Windows-based one that
includes hyperlinks, graphics, and a find function.
Optimization
After completing each dialog in the Data Development module the user is ready to use the WADSOP
optimizer. Currently only the optimizer is available, but the simulator to analyze existing systems will soon
follow. The Data Verification Check dialog allows the users to review information about the system and return
to the editing mode if necessary before proceeding. When the user chooses Optimize from this dialog, all the
tables developed during the input phase are converted to comma deliminated text and sent to the WADSOP
executable. Results are written to the pipe and node tables, and map displayed colored coding changes to the
original network and displaying pipes with a graduated symbol related to pipe diameter. Split pipes are also
noted in the results with text labels.
The Crystal Reports extension can be used to generate typical wds reports of interest, as well as customized
reports if desired.
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Network Routing
Although the main purpose of WADSOP is network optimization, ArcView GIS can provide a great deal of
additional functionality. Through the use of the Network Analyst extension, the least cost path can be
determined for planning a new pipe along an existing road network. The user only has to indicate from where to
where they wish to route, and if length or some other impedance factor will determine which way is the
"longest".
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Allocation
The final WADSOP module being developed to date aids in network allocation. Two common uses are for
determining which water supply sources can supply which sectors of a municipality, or for defining pressure
zones as the distance out from a pressure supply head (pump) that can be serviced before impedance along pipes
causes the minimum pressure to be reached.
CONCLUSIONS
Although significant progress has been made on the WADSOP extension to ArcView GIS to date, it is not
ready for commercial distribution at this time. However, the authors would look forward to entities that would
like to test the beta and offer recommendations for improvements. Some of the most pressing work includes the
following:
Improve interface to allow for more input options such as determining node elevations from contours.
Complete network allocation module to assign supply or pressure zones.
Allow more flexibility in input parameters to the optimization model.
Include a simulation model for comparison to optimization and for expanded functionality.
REFERENCES
Alperovits, E. and U. Shamir, Design of optimal water distribution systems, Water Resour. Res., 13 (6), 885900, 1977.
Bao, Y. and L. Mays, Model for water distribution system reliability, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 116 (
9), 1119-1137, 1990.
Bhave, P., and V. Sonak, A critical study of the linear programming gradient method for optimal design of
water supply networks, Water Resour. Res., 28 (6), 1577-1584, 1992.
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Chiplunkar, A., S. Mehndiratta, and P. Khanna, Looped water distribution system optimization for single
loading, J. Env. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 112 (2), 264-279, 1986.
Cunha, M. and J. Sousa, Water distribution network design optimization: simulated annealing approach, J.
Water Res. Plan. Manage. Div. Soc. Civ. Eng., 125 (4), 215-221, 1999.
Eiger, G., U. Shamir, and A. Ben-Tal, Optimal design of water distribution networks, Water Resour. Res., 30
(9), 2637-2646, 1994.
Gessler, J., Optimization of pipe networks, Proc. of the Ninth International. Symposium on Urban Hydrology,
Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Univ. of Ky., Lexington, July 27-30, 1982.
Goulter, I., Systems analysis in water distribution system design: from theory to practice, J. Water. Res. Plan.
Manage. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 118 (3), 238-248, 1992.
Lansey, K., N. Duan, L. Mays, and Y. Tung, Water distribution system design under uncertainties, J. Water
Res. Plan. Manage. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 115 (5), 630-645, 1989.
Lansey, K. and L. Mays, Optimization model for water distribution system design, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc.
Civ. Eng., 115 (10), 1401-1418, 1989.
Morgan, D., and I. Goulter, Optimal urban water distribution design, Water Resour. Res., 21 (5), 642-652,
1985.
Savic, D. and G. Walters, Genetic algorithms for least-cost design of water distribution networks, J. Water Res.
Plan. Manage. Div. Soc. Civ. Eng., 123 (2), 67-77, 1997.
Taher, S. and J. Labadie, Optimal design of water distribution networks with GIS, J. Water Res. Plan. Manage.
Div. Soc. Civ. Eng., 122 (4), 301-311, 1996.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
John W. Labadie, P.E.
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1372
Tel: 970-491-6898
Fax: 970-491-7727
email: labadie@engr.colostate.edu
Margaret T. Herzog, P.E.
Civil Engineer / GIS Coordinator
Foothill Engineering Consultants, Inc.
350 Indiana Street, Suite 315
Golden, Colorado 80401
Tel: 303-278-0622
Fax: 303-278-0624
Home: 303-237-4158
email: mherzog@foothilltmc.com
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