PRONOMBRES

Espaol Ingls
Yo ........................................ I
T ......................................... You
El........................................... He (maculino, for a man/para hombre)
She (femenino, for a woman/ para mujer)
It ( para cosas o animales)
Nosotros................................ We
Vosotros................................ You
Ellos...................................... They
VERBOS / VERBS
En espaol los verbos en infinitivo se reconocen por las terminaciones -ar, -er, -ir, y se conjugan con el pronombre delante. En ingls
se usa la partcula to + infinitivo.
Examples: cantar .......... to sing
Beber ........... to drink
Venir............ to come
En espaol conjugamos el verbo con distintas terminaciones y el pronombre delante;en ingls es ms sencillo pues la forma verbal es
la misma excepto que aaden una -s en la 3 persona del singular (he/she/it + verb +-s)
Examples.
I sing - Yo canto
You sing - T cantas
He/she/it sings - El /ella/ eso canta
We sing - Nosotros cantamos
You sing - Vosotros cantais
They sing - Ellos cantan.
Existen pequeas excepciones que tienen que ver con la terminacin del verbo en infitivo, as por ejemplo si el verbo termina en -o en
lugar de aadir una sola -s, aade -es, por motivos de pronunciacin. Ejemplo to go (ir) sera he/she/it goes.
Exercises . Hacer el presente de indicativo de los siguientes verbos.
To drink
To come
To go
To know
To eat
VERBO TO BE . SER O ESTAR
Es el ms importante de los verbos en ingls por ser el ms utilizado y adems actuar de auxiliar en ocasiones (como ocurre en
espaol con el verbo haber en las formas compuestas, que acta de auxiliar, he cantado he sido).
El verbo to be tiene una conjugacin especial:
Forma normal del To be Formas contractas (ms usuales)
I am I'm
You are You're
He/she/it is He's /she's/it's
We are we're
You are you're
They are They're
Examples:

I am Mayte. Yo soy Mayte.

You are M.Jos. T eres M.Jos.
They are friends. Ellos son amigos.
She is in the park. Ella est en el parque.
I am in Vigo. Yo estoy en Vigo.
Formas interrogativas del Verbo To be. Cmo hacer preguntas y cmo contestarlas.
Para hacer preguntas con este verbo solamente se vara el orden, es decir, se pone primero el verbo y despus el pronombre. Para
contestarlas simplemente decimos s (yes), una coma y usamos el verbo en el orden habitual (pronombre ms verbo).
Examples.
Am I Mayte?. Yes, I am.
Are you M. Jos?. Yes, you are.
Are they friends?. Yes, they are.
Is she in the park?. Yes, she is.
Am I in Vigo?. Yes, I am.
Formas negativas.
Sucede que no todas las veces que preguntamos algo la respuesta es afirmativa, podemos responder que no, por lo que debemos
aprender cmo se usa la partcula negativa not. Para hacer una frase en negativo, aadimos al orden habitual el not, quedando
as : Pronombre +verbo+not.
Examples:
I'm not Mayte. / I am not Mayte.
You are not M.Jos. / You aren't M.Jos.
They are not friends./ They aren't friends.
She is not in the park./ She isn't in the park.
Exercise: Hacer las preguntas anteriores respondiendo en negativo.
NMEROS.
1.One

7.Seven

13.Thirteen

19.Nineteen

50.Fifty

2.Two

8.Eight

14.Fourteen

20.Twenty

60.Sixty

3.Three

9.Nine

15.Fifteen

21.Twenty-one

70.Seventy

4.Four

10.Ten

16.Sixteen

22.Twenty-two

80.Eighty

5.Five

11.Eleven

17.Seventeen

30.Thirty

90.Ninety

6.Six

12.Twelve

18.Eighteen

41.Forty

100. A Hundred

Exercises:
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SALUDOS Y PRESENTACIONES.
Good morning. Buenos das.
Good afternoon. Buenas tardes.
Good evening. Buenas noches ( entre las seis de la tarde y la hora en que te vayas a dormir)
Goodnight. Buenas noches.

Goodbye/ bye. Adis, hasta luego.

Hello/Hi Hola.
En ingls hay dos modos principales de presentarse, cada uno con una respuesta preconcebida:
Hello, how are you? Hola, cmo ests?
Fine, thanks. And you? Bien, gracias. Y t?
O bien con esta frase hecha, sin traduccin literal, y que se debe responder igual (vamos como un dilogo de besugos).
How do you do?
How do you do?
Exercises:
I'm English. ..'re German.
He . n't Polish. He' . Brazilian.
.. you British?. No, ..'m not. I'.. American.
We' from Italy. Where . You from?
they Egyptian?. No, they. They'.. French.
.. you from Hungary?. Yes, we
... he Spanish?. No, he. He ........ Spanish.
....... she French?. Yes. She.. . She'. French.
. You German?. Yes, we .. We' German.
. You english?. No, I I .Irish.
VERBE TO HAVE GOT
El verbo to have got significa poseer. Con la partcula invariable got, slo hace referencia a posesin, si se la quitamos, se conjuga
de otro modo y significa tener, adems de funcionar a veces como un auxiliar.
Examples:
I have got a house. Tengo una casa.
I have a headache. Tengo dolor de cabeza. Observar que aqu no lleva la partcula got, porque no hace referencia a posesin.
Conjugacin del To have got.
Presente Interrogativa Negativa
I have got Have I got? I have not got /I haven't got
You have got Have you got? You have not got / You haven't got
He has got Has he got? He has not got/ He hasn't got.
She has got Has she got? She has not got/ she hasn't got.
It has got Has it got? It has not got/ it hasn't got.
We have got Have we got? We have not got/ we haven't got.
You have got Have you got? You have not got / You haven't got.
They have got Have they got? They have not got/ They haven't got.
Examples.
I have got a house. Yo tengo una casa.
You have got a car. T tienes un coche.
She has got a new dress. Ella tiene un vestido nuevo.
It has got a collar. El tiene un collar.
We have got a fantastic book. Nosotros tenemos un libro fantstico.
Como decamos antes el verbo to have no siempre va acompaado de la partcula got. En los casos en que significa tener o que
funcione como auxiliar no la lleva y se conjuga de forma diferente. Pero para explicarlo debemos conocer ante el verbo auxiliar To do.
VERBE TO DO

Este verbo se puede utilizar solo, y significa hacer, o bien utilizarlo como un auxiliar para todos los verbos excepto para el To be y el To
have got, que slo aaden el not en la forma negativa y en la interrogativa se invierten. ( Have I got? - Are you? - She isn't.)
Conjugacin To do (hacer)
Presente Interrogativa Negativa
I do do I? I do not/ I don't
You do do you? You do not/ you don't
He does does he? He does not/ he doesn't
She does does she? She does not/ she doesn't
It does does it? It does not/ It doesn't
We do do we? We do not/ We don't
You do do you? You do not/ You don't
They do do they? They do not/ They don't
Por lo tanto este verbo adems de poder usarlo solo, nos va a servir para hacer la interrogativa y la negativa de todos los dems, slo
tenemos que fijarnos en la variacin que sufre en la tercera persona de singular (he/she/it does).
Pero es muy importante saber que como todos los verbos en 3 p.sing. sufren variaciones, normalmente aaden una -s, no pueden ir
juntas dos variaciones, es decir, al conjugar con el verbo to do dejamos la variacin del do y eliminamos la del otro verbo.
Examples:
El presente de indicativo del verbo to run (correr) es el siguiente:
I run
You run
He/She/It runs
We run
You run
They run
Si lo queremos pasar a negativa o interrogativa, como no es ni el to have got ni el to be, se conjugan con el to do, pero del siguiente
modo.
Do I run? I don't run.
Do you run? You don't run.
Does he run? He doesn't run.
Does she run? She doesn't run.
Does it run? It doesn't run.
Do we run? We don't run.
Do you run? You don't run.
Do they run? They don't run.
Examples.
I don't go to the cinema. Yo no voy al cine.
She does her homework. Ella hace sus deberes.
It don't drink water. El no bebe agua.
We speak English. Nosotros hablamos ingls.
They don't speak German. Ellos no hablan alemn.
Do you break my heart?. Rompes t mi corazn?.
Does she lose her book? Pierde ella su libro?
She doesn't lose her book. Ella no pierde su libro.
He eats a hamburguer. El come una hamburguesa.
He doesn't eat a sandwich. El no come un bocadillo.

We don't go to the beach in winter. Nosotros no vamos a la playa en invierno.

Do we go to the beach in summer?. Vamos a la playa en verano?
VERBE TO HAVE
Como vimos antes tambin podemos conjugar el verbo to have con un sentido de tener pero no de poseer, el presente se conjuga
como el to have got , pero sin la partcula invariable got, y la interrogativa y la negativa con el auxiliar to do.
Presente Interrogativa Negativa
I have Do I have? I don't have
You have do you have? You don't have
He has does he have? He doesn't have
She has does she have? She doesn't have
It has does it have? It doesn't have
We have do we have? We don't have
You have do you have? You don't have
They have do they have? They don't have
Casi siempre podemos poner el verbo to have en lugar del to have got, pero si lo hacemos debemos tener en cuenta que se conjugan
de distinto modo en negativa y en interrogativa.
Examples.
I have got a car. I haven't got a car. Have I got a car?
I have a car. I don't have a car. Do I have a car?
Con esto tenemos los tres verbos principales y ms utilizados en Ingls, el To be (ser o estar) el to have (tener) y el to do (hacer, y que
nos sirve de auxiliar para todos los dems)
Exercises.
Hacer el presente, la forma interrogativa y negativa de estos verbos.
To go (ir)
To phone (telefonear)
To come (venir)
To open (abrir)
To play ( jugar, tocar algn instrumento)
To speak (hablar)
To like (gustar)
Exercises.
Mary . (go) to the cinema all Mondays.
Sharon ..(play) the guitar.
Steve (go) to the park.
They (open) the window.
Gizbo, the cat, (eat) a lot.
We . (come) to the English class.
Mark .. (phone) the bank.
We . (not like) football.
You (not work) in an office.
He (not have got) a dog.
I. (be) Mayte.
My name .. (not be) Arantxa.
I (be) in my home.
She .. (love) music.

It . (be) a very good mouse.

I . (answer) the question.
Kent Walker is a secret agent. He is in London now. He has to travel to a country called Tribania. He cannot travel with his own
passport because perhaps the police in Tribania have some information about him. Perhaps they know he is a spy.
Robert Shaw was born in Cardiff in 1954. His parents moved to Bristol when he was six. He lived in Bristol for twelve years. He went to
London University when he was nineteen and studied computer science. He got married four years ago. Three years ago he moved to
Southampton where he still lives with his wife and two children. He now has a job with Computer International Services. He has been
with this company since 1st April.
Traduccin del texto : Kent Walker es un agente secreto. El est en Londres ahora. El tiene que viajar a un pas llamado Tribania. El no
puede viajar con su propio pasaporte porque quizs la polica en Tribania tiene alguna informacin sobre el. Quiz ellos saben que es
un espa.
Robert Shaw ha nacido /naci en Cardiff en 1956. Sus padres se mudaron a Bristol cuando el tena seis (aos).El vivi en Bristol
durante 12 aos. El fue a la Universidad de Londres cuando tena 19 y estudi ciencias de las computadoras (informtica). El contrajo
matrimonio hace cuatro aos. Hace tres aos se mud a southampton donde an vive con su mujer y dos nios. El ahora tiene un
trabajo con la Computer International Services (servicios internacionales de ordenadores). El ha estado con esta compaa desde el
primero de abril.
Traduccin de las preguntas y posibles respuestas:
Where does Shaw live? - Donde vive Shaw?
He lives in Southampton. - El vive en Southampton.
What is his job? . - Cual es su trabajo?.
He jobs with computers. His job is computer science. - Trabaja con ordenadores. Su trabajo es informtico.
Is he a spy?. - Es un espa?
No, he isn't. - No, el no lo es.
Who does he work for? - Para quien trabaja?
He works for Computer Internationa Services. - Trabaja para C.I.S.
What is his nationality? - Cul es su nacionalidad?
He is Britain/English. - El es britnico/ingls.
Where was he born? - Dnde naci?
He was born in Cardiff. - El naci en Cardiff.
When was born? -Cundo naci?
He was born in 1954. - El naci en 1954.
How old was he when he moved to Bristol? - Cuntos aos tena cuando se mud a Bristol?
He was six years old. /He was six. - El tena seis aos de edad.
How long was he there? - Cunto tiempo estuvo all?
He lived in Bristol for twelve years. - El vivi en Bristol durante/por doce aos.
How old was he when he went to London University?- Qu aos tena cuando fue a la Universidad de Londres?
He was nineteen years old. - Tena diecinueve aos.
What did he study at Bristol University? - Qu estudi en la universidad de Bristol?
He didn't study anything at Bristol University. He went to London University. - El no estudi nada en la universidad de Bristol. El fue a la
universidad de Londres.
How long has he been married? - Cunto tiempo ha estado casado?
He got married four years ago. - El contrajo matrimonio hace cuatro aos.
How long has he been in Southampton? - Cunto tiempo ha estado en Southampton?
He moved to Southampton three years ago. - Se mud a Southampton hace tres aos.
What company does he work for?- Para que empresa trabaja?
He works for C.I.S. - Trabaja para C.I.S.
How long has he have a job with Computer International Services? - Cunto hace que ha trabajado para C.I.S.?
He has have a job with C.I.S. since 1st (first) April. Ha tenido un trabajo con C.I.S. desde el primero de abril.

EJERCICIOS DE REPASO DE FORMAS VERBALES.

Complete the sentences:
They ..................... a barbecue on Sundays. (have/has) ellos tienen una barbacoa todos los domingos
He . To bring the books. (forget/ forgets) el olvida traer los libros.
She. Lucky to catch the bus. (is, are, am) ella tiene suerte de coger el bus. (to be lucky)
We a barbecue today. (have/has) nosotros tenemos una barbacoa hoy.
He.. lucky to have a boat. (am/is) el tiene suerte de tener un bote.
He . His new pet to Sally. (show/shows) el ensea su nuevo cachorro a sally.
Jerry .. his new pet Max. (call/calls) Jerry llama a su nueva mascota Max.
Sally.. the pet in her arms. (hold/holds) Sally coge/abraza el cachorro en sus brazos
They.. the pet playing. (see/sees) ellos miran al cachorro jugando.
She to go to London. (hope/hopes) ella espera ir a Londres.
They.. for freedom. (fight/fights) Ellos luchan por la libertad.
We the old mission. (visit/visits) Nosotros visitamos la vieja misin.
He his dog for a walk. (take/takes) He saca/coge a su perro para un paseo
Make negative:
I am hungry.tengo hambre ......
I am thirstytengo sed..
They forget my birthday ellos olvidan mi cumpleaos..
We have a barbecue every Sunday...
You work in an officetu trabajas en una oficina..
We smoke two cigarrettesnosotros fumamos dos cigarrillos....
He speaks Greek very well el habla griego muy bien..
Make interrogative:
You are hungry
He is thirsty.
She forgets my birthday...
You have a barbecue every Sunday.
Complete with the verb to be:
Is he American? Yes, he ...
Is it a hospital? No, it .. It's a hotel.
Is .. a T.V?. No, ..isn't. It a computer.
..it a Japanese? Yes,
she a doctor? No, isn't. ..a teacher.
Is your car German? No, . It .Italian.
QUESTIONS:
Las partculas ms usadas para hacer preguntas son:
WHO - Quien

WHAT - Qu

WHERE - Dnde

WHEN - Cundo

HOW - Cmo

WHICH - Cul

Se pone la partcula interrogativa que deseamos delante, y luego la frase en interrogativa, es decir verbo y pronombre si es con el to
be o con el to have got (what are you?/what have you got?) o bien el auxiliar to do el pronombre y el verbo que se conjuga ( what do
you do?)
Esto no supone ninguna variacin hacia lo que ya sabamos, simplemente ponemos delante de todo la partcula interrogativa. Unas de
las preguntas ms habituales son :
Who are you? - quin eres?
Where do you live? - dnde vives?- I live in Vigo.
Where are you from? - De dnde eres? - I'm from Spain.
How old are you? - qu aos tienes?- I'm twenty-seven years old.
What do you do? - qu haces? (se refiere a profesin). I'm a doctor.
What's your name? -cmo es tu nombre?. - My name is Mayte.
TEXTE.
My name is Lee. I'm twenty-one years old. I live with my family in a small flat in Hong-Kong. I study psychology. I speak English and
Chinese. I like Chinese and Italian food. I don't drink coffee or milk but I love Chinese tea. I don't smoke and I don't have got a car. In
the evenings, I watch TV or films on video. On Saturdays, I go to discos and on Sundays, I play basketball or table tennis.
Answer the questions about the texte:
Where is he from.?
Where does he live?..
How old is he?
Does he work? ...
What does he do? ..
Does he study on Saturdays?
What is his name?
Does he have got a car?
Does he drink milk? ..
What languages does he speak?.
Subrayar todos los verbos que se encuentren en el texto.
Escribir tres frases sobre vosotras mismas.
I live with my family in Lagos, Nigeria. I don't work. I study computer science. I want to be a computer programmer. In my free time, I
meet my friends or watch TV. And I do a lot of sport. I play football and I run every day. I don't smoke and I don't drink alcohol.
Does he live with his family?.
Does he work? ...
Does he a student? .
Does he want to be a programmer? ...
What does he do in his free time? .
Where does he live? ..
What's his nationality? .
Posessives:
I ------------- my. My house. My car. My flat. My job. (mi casa, mi coche, mi piso, mi trabajo)
You----------your Your case. Your friend . Your door. (tu maleta, tu amigo, tu puerta)
He -----------his His book. His pen. His mother. (su libro, su boligrafo, su madre)
She-----------her Her hand. Her pet. Her eyes. (su mano, su mascota, sus ojos)
It------------- its Its channel. Its bone. Its home (su canal, su hueso, su hogar/casa)
We ---------- our Our travel. Our class. Our bodys. (nuestro viaje, nuestra clase, nuestros cuerpos)
You--------- your Your paper. Your bicycle. Your tree. (vuestro papel, vuestra bicicleta, vuestro rbol)
They-------- their Their ship, their milk, their carpet. (su barco, su leche, su alfombra)

........... name is Anna.

..........names are Mark and Paul.
........ name is Anxo.
Articles.
El artculo un/una es muy utilizado en ingls y muy fcil pues simplemente se escribe a, solamente hay que tener encuenta que si el
nombre o adjetivo al que acompaa comienza por vocal, se cambia por an, pues no deben ir dos vocales juntas.
Ex. : a bus, a hand, a tree, an egg, (un autobus, una mano, un rbol, un huevo.)
An airport.
..... hamburger
..... snake
.. year.
.Italian film.
.. pizza
..Chinese restaurant.
...... important pone number.
egg.
EL VERBO TO MAY
May , que se traduce por puede que, podra en el sentido de ser posible y de tener permiso, es un verbo defectivo con slo dos
tiempos: presente (may) y pasado (might).
El presento tiene una sola forma para todas las personas, es decir, no aade s en la tercera de singular, y va seguido de un infinitivo
sin to
I may go to the cinema tomorrow. Podra, puede que vaya al cine maana.
It may be cold inside. Podra hacer fro dentro.
-Se suele utilizar para pedir permiso de forma educada, o para requerimientos que exigen cierta cortesa. When you finish the test, you
may leave. Cuando acabes el exmen, puedes irte.
May I borrow your pen, please? Puedo pedirte prestado tu bolgrafo, por favor?
-Tambin indica posibilidad.
I may rain tomorrow. Podra llover maana.
She isn't in class. She may be sick / ill. Ella no est en clase. Puede que est enferma.
- O tambin expresa una prohibicin.
You may not smoke here. No puedes fumar aqu.
You may not walk on the grass. No puedes andar sobre el csped.
I may + verb I may not + verb May I +verb?
You may
He/she/it may
We may
You may
They may
VERBO MUST :
El presento tiene una sola forma para todas las personas, es decir, no aade s en la tercera de singular, y va seguido de un infinitivo
sin to
Se traduce como deber y slo tiene la forma de presente, en pasado y futuro utilizamos en lugar de must el verbo have to.
I must go to visit her. Debo visitarla.
I must be there. Debo estar all.
Puede expresar deber moral, (you must go to see your mother, debes visitar a tu madre).
Probabilidad (Karen must be sick)

Necesidad (enfatizar una frase, I must be home by eight, debo estar en casa sobre las ocho)
Prohibicin (You must not walk on the grass. It is prohibited. No debes andar sobre el csped. Est prohibido.)
I must wash my hands before dinner. Debo lavar mis manos antes de cenar.
Must he make than noise? Debe hacer ese ruido?
Mother must be cooking because I can smell food. Mam debe estar cocinando porque puedo oler comida.
You must not swim after lunch. No debes nadar despus de comer.
VERBO SHOULD :
Puede tener varias traducciones posibles, no ms habitual es que sustituya al condicional del castellano dependiendo del verbo que
acompae: cambiara, sera, nadara..... Pero muchas veces lo traducimos tambien por debera.
El presento tiene una sola forma para todas las personas, es decir, no aade s en la tercera de singular, y va seguido de un infinitivo
sin to
I-you-he- she- it- we - you- they- should /should not + verb.
He should not swim after eating. No nadara despus de comer. (tb. No debera nadar)
You should not drive too fast. No deberas conducir tan rpido.
It should be a nice day. Ser/sera/ podra ser un bonito da.
Should he buy a motorcycle? Comprara una moto?
Should we wait for Tom? Deberamos esperar por Tom?
It shouldn't rain if there are no clouds. No debera llover si no hay nubes.
VERBO OUGHT TO
Podramos traducirlo como tener que o deber por obligacin.
Tambin va acompaado de un verbo en infinitivo sin to, solo que ya de por si el verbo ought va acompaado de su propio to. Como
los anteriores no cambia en la tercera persona de singular, es decir, no aade -s.
I- you- he- she- it- we- you- they ought to/ought not to + verb
I ought to change my clother because they are dirty. Tengo que cambiar mis ropas porque estn sucias.
We ought to be happy when the new color TV arrives. Tenemos que estar felices cuando la nueva televisn en color llegue.
It ought not to rain if there are no clouds. No tiene que llover si no hay nubes.
It ought to snow today. Tiene que /debera nevar hoy.
It ought not to cost very much. No debe costar mucho.
VERBO TO CAN.
Significa poder, es mucho ms comn que todos los anteriores. El presento tiene una sola forma para todas las personas, es decir, no
aade s en la tercera de singular, y va seguido de un infinitivo sin to
I can +verb Can I +verb I can not/can't +verb
I cannot do that. No puedo hacer eso.
It cannot play football, it has four legs. El no puede jugar al ftbol, tiene cuatro piernas.
We can go to the cinema next Sunday. Podemos ir al cine el prximo domingo.
Can you say that name? Puedes decir ese nombre?
Can I do it? Puedo hacerlo?
He can speak Russian.
She can't play tennis.
Can you ride a horse? Yes, I can. No, I cannot.
WHAT TIM E IS IT? (qu hora es?)
Sixty seconds = a minute.
Sixty minutes = a hour.
Twenty-four hours= a day
Seven days = a week

Four weeks = a month

Twelve months = a year.
a.m. : in the morning
p.m. : in the afternoon 12.00 : midday 24.00 : midnight
Desde la posicin de las doce a las doce y media utilizamos la partcula past, ponemos primero el sujeto que es it porque las horas
son cosas no personas, despus van los minutos seguidos de past y finalmente las horas, es decir al revs que en castellano.
It's one o'clock. La una en punto.
It is five past one . La una y cinco
It's ten past one. La una y diez.
It's fifteen past one. La una y quince. O It's a quarter past one. (ms utilizada)
It's twenty past one. La una y veinte.
It's twenty-five past one. La una y veinticinco.
It's half past one. La una y media, forma especial como las y cuarto.
A partir de aqu sigue todo igual excepto que cambiamos la partcula past por to.
It's twenty-five to two. Las dos menos veinticinco.
It's twenty to two. Las dos m enos veinte.
It's a quarter to two. Las dos menos cuarto.
It's ten to two. Las dos menos diez.
It's five to two. Las dos menos cinco.
It's two o'clock. Las dos en punto.
What time is it?
9.15
4.45
6.27.
7.28
9.55
TEXTE: A DAY OF A NURSE.
I go to work at ten o'clock in the evening. I What time does she start to work?
wear a blue and white uniform at work. I
Where do you think that she works?
work in a very big building with a lot of beds
and windows. I like working with people. I Does she like her job?
get home at seven in the morning.
What does she wear in her job?
TEXTE : THE POSTMAN
He gets up at five o'clock in the morning
and he starts work at six. He goes to woek
by car but at work he walks a lot. He hates
dogs and he hates working when it rains.
He finishes work at midday.

What time does he get up?

Does he like dogs?
Does he work by car?
What time does he finish work?

TEXTE: KAREN'S DAY

I live in New York city.I get up at seven
thirty. Then I have breakfast and go to
work. I have lunch at one. I finish work at
five. I have dinner at seven. After dinner I
watch TV, and I go to bed at about eleven.

What does she do after breakfast?

What time does she have lunch?
What does she do after dinner?
Does she go to bed late?

FAMILY
Mother

Madre

Father

Padre

Grandfather

Abuelo

Grandmother

Abuela

Aunt

Ta

Uncle

To

Brother-in-law

cuado

Cousins

Primos

Parents

Padres

Sister

Hermana

brother

hermano

Son

Hijo

daughter

hija

husband

Marido

wife

mujer

nephew

Sobrino

niece

sobrina

Mary Johnson has got a brother and a sister. Her brother is Will. He goes to
school. Her sister, Amelia, is married. She has two children: a baby girl,
Wendy, and a boy called Craig. Mary's brother-in-law is called John.
Mary's grandfather is Harry. He and his wife, Maggie, live in Sydney,
Australia. Mary's grandparents have two chindren. Lucy is married to Tom
Brown. Mary likes her cousins Alvin and Rose, but the live a long way
away.
What is the name of Mary' s brother?
Where do Harry and Maggie live?
Does Mary like her cousins?

TEXTE: FAMILIES
Paul is looking at a family photograph. He is talking about his
family.That is Simon, my brother. He is a banker, That is Ann,
his wife. She is a music teacher. They have got two sons. Joe How many sons has Simon and Ann got?
is seven years old and his brother, Tim, is ten years old. That is
Who Is Tim's favourite aunt?
my sister, Caroline. She is Joe and Tim's favourite aunt! That is
her husband, Robert. He is a writer. They've got a son and a
What does Simon do? And Robert?
daughter, John and Sandra my nephew and niece of course!
They are fun.
Can you make these sentences negative?
He needs to buy a tennis racket
They need to study the lesson.
We need to wash the car.
You need to spend a day at the library
It need to be bigger.
Can you complete these sentences? Use one of the words or phrases in brackets.

I.. to ride a horse. (want, wants)

We.. to buy a cheap football. (wants, want)
Jim and Ben to see that film. (don't want, doesn't want)
You.. to watch television last night. (wants, want)
I to wear gloves. (doesn't want, don't want)
Can you change these staments into questions?
For example: Ben wants to play tennis. Does Ben want to play tennis?
Alice wants to buy some nice tennis balls.
The need to do exercises.
I want to learn Spanish.
You want to read the newspaper.
We need to telephone to Mother.
Can you complete these sentences? Use one of the words or phrases in brackets.
.. doesn't want to see that film. (Bill, they)
.. don't need to study that lesson. ( Jack and Bill, he)
Do need to buy a nice tennis racket? (She, you)
SIMPLE PAST
La mayora de los verbos en pasado aaden -ed, pero existen otros muchos que tienen una forma especfica y que tenemos que
aprender.
La nica diferencia con el presente es que no aaden -s en la tercera persona de singular, por lo que siempre es la misma forma. En
cuanto a la forma interrogativa y la negativa siguen la misma forma que el presente, el auxiliar delante en pasado y luego la forma del
verbo que ests conjugando en infinito (sin el to).
Examples.
To do (auxiliar) To be (ser o estar)
I did I was
You did You were
He/she/it did he/she/it was
We did we were
You did you were
They did they were
Regular verbs : add -ed
To play - played jugar
To weigh - weighed pesar
To wait - waited esperar
To post - posted enviar
To help - helped ayudar
Irregular verbs:
To tell - told decir
To see- saw ver
To send- sent enviar
To do- did hacer
To go- went ir
To have- had tener
Present simple past simple
I go I went

I don't go I didn't go
Do I go Did I go?
Yes, I do. / Yes, I did.
No, I don't. / no, I didn't
EXERCISES.
Can you complete these sentences? Use one of the woeds in brackets?.
Bethsad because of her test. (was, were)
Lauraher lesson. (studied, studies)
I the test. (passed, passes.)
We right about this work.(was, were)
They have.for the test. (studied, studies)
Hethe time reading.(spends, spent)
Make the sentences negative:
There were some pictures on the wall.
She worked yesterday.
There was a knife on the floor.
He likes jazz.
They were to fly to Ankara.
PRESENT CONTINUOS / PROGRESIVE TENSE
El presente continuo se utiliza de dos maneras, como un significado de futuro en algunos casos y normalmente en situaciones que
estn ocurriendo en el preciso momento en que se est hablando.
Se utiliza con el verbo to be conjugado y el otro verbo que lo acompaa aade a su infinitivo (sin el to) la terminacin -ing.
En pasado se utiliza tambin conjugando el verbo to be en pasado.
Examples:
That people are dancing. Esa gente est bailando.
I think my boyfriend is working.
I am wearing a red skirt. Llevo puesta una camiseta roja.
John is probably getting up. John est probablemente levantndose.
She is singing. Ella est cantando.
Andy is talking to Polly. Andy est hablando con Polly.
What are you cooking? qu ests cocinando?
What are you eating? Qu ests comiendo?
Exercises:
Can you complete these sentences? Put the verbs in the progressive present
We. Listening to the radio.
She listening to records.
.. you listening to the radio?
. She going to the cinema?
.. he selling tickets?
.. were listening to the radio before the TV program started. (you, Jack)
. Was buying the tickets before the film started. (we, Jane)
were going to the cinema when it started to rain. (Jack and Don, she)
A LETTER TO A PENFRIEND
Kopitarjeve 11

15121, Ljubljana
Slovenia
October 28th 1995
Dear Karina,
My name's Dalibor and I'm from Slovenia. I was born in Dobrova, a small town near Ljubljana in Slovenia but we live in Ljubljana now. I
live with my parents, my grandmother and my brother and sister. My brother's at school and my sister works for IBM. My father's got a
small company wich exports glass. My mother's a housewife, but she often helps at my father's company too when they're very bussy.
I'm twenty'two and I'm single. I'm studying Technology. I'm in my third year at university. I have classes every morning from 9 to 1.30
and then I have lunch. In the afternoon, I usually study in the library. When I finish my university course I'm going to try and get a job as
an engineer in an international company. That's why I need to learn English.
In my free time I like playing sport. At weekends I play basketball for the university team. I also like travelling very much.
Last summer I went on holiday to Bulgaria. I went with Iva, my girlfriend, and we stayed in a youth hostel near Sofia. The weather was
great so we went walking in the mountains nearly every day. It was fantastic. Have you ever been there?
Please write soon and send a photo.
Best wishes,
Dalibor.
Who is he?
Where was he born?
Where does he live?
What does his family do?
How old is he?
What does he do every day?
Why is you learning English?
What does he like doing in his free time?
What did he do last summer?
What will he do when he finish at university?
Read the letter. Answer true or false.
He lives in the town where he was born.
He lives with five people.
His parents sometimes work together.
He has three and a half hours of classes every day.
He's going to use English at work.
He likes basketball and travelling.
His girlfriend's name is Sofia.
A family tree.
Joe's wife's name is Ann. Joe and Ann have got three children: two daughters and a son. Their daughters' names are Alice and Lucy,
and their son's name is Fred. Fred and Lucy are not married. Alice's husband's name is Harry. Harry and Alice have got two children: a
boy and a girl. Their daughter's name is Pat, and their son's name is Eric.
Who is Joe's wife?
Who is Eric?
Has Ann got any son? And daughter?
What are their names?
What are you like? What do you looks like?
I've got blue eyes, and my mother has, too. I've got straight hair but my brother's got curly hair.
Sheila has got long dark hair and brown eyes.
Mary has got long fair hair and green eyes.

Thomas is five feet tall.

My father weighs about 70 kg.
I'm thirty-four, and I look my age.
How tall are you?
How much do you weigh?
I'm quite shy. I look calm but actually I'm rather nervy. I think I'm kind but sometimes I am bad-tempered. I think I look like a
bussinesman.
Mary's brother is eighteen years old. He is a good-looking boy. He has got a a He has got brown eyes and short and straight fair hair.
He is very tall, about seven feet inches tall and slim, over fifty-five kilogrames. He practices sports then he has got a muscular body. He
looks like an actor.
COMPARATIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
The dog is big the garage is bigger the house is the biggest
The bicycle goes fast the motorcycle goes faster the car goes fastest
The car is small the bicycle is smaller the ball is the smallest
The salad is cold the milk is colder the ice cream is the coldest
The salad is good the milk is better the ice cream is the best
Mother eats well bobby eats better father eats best.
Usually for adjectives and adverbs that have one or two syllables.
Normalmente para adjetivos y adverbios que tienen una o dos slabas aaden al adjetivo -er para el comparativo, y para el superlativo
-est.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Old

viejo

older

oldest

Cold

Fro

Colder

Coldest

white

blanco

Whiter

whitest

Cheap

barato

Cheaper

Cheapest

Fast

Rpido

Faster

Fastest

Slow

Despacio

Slower

Slowest

Soon

pronto

sooner

soonest

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Good

Bueno

Better

Best

Well

Bien

Better

best

Much

Mucho

More

Most

bad

Malo

Worse

Worst

Little

Pequeo

Less

Least

badly

malamente

worse

worst

Usually for adjectives of more than two syllables and adverbs that end in ly

Normalmente para adjetivos de ms de dos slabas y adverbios que finalicen en ly, aaden more delante en el comparativo y most en
el superlativo.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Important

importante

More important

Most important

Expensive

Caro

more expensive

Most expensive

Difficult

Difcil

More difficult

Most difficult

Nearly

Cercano

More nearly

Most nearly

Happyly

Felizmente

More happily

Most happily

quietly

tranquilamente

More quietly

Most quietly

For adjectives and adverbs that indicate less of a quantity.

Para adjetivos y adverbios que indican menos de una cantidad (referidos a cantidades)
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
expensive

Caro

Less expensive

Least expensive

Difficult

Difcil

Less difficult

Least difficult

Wide

Ancho

Less wide

Least wide

Scared

Asustado

Less scared

Least scared

Quietly

Tranquilo

Less quietly

Least quietly

Nicely

bonito

Less nicely

Least nicely
THE BIGGEST DESERT

In the northern part of Africa there is a great amount of hot, dry land called desert. This desert is bigger than Spain, France, and
Germany together.
It is called the Sahara Desert and it is the biggest desert in the world.
Nobody lives in the driest parts of the desert. In other parts where the land is higher there is enough rain for plants to grow.
In the desert there are places where water comes from springs or wells all the year. These places are called oases.
Many of the people of the desert move from place to place looking for more water and grass for the animals.
The camel is the most important animal in the desert. It is called the ship of the desert
Most of the land in the desert is not owned by anyone.
ABOUT MARTIN
Martin lived in London for ten years, and then he went to Surrey, where he bought a new house. He worked at Interface Computers Ltd
for three years, that is, since 1970. He always had the same job, and never thought about changing. He got married in 1975, tha is, he
is married for six years. He and his wife, Judith moved into their house in Surrey five years ago, and they live there ever since. Martin
and Judith met while they were still at school: they knew each other since they were fifteen years old. They have had two children since
they get married; the younger child is still at school, but the elder son left scholl and is now at college.
What does Martin do?
Where did he meet Judith?
How many children has they got?
How old is their elder son?
Where does Martin live?

Did he live in Surrey since he was born?

What do their children do?
How old were Martin and Judith when they met each other?
Translation:
Martin vivi en Londres durante 10 aos, y entonces el se fue a Surrey, donde compr una casa nueva. El trabaj en Interface
Computers Ltd durante/hace 3 aos, esto es, desde 1970. El siempre tuvo el mismo trabajo, y nunca pens en cambiarlo. El se cas
en 1975, esto es, el est casado hace 6 aos. El y su mujer Judith, se mudaron a su casa en Surrey hace cinco aos y ellos viven all
desde entonces. Martn y Judith se encontraron mientras ellos estaban todava en el colegio: ellos se conocen desde que tenan
quince aos. Ellos han tenido dos hijos desde que estn casados; el ms joven est todava en el colegio, pero el mayor hijo dej el
colegio y est ahora en el instituto.
Marco Polo was born in Vence in 1254. With his father and his uncle, who were businessmen, he travelled to China in 1275. They were
the first Europeans to do this. Marco Polo stayed at the court of the Chinese emperor for many years, and went as an ambassador for
the emperor to Tonkin, Annam, India and Persia.
He went back to Venice in 1295, made rich by his travels. Polo wrote a book about his experiences, but not many people believed him
at first. He died in 1324.
Where was Marco Polo born?
What did Marco Polo's father do?
When was Marco Polo born?
How many years did he stay at the court of the Chinese emperor.?
When did he go back to Venice?
What did he do with his travels?
Where did he die?
SOME AND ANY
Use some in positive sentences:
I'm going to buy some eggs.
There is some ice in the fridge.
They made some mistakes.
She said something.
I saw somebody or someone.
Use any in negative sentences:
I'm not going to buy any eggs.
There isn't any ice in the fridge.
They didn't make any mistakes.
She didn't say anything.
I didn't see anybody (or anyone)
Any and some in questions.
In most questions (but not all) we use any:
Is there any ice in the fridge?
Did they make any mistakes?
Are you doing anything this evening?
I can't find Ann. Has anybody seen her?
We normally use some (not any) when we offer things (Would you like some..?
-A: Would you like some coffee?
-B: Yes please.
-A: Would you like something to eat?
-B: No, thank you. I'm not hungry.

And when we ask for things (Can I have some?)

Can I have some soup, please? Yes, of course. Help yourself.
Can you lend me some money? I'm sorry. I cannot.
We've got some cheese but we haven't got any bread.
I didn't take any photographs but Ann took some (some photographs)
You can have some coffee, but I don0t want any (any coffee)
I've just made some coffee. Would you like some? (some coffee)
I haven0t got any money. Can you lend me some? (some money)
Exercises.
Put in some or any.
I'm going to buy eggs.
They didn't make mistakes.
I can pay. I've got money.
There aren't shops in this part of the town.
George and Alice haven't got children.
Have you got . Brothers or sisters?
There are beautiful flowers in the garden.
Are there .. letters for me this morning?
I haven't got .. satamps but Ann's got. Do you know good hotels in London?
Would you like. Tea? Yes, please.
Don't buy any rice. We don't need .
We haven't got .bread, so I'm going out to buy
When we wre on holiday, we visited . Very interesting places.
I went out to buy milk but they didn't have .. in the shop.
I'm thirsty. Can I have .. water, please?
Complete the sentences. Use some or any + one of these words.
Air batteries chairs cheese friends languages milk money photographs problems shampoo stamps.
I can't buy you a drink. I haven't got .
I want to wash my hair. Is there .?
I'm going to the post office to get .
Can you speak . Foreign ?
I haven't got my camera so I can't take .
Sorry we are late. We had with the car.
Everybody was standing because there weren't in the hall.
It's hot in this office. I'm going out for fresh
Why isn't the radio working? Are there .. in it?
Can I have . In my coffee, please?
Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant with.. of mine.
Would you like ..? No, thank you. I've had enough to eat.
Put in somebody (or someone) /something/ anybody (or anyone)/anything
She said but I didn't understand it.
What's wrong?. There's in my eye.
Do you know .. about politics?

I went to the shop but I didn't buy ..

has broken the window. I don't know who.
There isn't in the box. It is empty.
I'm looking for my keys. Has .. seen them?
Would you like .. to drink?
I didn't eat . Because I wasn't hungry.
I can do this job alone. I don't need . To help me.
Paola is an Italian student of English at a school in London. Read and listen to her letter to David, her penfriend.
72 Nexton Drive
London SW6
3rd October
Dear David,
How are you? I'm fine. I'm in London, at the International School of English. I'm in class 3 with eight other students. They're all from
different countries -Spain, France, Japan, Argentina, Switzerland, and Thailand. Our teacher's name name is Peter Briscall. He's very
nice. He's funny and he's a very good teacher.
My new address is at the top of the letter. I'm with an English family, the Browns. Mr. And Mrs. Brown have three children. Thomas is
fourteen, Catherine is twelve, and Andrew is seven. They are all very friendly, but it isn't easy to understand them!
London is very big and very interesting. The weather is good, cold but sunny, and the parks are beautiful. Hyde Park, Green Park and
St. James's Park are all in the centre. It isn't easy to use the Underground, but I understand it now. It's very expensive.
English food isn't very bad, but the coffee is horrible.
Write to me soon.
Love, Paola
P.S.Is my English ok?
Where are she from?
How many people live in her house in London?
What's the name of the English family?
Does she enjoy her stay in London?
What is her teacher looks like?
AN INTERVIEW
Bank manager: Good morning, Mr. Harris.
Customer: Good morning
BM. Please sit down.
C. Thank you.
BM. Now, one or two questions.
C. Yes, of course.
BM How old are you, Mr. Harris?
C. thirty-two
BM:And you are Canadian, aren't you?
C:Yes, that's right.
BM. Are you married or single?
C. Yes, I'm married.
BM. What is your wife's name?
C. Monica.
BM. And your wife's age, Mr. Harris.
C. Pardon?

BM. How old is Mrs. Harris?

C. Oh, she is thirty.
BM. Thirty. I see. And is she Canadian, too?
C. No, she's British.
BM. British, yes. Have you got any children?
C. Yes, three. Two boys and a girl.
(phone rings)
BM. Excuse me a moment. Hello, Anne, Yes? Yes? I am. No. Yes. No, I'm sorry. I don't know. No. yes, all right. Thank you. Goodbye.
I'm sorry, Mr. Harris. Now, two girls and a boy, you said?
C. No, two boys and a girl.
BM. Oh, yes. I'm sorry. And what are their names?
C. Alan, Jane and Max.
BM. And their ages?
C. twelve, ten and six.
BM. I see. Now one more question, Mr. Harris. What is your job? What do you do?
C. I'm a university teacher.
BM. A university teacher. Right . Thank you. Now, you want $50.000 to buy a house.
C. That's right.
BM. And what sort of security.
1
Fijmonos que vara la 3 p. Sing. del auxiliar pero no la del conjugado, que es siempre igual.
Poner las anteriores frases en interrogativa.