CT325 MOBILE COMMUNICATION LAB

Even Term 2012-13

Faculty Details
Course Teacher
Office
Office Hours
Phone
Email
Course Website:

: Prof. A.Meshram,Prof. S. Lachure

: Computer Technology Department.
: 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.
: 9325159812
: amitameshram@gmail..com

Required Textbook for practical

1. Mobile communication by Jochen Schiller (Addison Wesley pub)
2. Mobile Communication Systems by Krzysztof Wesolowski (Wiley Publication)
3. Wireless Communication principles & Practice by T. S. Rappaport (PHI pub)

Course Objective This course provides an in depth understanding of wireless

access and core networks and mobility in cellular and wireless networks using
the important standards of the industry like GSM, CDMA, GPRS and IEEE 802.11
technologies. The course will focus on understanding the quantitative
techniques to evaluate the different, protocols, network architecture.

Course Assessment
Total 100 marks practical is divided into two components
Continuous Assessment
:40%
End semester examination : 60%
1. Grading for Continuous assessment is based on the following components that are weighted
for each practical as described below:
a. Execution of practical
: 2%
b. Viva
: 1%
c. Regular Submission/Attendance :1%
2. Grading for End semester examination is based on the following components as described
below:
a. Execution
:20%
b. Writing Work : 10%
c. Viva
: 30%
Examinations
There will be 1 scheduled End semester examination at the end of semester. The schedule of
this examination is given in the Academic Calendar for the session published by the Dean
(Academic matters).
.

CT325 MOBILE COMMUNICATION LAB

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Even Term 2013-14

List of practical
1. To Study Wireless Application Protocol.
2. Write a WML script to establish connectivity between two cards.
3. Write a WML page to display an image and to accept input from the user.
4. A write WML page using various tags such as select and option tags.
5. To study MATLAB commuictaion tool .
6. Write a MATLAB Program for representing Analog Signal.
7. Implement Analog Modulation in MATLAB.
8. Write a program for generating random symbol and create Noisy Signal.
9. Case Study on 4G Technology.

Beyond Syllabus
1. Implementation of android application on android.

Signature of the teachers

Prof. A.Meshram
Prof. S. Lachure

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Signature of the HOD

Prof. A. R. Bhagat Patil

Practical No.1
Aim: To Study Wireless Application Protocol.
Theory:

What is WAP?
Wap is the short form for Wireless Application Protocol. It is an open, global specification that
empowers mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and
services instantly. It is targeted to bring Internet content and advanced services to digital cellular
phones and other wireless terminals.

Briefing
WAP empowers mobile users of wireless devices to easily access from the screens of mobile phones
live interactive information services and applications including email, customer care, call
management, unified messaging, weather and traffic alerts, news, sports and information services,
electronic commerce transactions and banking services, online address book and directory services,
as well as corporate intranet applications.
The WAP specification was based on existing Internet standards, such as XML and IP, for all
wireless networks. It utilizes HTTP 1.1 Web servers to provide content on the Internet or intranets,
thereby leveraging existing application development methodologies and developer skill sets such as
CGI, ASP, NSAPI, JAVA and Servlets. WAP defines an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) syntax
called WML (Wireless Markup Language). All WML content is accessed over the Internet using
standard HTTP 1.1 requests.
To leverage today's extremely large market penetration of mobile devices, WML's user interface
components map well onto existing mobile phone user interfaces. This means end-users can
immediately use WAP-enabled mobile phones and services without re-education. WAP specifications
enable products which employ standard Internet technology to optimize content and airlink protocols
to better suit the characteristics and limitations of existing and future wireless networks and devices.

WAP Technology
Goals of WAP Architecture and Design
WAP is intended to be modeled after existing, known Internet technologies and Internet protocols
(for example, WML is based on HTML, XML and WAP uses familiar URL addressing to request
services). WAP also extends many common Internet technologies for better usage on more restricted
wireless networks. The reason is that wireless networks tend to be plagued with:
1. lower bandwidth
2. higher latency (high latency refers to a higher amount of time that it takes a
packet to travel to a remote server and return again to the client)
3. less connection stability
4. less predictable availability

When looking at this topic, it was impressive to see the many efficiency improving techniques used
to make WAP better suited for the more restricted wireless network infrastructure.

WAP Layers

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The WAP protocol stack

optimizes web protocols, like
HTTP, for wireless networks.
WAP sits on top of existing
wireless networks so that WAP
can be successfully used over
any wireless network. This is
very useful because wireless
networks often use different
standards depending on
geographical areas. So in order
to allow WAP to be universally
available, even when your
telephone services are not, it is
designed to run over any air
interface.

Wireless Application Environment (WAE)

WML and WMLScript are examples of the application layer in WAP. WAE is built into the microbrowser present in the WAP device and handles WML and WMLScript in a similar fashion to how
current web browsers handle HTML and Javascript. To make WAP more efficient at this layer
though, WML and WMLScript are translated in binary code at the gateway (the gateway is the link
from the air interface to the Internet). WAP also utilizes binary data converting algorithms to convert
cumbersome HTTP text headers to a more compressed binary form before HTTP headers are
transmitted on wireless networks.

Wireless Session Protocol (WSP)

WSP implements the session services of WAP. Sessions can be connection-oriented and
connectionless and they may be suspended or resumed with little overhead. To be more specific, this
layer has mechanisms to allow suspending and resuming of connections without the overhead of
initial connection establishment.

Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP)

The WTP is responsible for facilitating reliable communication between the communicating WAP
device and the gateway. WTP deconstructs data into packets for sending and reconstructs received
packets into useful data. WTP guarantees similar reliability that TCP does, but with more efficient
behavior. For example, WTP cuts down on header size because it does not have header information
for handling out of order packets since wireless networks only have one route from gateway to WAP
device. WTP eliminates the need for the TCP to be installed on the phone and therefore decreases the
amount of resources needed on the phone to support data transmission.

Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)

WTLS is modeled after the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). WTLS allows for the transmission of data
along a secure connection. Many Internet applications require a secure connection and WTLS allows
WAP to provide the necessary security abilities to users with WAP devices. WTLS handles
authentication, denial of service and ensures privacy through crypting and decrypting. Again, WTLS
has been optimized for use over wireless networks

Wireless Markup Language (WML)

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WML is a strong typed markup language, similar to HTML and XML, that is used to author WML
pages primarily for download on wireless networks. Strongly typed refers to the fact that WML must
always have opening and closing tags. WML code looks fairly similar to HTML, but there are fewer
tags available. WML also provides some dynamic characteristics, not found in HTML, allowing the
WML page designer to play around with variables, which therefore gives WML a flexible extension
comparable to XML. WML pages are organized into multiple cards (WML sub-pages) contained in a
WML deck (WML page). WML cards provide a simple document to be easily scrolled through on
the minimal screen size of most WAP devices. Each WML card must be contained in a WML deck
and so WML decks are downloaded from servers.
Keeping the comparison with current Internet technologies, WML has an available scripting
language similar to JavaScript. It is called Wireless Markup Language Script (WMLScript) and is
similar in syntax to JavaScript, but a little more restricted. It was designed to allow the WML page to
validate user input without going to the server, give access to facilities on the wireless device that
WML does not have access to (i.e. the ability to make a phone call or send a text message) and
generate messages and dialogs locally without having to go to the server. It therefore provides many
advantages to WML that Javascript provides to HTML. One major difference between WMLScript
and JavaScript though is that WMLScript code must be kept in a separate file and cannot be included
in the WML file via inline tags.
A WAP browser is required to view pages written in WML so WML pages cannot be viewed with a
standard web browser. Several WAP browser emulators are available in order to view WML pages
on your home PC.
As mentioned before, WML documents are divided into a set of units of user interaction called cards.
Cards are well suited to be viewed on the limited screen size of WAP devices. A WML deck is
located within the <WML></WML> tags. Each individual card that is then displayed on the WAP
device is set apart by the <CARD> </CARD> tags. The content of the card and any functionality is
contained within the CARD tags. Users can then scroll through WML cards on their WAP devices.

Wireless Bitmap (WBMP)

WBMP is the default picture format for WAP. WBMPs are uncompressed, monochrome black/white
bitmaps intended for use in devices with small screens and a narrow bandwidth connection. This
makes WBMPs well suited for use with WAP devices.

WAP Servers
Most web servers can handle
WAP content. To be sure if your
web server can handle WAP
content, the following MIME
types must be available:
1. text/vnd.wap.wml
for .wml files (WML
source files)
2. application/vnd.wap.w
mlc for .wmlc files
(WML compiled files)
3. text/vnd.wap.wmlscrip
t for .wmls files
(WMLScript source

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files)
4. application/vnd.wap.w
mlscriptc for .wmlsc
files (WMLScript
compiled files)

5. image/vnd.wap.wbmp
for .wbmp files
(wireless bitmaps)

Process of Connecting a WAP device to a WWW site

WAP phones use the in-built browser to:
1. Make a request in WML
2. This request is passed to a WAP Gateway that then retrieves the information
from an Internet server either in standard HTML format or WML/JWMLScript
directly prepared for WAP devices. If the content being retrieved is in HTML
format, a filter in the WAP Gateway may try to translate it into WML.
3. The requested information is then sent from the WAP Gateway to the WAP client,
using the underlying wireless infrastructure.

Area of Application
The following list is extracted from a presentation by WAP Forum in M-commerce World London
Feb 2001:
M-commerce
Shopping, ticket purchase, reservation, comparison shopping
Finance
Statements, fund transfer, shares trading
M-billing
Notification, presentation and payment of bills
Enterprise Access
Inventory, shipment/sales update, email access
M-care
Customer service, payment status, other backroom operations
Entertainment
Games, gambling, interactive multi-player events
Messaging
Communication and collaboration
Travel
Scheduling, advisories, reservations
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Location-smart services . Traffic reports, parking information, store discounts, event

recommendations

Practical No. 2
Aim:- Write a WML script to establish connectivity between two cards.
Theory:
WML
Used to create the cards for mobile application (s)
Two versionsWML 2.x and WML 1.x
WML 2.x includes XHTML-MP which includes XHTML
WML 1.x does not include XHTML

Information in WML
A collection of decks and cards
A WML deck is saved in a file with extension wml
Each file contains one deck
For example, a welcome deck can be saved in a WML file welcome.wml

WML deck
Can have number of cards
There is a navigational link from one card to another
WML provides for management of the navigation between cards and decks

WML card
A scaled down set of procedural elements
Used to control navigation between cards
A card represents an interaction with the user and the deck contains the cards
Provides the content (for example, a program, command, data, string, or image)
Supports variety of formatting commands as well as layout commands
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 Commands are defined by tags and attributes Provides user interface for mobile
devices with constraints as mentioned in the preceding text
Organizes similar to deck and cards

WML parser
Parses the tags, attributes, and underlying text within the tags present within the
deck or card
The parser is a part of a browser or server
The format of a WML deck and card

WML card
First validated against its declared document type using WML 1.3 DTD (document
type definition) before parsing
Parsed data, information, and contents used to give input to a Java program for the
application or server which runs method(s) at the browser or server
Browser program runs at the client

WinWAP
WinWAP has an Emulator which is an alternative program used for emulating the
actual run at the mobile client and runs on a PC
WinWAP is for a computing system running on PocketPC, WindowsMobile 2003, or
Windows operating system

Application Running using WML Card

A WML card containing a client-request is transmitted and response is received from
server
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 Element do is used to process the text within the do tags

The element label is an attribute which defines a text, the purpose of which is simply
to specify the incoming text or action

URLs are used to call WML Script functions from a WML card. The URL specifies the location of
the WML Script file and the name of the function to be called. It should be in the form:

http://domain_name/path/wmlscript_filename#function_name(argument1, argument2, ...)

The URL can be in absolute or relative form.

The following example demonstrates how to use anchor links to call WMLScript functions from a
WML card. Suppose we have a WML Script file called wmlscript.wmls, which contains the
following script:
extern function wmlscript_function()
{
WMLBrowser.setVar("message", "Welcome to our WMLScript tutorial");
}
To call wmlscript_function() from a WML card, create an anchor link using the following WML
markup. The script will be executed if you click the anchor link.
<a href="wmlscript.wmls#wmlscript_function()">Execute Script</a>
Or
<anchor>
<go href="wmlscript.wmls#wmlscript_function()"/>
Execute Script
</anchor>
Another way to call wmlscript_function() in a WML card is to place the URL in a WML event
handler. The script will be executed when the WML event occurs. For example, the following
markup instructs the WAP browser to call wmlscript_function() when the ontimer event is triggered:
<onevent type="ontimer">
<go href="wmlscript.wmls#wmlscript_function()"/>
</onevent>
<timer value="50"/>

Four event types are supported in WML. They are ontimer, onenterbackward, onenterforward and
onpick. Details about them can be found in the "WML Events and the <onevent> Tag" section of our
WML tutorial.

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Passing Arguments to Functions

The wmlscript_function() function above does not take any arguments. Now let's see how to pass
arguments to functions. Suppose there is another function called addition() that takes two numbers
as its arguments:
extern function addition(number1, number2)
{
WMLBrowser.setVar("message", number1 + number2);
}

To call addition() from a WML card, we need to include two arguments in the URL. For example, to
pass two integers 10 and 11 to addition(), we can make use of the following WML markup:
<a href="wmlscript.wmls#addition(10, 11)">Execute Script</a>
In some situations, what you want to pass into a WMLScript function is not a fixed value but is a
WML variable. The following WML markup demonstrates how to pass two WML variables,
wmlVar1 and wmlVar2, to the addition() function:
<card id="card1" title="WMLScript Tutorial">
<onevent type="onenterforward">
<refresh>
<setvar name="wmlVar1" value="10"/>
<setvar name="wmlVar2" value="11"/>
</refresh>
</onevent>
<p>
<a href="wmlscript.wmls#addition($(wmlVar1), $(wmlVar2))">Execute Script</a>
</p>
...
</card>
When the WAP browser comes across the terms $(wmlVar1) and $(wmlVar2), it will substitute them
with their stored value. So, the WML markup:
<a href="wmlscript.wmls#addition($(wmlVar1), $(wmlVar2))">Execute Script</a>
will become:
<a href="wmlscript.wmls#addition(10, 11)">Execute Script</a>
Note that if the value of wmlVar1 and wmlVar2 contains non-numeric characters, $(wmlVar1) and $
(wmlVar2) have to be enclosed in quotes so that the values are passed into the function as string
literals, like this:
<a href="wmlscript.wmls#addition('$(wmlVar1)', '$(wmlVar2)')">Execute Script</a>
Suppose the values of wmlVar1 and wmlVar2 are still 10 and 11 respectively. After substitution, the
above WML markup will become:
<a href="wmlscript.wmls#addition('10', '11')">Execute Script</a>
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Practical No.3
Aim:- Write a WML page to display an image and to accept input from the user.

Theory:
The <img> tag is used to add an image to a WML card. This is the same as in HTML. WAP browsers
will display the text assigned to the alt attribute of the <img> tag if it cannot display the image for
reasons such as file not found or image format not supported. The URL of the image file is specified
with the src attribute.
The height and width attributes of the <img> tag, as their names suggested, are used to specify the
height and width of an image's display area. WAP browsers may reserve some space on the screen
according to the values of these two attributes when the image is still downloading, so that users can
know the layout of the card. Also, WAP browsers may scale up or down the size of an image if the
height and width attribute values are not the same as the image's real size.
Older WAP-enabled wireless devices can only display WBMP images. Newer ones support image
formats commonly used on the web such as GIF, JPG and PNG.
For example the script can be shown as
<img src="smile.gif" alt="Smile" height="62" width="60" />

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Practical No. 4
Aim:- A write WML page using various tags such as select and option tags.

Theory:
The onpick event is used together with the <option></option> WML tags, which are
used to specify an item of a selection list. Before we discuss the onpick event, let us
first introduce to you what selection lists are and how to use them in mobile Internet
browsing applications.

Creating Selection Lists (Radio Buttons): <select><option>

A selection list is a list of options that a user can select. The <select></select> WML tags are used to
define a selection list and the <option></option> tags are used to define an item in a selection list.
Items are presented as radio buttons in some WAP browsers. The <option></option> tag pair should
be enclosed within the <select></select> tags. The following WML example demonstrates how to
create a selection list only tags:
<p>
This is a selection list:<br/>
<select name="selection_list">
<option value="tutorial_A">WML Tutorial A</option>
<option value="tutorial_B">WML Tutorial B</option>
<option value="tutorial_C">WML Tutorial C</option>
</select>
</p>
In WML, a selection list is associated with a variable, which stores the value of the item selected.
The variable name is specified with the name attribute of the <select> element and the value of an
item is specified with the value attribute of the <option> element. In the above WML example, a
variable selection_list is associated with the selection list.
The value attribute of the <select> tag can be used to set the default option that will be selected
initially. The <option> tag that has the same value attribute value as that of the <select> tag will be
the default option. Here is an example that shows how to specify the second option "WML Tutorial
B" as the default option:
<select name="selection_list" value="tutorial_B">
<option value="tutorial_A">WML Tutorial A</option>
<option value="tutorial_B">WML Tutorial B</option>
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<option value="tutorial_C">WML Tutorial C</option>

</select>

Experiment No:5
Aim:To study MATLAB commuictaion tool
Theory:
What Is the Communications Toolbox?
The Communications Toolbox is a set of MATLAB functions that can help you
design and analyze advanced communication systems. Functions in the toolbox
can accomplish these tasks:
Random signal production
Error analysis, including eye diagrams and scatter plots
Source coding, including scalar quantization, differential pulse code modulation, and companders
Error-control coding, including convolutional and linear block coding
Analog and digital modulation/demodulation
Filtering of data using special filters
Computations in Galois fields
Random Signals and Error Analysis
Simulating a communication system often involves analyzing its response to
the noise inherent in real-world components. Such analysis aims to illustrate
the systems response and possibly to help design a system appropriate for the
most likely kinds of noise.
Error Analysis Features of the Toolbox
Error analysis tasks supported in the Communications Toolbox include:
Simulating noise or signal sources using random signals
Computing the error rate or number of errors
Plotting an eye diagram
Generating a scatter plot
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This section describes these toolbox functions that accomplish error-analysis

tasks: biterr, eyediagram, randerr, randint, randsrc, scatterplot, symerr,
and wgn. Since error analysis is often a component of communication system
simulation, other portions of this guide provide additional examples.
Random Signals
Random signals are useful for simulating noise, errors, or signal sources.
Besides built-in MATLAB functions like rand and randn, you can also use these
functions from this toolbox:
wgn, for generating white Gaussian noise
randsrc, for generating random symbols
randint, for generating uniformly distributed random integers
randerr, for generating random bit error patterns
While randsrc and randint are suitable for representing sources, randerr is
more appropriate for modeling channel errors.
White Gaussian Noise
The wgn function generates random matrices using a white Gaussian noise
distribution. You specify the power of the noise in either dB (decibels), dBm, or
linear units. You can generate either real or complex noise.
For example, the command below generates a column vector of length 50
containing real white Gaussian noise whose power is 2 dB. The function
assumes that the load impedance is 1 Ohm.
y1 = wgn(50,1,2);
To generate complex white Gaussian noise whose power is 2 watts, across a
load of 60 Ohms, use either of the commands below. Notice that the ordering of
the string inputs does not matter.
y2 = wgn(50,1,2,60,'complex','linear');
y3 = wgn(50,1,2,60,'linear','complex');
To send a signal through an additive white Gaussian noise channel, use the
awgn function.
Error Rates
Comparing messages before and after transmission can help you evaluate the
quality of a communication system design or the performance of a special
technique or algorithm. If your communication system uses several bits to
represent a single symbol, then counting bit errors is different from counting
symbol errors. In either the bit- or symbol-counting case, the error rate is the
number of errors divided by the total number (of bits or symbols) transmitted.
The biterr function compares two messages and computes the number of bit
errors and the bit error rate. The symerr function compares two messages and
computes the number of symbol errors and the symbol error rate.

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Experiment No:6
Aim:Write a MATLAB Program for representing Analog Signal.

Representing Analog Signals

To modulate an analog signal using this toolbox, start with a real message signal and a sampling rate
Fs in hertz. Represent the signal using a vector x, the entries of which give the signal's values in time
increments of 1/Fs. Alternatively, you can use a matrix to represent a multichannel signal, where
each column of the matrix represents one channel.
For example, if t measures time in seconds, then the vector x below is the result of sampling a sine
wave 8000 times per second for 0.1 seconds. The vector y represents the modulated signal.
Fs = 8000; % Sampling rate is 8000 samples per second.
Fc = 300; % Carrier frequency in Hz
t = [0:.1*Fs]'/Fs; % Sampling times for .1 second
x = sin(20*pi*t); % Representation of the signal
y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs); % Modulate x to produce y.
figure;
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,x); % Plot x on top.
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,y)% Plot y below.

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As a multichannel example, the code below defines a two-channel signal in which one channel is a
sinusoid with zero initial phase and the second channel is a sinusoid with an initial phase of pi/8.
Fs = 8000;
t = [0:.1*Fs]'/Fs;
x = [sin(20*pi*t), sin(20*pi*t+pi/8)];

Experiment No:7
Aim : Implement Analog Modulation in MATLAB.

Analog Modulation Example

This example illustrates the basic format of the analog modulation and demodulation functions.
Although the example uses phase modulation, most elements of this example apply to other analog
modulation techniques as well.
The example samples an analog signal and modulates it. Then it simulates an additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, demodulates the received signal, and plots the original and
demodulated signals.
% Prepare to sample a signal for two seconds,
% at a rate of 100 samples per second.
Fs = 100; % Sampling rate
t = [0:2*Fs+1]'/Fs; % Time points for sampling
% Create the signal, a sum of sinusoids.
x = sin(2*pi*t) + sin(4*pi*t);
Fc = 10; % Carrier frequency in modulation
phasedev = pi/2; % Phase deviation for phase modulation

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y = pmmod(x,Fc,Fs,phasedev); % Modulate.
y = awgn(y,10,'measured',103); % Add noise.
z = pmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,phasedev); % Demodulate.
% Plot the original and recovered signals.
figure; plot(t,x,'k-',t,z,'g-');
legend('Original signal','Recovered signal');

Experiment No:8
Aim:Write a program for generating random symbol and create Noisy Signal.

Theory: Initializing Variables

The first step is to initialize variables for number of samples per symbol, number of symbols to
simulate, alphabet size (M) and the signal to noise ratio. We create a local random stream with
known seed and state to be used by random number generators. Using this local stream ensures that
the results generated by this demo will be repeatable.
nSamp = 8; numSymb = 100;
M = 4; SNR = 14;
hStr = RandStream('mt19937ar', 'Seed', 12345);

Generating Random Information Symbols

Next, use RANDI to generate random information symbols from 0 to M-1. Since the simulation is of
QPSK, the symbols are 0 through 3. The first 10 data points are plotted.
numPlot = 10;
msg_orig = randi(hStr, [0 M-1], numSymb, 1);
stem(0:numPlot-1, msg_orig(1:numPlot), 'bx');
xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude');

[Type text]

Phase Modulating the Data

Use MODEM.PSKMOD to modulate the data using QPSK modulation and Gray encoding.
Updample the symbols to a sampling rate 8 times the carrier frequency using RECTPULSE. Use
SCATTERPLOT to see the signal constellation.
hMod = modem.pskmod('M', M, 'PhaseOffset', pi/4, 'SymbolOrder', 'Gray');
msg_tx = modulate(hMod, msg_orig);
msg_tx = rectpulse(msg_tx,nSamp);
h1 = scatterplot(msg_tx);

Creating the Noisy Signal

Then use AWGN to add noise to the transmitted signal to create the noisy signal at the receiver. Use
the 'measured' option to add noise that is 14 dB below the average signal power (SNR = 14 dB). Plot
the constellation of the received signal.
msg_rx = awgn(msg_tx, SNR, 'measured', hStr, 'dB');
h2 = scatterplot(msg_rx);

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Experiment No:9
10. Aim: Case Study on 4G Technology.
1.INTRODUCTION
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to
solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new
services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels.
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wirelessaccess
communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G
is MAGICMobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless
solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular
broadband wireless access systems, have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication
arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will
support the fixed wireless networks. This paper presents an overall vision of the 4G features,
[Type text]

framework, and integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be

summarized with one word-Integration.The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals,
networks, andapplications to satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile
communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile
subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications. An estimate of 1 billion users
by the end of 2003 justifies the study and research for 4G systems.
2.HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth
generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone
technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The
earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of
mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous
incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.The 2G
(second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but
were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems
provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to
design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards
such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS54/IS-136) in the U.S.; PDC (personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple
access) (IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are
today's mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited. During
the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would
eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system.
The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data
capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their differences, and
this decade will see the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the
verge of implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the
2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity
on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to
384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data,
which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal
digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia
communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital
format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation revolution occurring
once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile
communication system.
3.VISION OF 4G
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This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G

systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless
connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information,
data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures.
The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP
(Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to
choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile
communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker
handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and
networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile
technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are
the main features of 4G services of interest to users.
These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal
preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and
quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms
and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will
be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed
information services ,and entertainment broadcast services.
Figure 1 illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G
domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private;
operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will
interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In
addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This allencompassing integrated
perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from
satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local
loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN(wireless local area network) and PAN (personal
area network),all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models
will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the
design of 4G systems. Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate the key elements and the seamless connectivity
of the networks.
4.KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:
4.1 OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages
for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by
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proposing an additional degree of free- dom. Using ODFM, it is possible to exploit the time domain,
the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage.
It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity.
OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer
performance .It is also compatible with other enhancement Technologies, such as smart antennas and
MIMO.OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access; OFDMA). In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit
information to/from several users using a different set of sub carriers (sub channels). This not only
provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables
cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.
4.2 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from todays high processing power to
develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Although in future the terminals will
adapt the air interface to the available radio access technology, at present this is done by the
infrastructure. Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase network
capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event),an operator will reconfigure its network adding
several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In
the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard
pico/micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multiband equipment with reduced development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel
processing.
4.3 MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space multiplex)
and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time
symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of
OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n
antennas. Processing of the received signals may deliver several performance improvements:range,
quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many
multiple path signals are received. The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to
research and simulations.However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is
directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link.

4.4 HANDOVER AND MOBILITY

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Handover technologies based on mobileIP technology have been considered for data and
voice. Mobile IP techniques are slow but can be accelerated with classical methods (hierarchical, fast
mobile IP).
These methods are applicable to data and probably also voice. In single-frequency
networks, it is necessary to reconsider the handover methods. Several techniques can be used when
the carrier to interference ratio is negative (e.g. VSFOFDM,bit repetition), but the drawback of these
techniques is capacity. In OFDM, the same alternative exists as in CDMA, which is to use macrodiversity. In the case of OFDM, MIMO allows macro-diversity processing with performance gains.
However, the implementation of macro-diversity implies that MIMO processing is centralized and
transmissions are synchronous. This is not as complex as in CDMA, but such a technique should
only be used in situations where spectrum is very scarce.

5.QUALITY OF SERVICE
_ Traffic generated by the different services will not only increase traffic loads on the networks, but
will also require different quality of service (QoS) requirements (e.g., cell loss rate, delay, and jitter)
for different streams (e.g., video, voice, data).
_ Providing QoS guarantees in 4G networks is a non-trivial issue where both QoS signaling across
different networks and service differentiation between mobile flows
will have to be addressed.
_ One of the most difficult problems that are to be solved, when it comes to IP mobility, is how to
insure the constant QoS level during the handover.
_ Depending on whether the new access router is in the same or some other subnetwork, we
recognize the horizontal and vertical handover.
_ However, the mobile terminal can not receive IP packets while the process of handover is finished.
This time is called the handover latency.
_ Handover latency has a great influence on the flow of multimedia applications in realtime.
_ Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the handover latency and the number of lost packets.
_ The field Traffic Class and Flow Label in IPv6 eader enables the routers to secure the special
QoS for specific packet series with marked priority.
6.SECURITY
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_ The heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue.

_ Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight security mechanisms should be developed.
_ Security in wireless networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and
authorization for the access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the mobile nodes flow.
_ AAA (Authentication Authorization Auditing) protocols provide a framework for
such suffered especially for control plane functions and installing security policies in the mobile
node such as encryption, decryption and filtering.
7.BENEFITS
7.1 CONVERGENCE OF CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORKS AND
WLANS
7.1.1 Benefits for Operators:
Higher bandwidths.
Lower cost of networks and equipment.
The use of licence-exempt spectrum.
Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.
Higher revenue.
7.1.2 Benefits for Users:
Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where mostly needed.
Inter-network roaming.
7.2 CONVERGENCE OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
AND BROADCASTING
7.2.1 From broadcaster point of view:
Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to multipoint Broadcasting systems. That is, a
broadband downlink based on DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on 3G cellular systems.
7.2.2 From the cellular mobile operator point of view:
_Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular environments to support Ipbased
multi-media traffic which is inherently asymmetrical.
7.3 CONVERGENCE BENEFITS

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Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt the content of their multimedia services more rapidly in response to the feedback from customers.
_Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multimedia
services in vehicular environments.
_Users will benefit from faster access to a range ofbroadband multi-media services with reasonable
QoS and lower cost.

7.4 WIRELESS SYSTEM DISCOVERY

A multimode terminal attaches to the WLAN and scans the available systems.

It can download suitable software manually or automatically.

7.5RECONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY
In order to use the large variety of services and wireless networks, multimode user terminals are
essential as they can adapt to different wireless networks by reconfiguring
themselves. 4G Mobile Communication System Division of Computer Engineering 16
This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple hardware components in aterminal).
The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is to adopt the software radio
approach.
RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY
CHALLENGES:
Regulatory and Standardisation issues
Business models
User preference profiles
Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria
Software download mechanisms
Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators
RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY
BENEFITS FOR:
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USERS:
Select network depending on service requirements and cost.
Connect to any network Worldwide roaming.
Access to new services.
OPERATORS:
Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).
Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.
Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.
Rapid development of new personalised and customised services.

MANUFACTURERS:
Single platform for all markets.
Increased flexible and efficient production.
PERSONAL MOBILITY:
_ In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern in mobility management.
_ Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of users terminals,
and involves the provision of personal communications and personalized operating
environments.
_ Once the callers agent identifies users location, the callers agent can directly communicate with
his agent.

8.APPLICATIONS
8.1 VIRTUAL PRESENCE:
This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if the user is off-site.
8.2 VIRTUAL NAVIGATION:
4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a database of the streets,
buildings etc.
8.3TELEGEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS:
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This is a combination of GIS(Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning

System) in which a user can get the location by querying.
8.4TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION:
4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. For people who are interested in life long
education, 4G provides a good opportunity.
8.5 CRISIS MANAGEMENT:
Natural disasters can cause break down in communication systems. In todays world it might take
days or 7 weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few
hours.
8.6 MULTIMEDIA VIDEO SERVICES
_ 4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high data rates.
_ Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video services.
_ Streaming is performed when a user requires real-time video services, in which the server delivers
data continuously at a playback rate.
_ Bursting is basically file downloading using a buffer and this is done at the highest data rate taking
advantage of the whole available bandwidth.
9.CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows,attempts have been made to reduce a
number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a
standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless
networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources
among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of
negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to
fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)a vision that affordably provides
high data rates everywhere over a
wireless network.

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