Concrete

Highly in compressive strEfig$ butweak in tensile

strength.

IT{TBOI'UCTION TO

Rsinforcement (ste6l) :
. Hrghly in tensile strengtfi butweak in oonrpreeslve
strength.

COIIC*

TE DE|SIGITI
TO EUBOCIODE

By providing staal bars in the zones within

concrete member which will eubjected to tonsile

stresses, an econilnicd structural material ean be

produced through ils composite action.

Rc ls one of the prtncipal materiels use

many ciuil

erEirerintr applicatior.

ln addition, the concrcte gwides cororion protectior and

fire rerisance to th embeddd steel reinftrcing bas.

Civil Eng. Application :

co6struthn of bltildrg;
rctilntls strudures, hEhura,

tltaldrg ffitls, bsn&lons, ffiter

and

ffi

kidtEc

It b a cornposit m*Brial, coasistirEof steel reinforcing bar$

ernbedded in a hardcned oierete matrix.
These

tro

mabdals have cgmplemefttary pmperti*.

t
t
I

Eurorode& Ba*sofskucirrrald*ka
Eurocodcl: Astontslstrus$ret
Elt1992 Eurocode2: DgBnofconsetestrucnrtes

EN199O
EN1S91

Eurocode 2 (ECll applies to the deeign of buiHings and ctuil

nginedng works in plain, reinfurced ald ptEtrcssd
conciete.

EC2 cornes

in several parts as follolt|r:

ENlggzPartl-2
EN imz H 2
eru tggZ Part a

ooclrrnert that gives recornmendation for the design and

constructlon of

stru*sn*.

It containa detalled requirerrent regardlng actions, suesses,

design principal and method of achieving the

r fhe purpose ol design is to aehiare acceptable probabilities

that . structure will not h@{rre IEEi fur it iAtended use.
That ls, that it will rd readr 5 limit 3tate.
t At an? way in which a stfirctut may ce-as !o b fit for U3
will constitute a lirnit stah a*d tie design aim is to avoid
any such ccndition being rcaded during the expected liia of
the strueture

requird performarre of compleEd structure.

Th deiign prgcedures, d$ribed in this course conform to
iotlowing Eurocode {EC} published by European
Coffinitte {or Standardzation.

&e

&iBafdiiEtus--Sbstud,lt6{*xibn
C@cdc bddgE -d!S!i!d #amng ilbs
Liqut rAarrim and ontaillmrt 8lrudre

Thre arc trvo prlncipal types of limit state:

r
.

lrltimate limit state

SeMceability limit state

siE r sittlations

of limit state
dudnt a Fedod of the eme
dlc deCan mrldnt llh o, the rtructure.

OeslSn rfhrat on

dder

bl\*"n'
*.nd.m

For prsistent and transir* design situ*isr onder the $TR

limlt state, the Euruode defines threa possible ombination
as

follows;

ieprcsrtsrmle
HSn edar durerg a p.rbd eurdr CErt r
dun tl* dc{n rcrldng lite ot the stn ctu r,

$'k
qrirlLf^

c.& dudi( *Gllt!o!. o{ reFlr

Dedln Cluatlon imMnt erccptional condltlons
for structurc. e,& aire, Gxplclon, imp3cl e&

Atridentel

Defitn situ.tion imMng dceptlonrl ronditions

*iffiic eEnt.

L S.&!ffi6:4a5.t&d6edhb&Me
2. tuTdElelq*cqGt&.roe@ea?dBe
.!r,{@turdBc&G&dt!&
rr-Ltgrd-l.G
rs-,$#llffiG#i@t
tq -8tuffi6*c@

!o. structre during

The conditions that Jififi&lre must be able to withstan4

with an adeguate fector of safety of load for which it is
designd to ens$re tlre safety of the building occupants and
suucture iBlf against eolhpse, or,ertuming or buckling.

Condition in which th strucare is damaged and uns{itable

6or its intend purposes causirg dis.omfort to thc occupants.
Genenllythe most importafi servkeahility limit state are:
r Defieftion fhe ,poctreno. ct efEdency of Ery prrt of the

The ult*rat limit state are divided into the following

catgories;

r CBddng

. ECIU lo$ o, equilibrium of dre structue

.
krmliaihreoreEffiitEdettrmatiorolthe
'fR
stn cEretrstrockrElrcmber
r GEO Failure due to excessive deformation of the $ound
r ilT
FatitueiailurcoftlEriructmorstruciunlmemb6rs

The strergth ot

maedds upon wbicb design

E-o.6

structsrc mr.st llot h advefsely afMed by

denectkri.
foal de[Ese Are to cddng and spalllng mltst
not effEct ilre ap?eaancs, e-fffdmcv or durabifty
of the stEEllB

other limlt

statEs whlch

Imy be

nrached included

consideration of durability, vibration and fire resistance of

stiuctores.

The charactsristic srength

is based is such

stre4tft below wlich results unlikely to fall.

stiolrgth.

/*

is the 28 days

qdinder

These are call dpracteristic strengths.

It is assumed ftat for a gien

stmsth will

have a nonnal

Table halour shows the characEristic cylinder strength of

rarlous classes of consete recomrnended for use in
reinforced and prestresed
lete design.

rnaterial, the variation of

dirtribfiion as shorn in figue

o*

below.

Clasr C2O/2$ for orample, reier to rylinder/cub strength

20ltUmrn2and 25 N/mnP rcspecively. '

The rharactedstic strength is talten as that value, below

which it is unlikely tlEt more thsn 5 % of the rsutts rnill
frils. Thtls statistically,
Choaeter*tic

Sragrt

MeM sb%grh

*vlat*n)

It

f^-

1.64s

1.61 (St&ndcnl

o,

Consrte sfi?ilgth classes and MOE

CGlht
stEgBr.h*

s?c$
g?ryN
C?0!7

Cl*6f*tridh
Ckancie*tL
eyftiht srrq$r ed6 afir,&
f- illlirtil.)- t-,.,l!ilh6P1
.19

Ittort&*d:

tt'qe*yf30

25.

tl

lo-.

?3_

.35t4tr!

37

24

c4g'5'

.,to

l5

glqry

45-

qtqJs

so.

c75t67

55

17
?a
?9

turu3.1:WWlX2-]-)

The chara.eristic strcngth of stcei reinforcement is denotes

Partial safetytactorof action,Tr

bvf""
Specified strengur for high yield reinforcment given in
is in the range of zl{E - 6fl) lrl/mm2.

EC2

Th most cornmonly uee in the UK is grade Sfi) and grade

250 plain bar is not nolr re@Snized and no longer available
forpneral used in UK

:.: .,

iligi yield (H) bars may be dassified as:

r clas A : which is normally .ssorirt d wlth mall diameter {< 12 mml
. class B : whidr b mosl roffinoillt ffid for reinbrcir baF.
. cLsi c : blgh ductllitywhHr ffiy b sed in rthquake desitn.

I :rr..:r:.1io:1.1r:.r:r:1,:

&,e:TdtLn1.2 &il,4: N

Partial safiett factor are irnportance value applied to the

strength of rBateriab and to the astions as to tak into
accourt tft posslble mriation o{ cofftructional tolerance.
The values adopted are based on experience and simplifid
cahutation and considering *e probahility of reaching each
limit itate.
Partial safEty ftctor of materials {yJ

EN

IN

Concrete used mostly in rompeseion, it comprcs.rive st?es6strain curve is o, prlmary iilportance.

Typi6l stress-strain cure of sncrete ir shown in fi8ure

below:

El * @e:r lii"nr
.

if.G*.ilriuEllha-ss sf

.. bdr*;,.::::'..:i::t:.r'r:,:it:,:.. :' .'

g ile orve *1*a tncn t6 ffie to

rersiiiiiirl&.titg;eqt
AEidental

tu

For t{re design of cross-sectioa, EC2 recommended the used

of ideali*d stress-strain ctrue as shown in figure below:

r
.

Ftgw

3.2: LE BN 1992-1-)

steel is high tenslle strength materlal.

The typical stress-rtftlin cunre for hot mlled stel are shown
in figure below:

lJla.cira e:is beein irith a paEbdic tortloo

iig,Iq:a.{Ir!t

t,.8

slrrch pd{lrrt lhe

2,.:Iiba!
*aio hffise -wtfde ths stffi

Swe ftse3.3: W

EN

rem

192-lJ

tu:Fiw3.fo): BWI9Z-H

Th uhimate design compressive strcss are given by;

a

f"

For design purpose EC2 recommendsd the us of idealized

curve shown in figure below:

=s.s6tyo
y* =4.8-s{"
1.5

The cofficint 0.85

lhe factor of 15 is the usual partial safuty factor for the

tak$ account of the difference between

bendifis strenSth and the cylinder crushing shngth af tha
con0r&.

strengdr of conctete.

Th ultimate sffain
condete s c50/6o.

u2

= 0,fi)35 is typical for classes of

Eilce
@hs

of the steel is identical in

The behavior

tension and

compression, being linear in the elastic range up

design yield sress.

to

the

ls the selfweight of the structsr, weiEht of finishes, ceiling

and services. Examples of weight of materiats as given in fC1
are shorirn in table below.

Design yield tensile stress can be given as;

!r-=$=owt*
r^ 1.15

tifhMighl @ftre
Nomd rei8it

3.O-m'

@ffie

74.4-25.O
g.o * 23!

Where;

fvx

3.5

-108

{.t-7,

Characteristic yild stress

LO-nn

Partial sarety factor of reinforcing steel

5@l

n.b-7a.5
10.0

tu@:Tdbll-As:BN!9qI 1I

Action is the E2 terminology for loads and imposed

deformations.

The cbaracteristic actions ar the actual loads that the

structure is designed to carry.

These are normally thought of as a maximum loads which
will not he exceeded during tie lifu of structure.
The characteristic actions used in design and defined in EC2

Cause by people, furnitur, equipment etc, Which variation in

magnitude with time is considered,
Example
below:

rrtgBbdffid#ftjs

@ajrEtuersql!ffi&*Ed**.

.
.
.

appropriate partial safety factor for loads

Fo =

g:

w, rt&ideardeb. loliI

@f (K

Eh-

1991-l-l: aL

brlldis (re lds LtiJ: :i0:)

iEl}niligrctr+Eli1t l-l-it

'Se.lk

]IS E{ 1C91-l.l!

(t

Er. J^t,:(l}

1I.

to give the

FrxT'

Value of11 are given in EN 19lX): Annex A1

loada oa

Possible load increases

design action acting on the structure,

Iliai

Errors in the analysis and tlesign

Constructional inaccuracies

The characteristic loads Fo {Gk Qk Wk} are multiplied by the

olso occideDtql qnd seismic ULS.

F: u66e

ribl

ln order to account for variation in Loads due to.

Freqlent value, { ylQk) - w lw flch thot it should be exee ded only lor a
shoft pertod of time and is Bed primotw for the s"Nicfibitity limit
stdtes and olfi qmideilal limit nota
quasi-permanent value, {PrQl) - valw moy be weded lor a
coreiderEbte pertod qf timet altenativeb it may be @nsideted as da
dverqge looding ovq rime. t is wd ls d lhg km atfec,s dt the SLS and

Remmmended Elues for P action for buildint

!.F4S
r.Fmb+@

hl*jq,rtu

widue adiore.

16

ftnB*

Characteristic permanent action, Gk

Characteristic variable artion, Qk
Characteristicwind action, Wk

For each variable actions there are four representative values:

. ChaEcterktic value, lQk) - an upper value wieh an inte\ded probdhility
of Dat beiaE qceeded or d lowr vdlw with on intehded prcbabilv of
heing achievet durhE some tpecifE rctqew period
. Combination value, (PoQk, - vdl@ inteoded to tol@ q&Nnt of d
rcduced Frobabilw oI the simrttoa@us wurenre ol two or more

!r

turMd&4d#des
**WWwiq

are as follows;

r
.
.

of variable action as giyn in ECl ar shown in table

The first function in design is the planning carried out by th

architect to determine the anangeme[t and layout of th

building to meet the client's rEquirements.
The structural engineer theil determines the best structurat
system or forms to bring th architect's concept into being.
Construction in different mderials and with different
arangemnts and systems may require investigation to
determine the most economical ansrer.

Architect and ngineer should work together

conceptual design stage.

at

this

ome the building ,orm and surxtural arngefient

harre

been firalied the design prollem consists of th fo$on iry!

lde*lizEtion of the structura trto loadbearirg frarres and
elemenB branalyeir and design

.
.
,
.

ertim*io*ofaction*
anatFis to determine de maximum moments and shears
for design
design of sctions and rieinfortement amngpmentsior
dabs, beams, columns and foundatioff using the results
frorn abane
production of arrangeme!* and detail drawingp and bat
schedules