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FOODS
BUDS
ROOTS
STEMS

Buds

Artichokes
Capers

Roots

Carrots
Beets
Turnips
Radishes
Manioc, cassava, yuca, or
tapioca

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Stems

Asparagus
Bamboo shoots
Celery
Rhubarb
Potatoes
Sweet potatoes or yams
sugarcane

Brassica oleacea -Varieties

Broccoli
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Brussels sprouts
Kohlrabi
Kale

Flower buds
Flower buds
Bud (terminal)
Buds (axillary)
Root
Leaves

Brassica oleacea -Varieties

Native Europe
Vitamin A and C
Anticancer agents glucosinolate

Indole-3-carbinol

Colorectal cancer
Breast cancer

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SUGAR

Sugar

Sweet tooth and craving for sweets

Activates pleasure centers in the brain
Calories in sugar
Honey

22.2 teaspoons or 93 grams per day

The Honey Badger knows

Sugar

Sugar in the morning

Sugar in the evening
Sugar at suppertime
Be my little sugar
And love me all the time

Charlie Phillips and Odis Echols 1958

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Sugar in U.S.

Table Sugar

Sucrose disaccharide

Glucose + fructose

30% sugar beets in world

70% sugarcane in world

Sugar in U.S.

90% of U.S. table sugar produced in

U.S.

Sugar beets 50%

Sugarcane 50%

10% imported

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Sugarbeets Beta vulgaris

Types of Sugar

Raw sugar

Juice of sugarcane/sugar beets

Evaporated and crystallized

Refined sugar (white)

Confectioner sugar

Brown sugar

Filter with diatomaceous earth

Corn starch added
Molasses added

Other Sugars or Sweeteners

Maple syrup

90-100% sucrose
Concentrate tree juice 10X

Honey

39% fructose, 31% glucose, 7%

maltose and 1% sucrose + vitamins
and minerals, 17% water

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Other Sugars or Sweeteners

Date sugar

Pulverized dates
Sucrose

Agave nectar

Molasses

Sorghum syrup

70-90% fructose
Byproduct of sugarcane sugar/sugar beets
Byproduct of sorghum

Other Sugars or Sweeteners

Corn syrup

digestion of starch
glucose

High fructose corn syrup

digestion of starch and conversion

42% glucose and 55% fructose
Cheaper than sucrose

Tariff on sugarcane sugar

Federal subsidies to corn farmers

Controversy

Sugars

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Sweetness
Sugar

Sweetness

Sucrose

1.0

Lactose

0.16

Maltose

0.33-0.45

Glucose

0.74-0.80

Fructose

1.17-1.75

Aspartame

200

Saccharin

400

Sucralose

600

Mogrosides (luohan guo)

300 Siraitia grosvenorii

Truvia Stevia rebaudiana

300

Simple Sugar

Health risks

Obesity
Diabetes
Heart disease
Liver toxicity
Dental caries

Sugar beets Beta vulgaris

Romans
Temperate areas of world
British blockade of cane
sugar to France
Napoleon I

Research

Production

6% to 20% sugar

Today

Russia, Poland, France, U.S.,

Germany, Turkey, Ukraine

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Sugar beets - GMO

95% U.S. crop uses Roundup Ready seeds.

Can use Roundup

Cheaper to use

Herbicide to kill weeds

Less fuel for trips across fields
Better tillage and less soil erosion

Sugar beets - GMO

Issues with pollen from Roundup Ready onto other

fields and organic farms
2009 U.S. District Court need environmental
impact statement before using seeds in 2011
Sugar supply could decrease and prices could rise
Compromise can plant seeds in 2011 if obtain a
USDA-APHIS permit
Fall 2011 Draft of EIS
2012???

Sugarcane

South Pacific
India ancient times
Persia
Arabs invaded Persia 642 AD discovered
sugarcane
Spread to Africa trade routes
Crusades brought sugar to Europe

Expensive luxury
Mix with bitter medicine
Maderia and Canary Islands

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Sugarcane

Columbus 1493 to New World

Brazil
West Indies
Colonies became the major sugar
production areas for Europe
Slavery

Millions to Brazil and Caribbean

Slave Trade

Needed workers for sugarcane

Short life expectancy
10-15 million from Africa
Triangle trade

Slaves to Americas
Sugar and rum to Europe (Britain)
Firearms, cloth trinkets

Slave Trade

New England

Sugar to New England make rum

Rum to Africa
1764 British tax on sugar
Smuggled sugar
Burned British ship Gaspee

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Sugar Processing

Harvested
Shredded and cleaned

Crushed with water

Clarify with lime Ca(OH)2

Heat extraction of juice

Removes impurities and stabilizes sucrose

Filtration to remove lime

Evaporation and vacuum

Bagasse used for energy

Creates a supersaturated solution

Crystallization with centrifuges

Refined sugar

Environmental Impacts of Sugarcane

Conversion of tropical coastal habitat

Land degradation

20 million hectares
Greatest agricultural degradation
Species loss
Soil erosion, Seagrass beds, Coral reefs
Loss of fertility (removal of plants, burning)

Pollution

Wastewater form mills

Flue emissions (ammonia)

Cane Toad Giant Neotropical Toad

Native to the Americas

Poisonous Parotid glands and tadpoles
Introduced in Pacific and Caribbean to
control pests (cane beetle)
Invasive pest
Australia

Ineffective against cane beetle

Predatory reptile population has decreased

10