Mobile Adhoc Networks

Abstract

Wireless technology advances over the last few years have led to a
wideuseof and WiFi,WImax and Bluetoothtechnologies havebeen widely
used in recent years (mobiles,Lan,homes, enterprises, university campi, inside
cars …) .The convergence between Telecommunication and Computer
Communication has led to powerful multimedia communication frameworks
to implement Real Time Multimedia services. Terminal devices have been
transformed to mobile phones with WiFi,Wmax and Bluetooth, cold
processors, a considerableamount of main memory but a reduced display. An
important issue for all wireless technologies is the mobile terminals sudden
loss of coverageduring communication when they leavetheir wireless range.
As a result, real timecommunications can besubject todisruptions duringan
important timeinterval - a serious problemfor real timecommunications or a
user headache for firm real time multimedia communication. The
presentation will include: an analysis of the actual convergence between
Multimedia Computer Communications and Telecommunications; Reviewing
of interesting QoS properties of WiFi, WiMax, Bluetooth; Challenges of
wireless real time multimedia communications; and Different approaches to
solvethesudden loss of coveragefor multimedia real timecommunication.

CONTENTS

 wifi

 Defination of WI-FI

 Standards
 CONTENTS

 wifi

 Defination of WI-FI

 Standards

 Certification

 WIMAX

 Defination of WIMAX

 Advantages overWI-FI

 Technical information

 Standards

 Applications

 Blue tooth

 Technical information

 Specifications and features

 applications
• Wi-Fi

IEEE 802.11, the Wi-Fi standard, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/WLAN standards developed by
working group 11 of the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802). wireless
fidelity(IEEE 802.11) is a family of 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g etc. The term is promulgated by the
Wi-Fi Alliance.

The term 802.11x is also used to denote this set of standards and is not to be mistaken for any one
of its elements. There is no single 802.11x standard. The term IEEE 802.11 is also used to refer to
the original 802.11.

Protocols

Release Data Rate Data Rate Range

Protocol Op. Frequency
Date (Typ) (Max) (Indoor)

5.15-5.35/5.47-5.725/5.725-
802.11a 1999 25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~30 meters
5.875 GHz

802.11b 1999 2.4-2.5 GHz 6.5 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s ~100 meters

802.11g 2003 2.4-2.5 GHz 25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~30 meters

802.11n 2006 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 200 Mbit 540 Mbit/ ~50 meters

802.11 legacy
 The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 released in 1997 specifies two raw data rates of 1
and 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s) to be transmitted via infrared (IR) signals or by either
Frequency hopping or Direct-sequence spread spectrum in the Industrial Scientific Medical
frequency band at 2.4 GHz. IR remains a part of the standard but has no actual implementations.

The original standard also defines Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) as the medium access method. A significant percentage of the available raw channel
capacity is sacrificed (via the CSMA/CA mechanisms) in order to improve the reliability of data
transmissions under diverse and adverse environmental conditions.

Standards
802.11a

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

1999 5 GHz 25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~30 meters

The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocol as the original standard, operates in 5 GHz band,
and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum
raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s.
Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used, using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a the advantage of less
interference. However, this high carrier frequency also brings disadvantages. It restricts the use of
802.11a to almost line of sight, necessitating the use of more access points; it also means that
802.11a cannot penetrate as far as 802.11b since it is absorbed more readily, other things (such as
power) being equal.

802.11b

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)
 1999 2.4 GHz 6.5 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s ~50 meters

802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same CSMA/CA media access
method defined in the original standard. Due to the CSMA/CA protocol overhead, in practice the
maximum 802.11b throughput that an application can achieve is about 5.9 Mbit/s using TCP and
7.1 Mbit/s using UDP.

802.11b is usually used in a point-to-multipoint configuration, wherein an access point

communicates via an omni-directional antenna with one or more clients that are located in a
coverage area around the access point. Typical indoor range is 30 m (100 ft) at 11 Mbit/s and 90 m
(300 ft) at 1 Mbit/s. With high-gain external antennas, the protocol can also be used in fixed point-
to-point arrangements, typically at ranges up to 8 kilometers (5 miles) although some report
success at ranges up to 80–120 km (50–75 miles) where line of sight can be established. This is
usually done in place of costly leased lines or very cumbersome microwave communications
equipment. Designers of such installations who wish to remain within the law must however be
careful about legal limitations on effective radiated power.

802.11g

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

June 2003 2.4 GHz 25 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~30 meters

802.11g. This flavor works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b) but operates at a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s,
or about 24.7 Mbit/s net throughput (like 802.11a). 802.11g hardware work with 802.11b hardware. Details of
making b and g work well
 together occupied much of the lingering technical process. In older networks, however, the
presence of an 802.11b participant significantly reduces the speed of an 802.11g network. Even
though 802.11g operates in the same frequency band as 802.11b, it can achieve higher data rates
because of its similarities to 802.11a. The maximum range of 802.11g devices is slightly greater
than that of 802.11b devices, but the range in which a client can achieve full (54 Mbit/s) data rate
speed is much shorter than that of 802.11b.

802.11n

Release Date Op. Frequency Data Rate (Typ) Data Rate (Max) Range (Indoor)

December 2006
2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 200 Mbit/s 540 Mbit/s ~50 meters (~165 ft)
(draft)

In January 2004 IEEE announced that it had formed a new 802.11 Task Group (TGn) to develop a
new amendment to the 802.11 standard for wireless local-area networks. The real data throughput
is estimated to reach a theoretical 540 Mbit/s (which may require an even higher raw data rate at
the physical layer), and should be up to 50 times faster than 802.11b, and up to 10 times faster than
802.11a or 802.11g.

Certification

Because the IEEE only sets specifications but does not test equipment for compliance with them, a
trade group called the Wi-Fi Alliance runs a certification program that members pay to participate
in. Virtually all companies selling 802.11 equipment are members. The Wi-Fi trademark, owned
by the group and usable only on compliant equipment, is intended to guarantee interoperability.

Wi-MAX

WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum,
to promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard, officially known as
 WirelessMAN. The Forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the
delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".

Advantages over Wi-Fi

• The WiMAX specification provides symmetrical bandwidth over many kilometers and
range with stronger encryption (3DES or AES) and typically less interference. Wi-Fi is
short range (approximately 10's of meters) has WEP or WPA encryption and suffers from
interference as in metropolitan areas where there are many users.
• Wi-Fi Hotspots are typically backhauled over ADSL in most coffee shops therefore Wi-Fi
access is typically highly contended and has poor upload speeds between the router and the
internet.
• It provides connectivity between network endpoints without the need for direct line of sight
in favorable circumstances. The non-line-of-sight propagation (NLOS) performance
requires the .16d or .16e revisions, since the lower frequencies are needed. It relies upon
multi-path signals, somewhat in the manner of 802.11n.

Technical info

WiMAX is another name of IEEE 802.16 wireless networks, in a rather similar way to Wi-Fi
being interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard.

MAC layer

In Wi-Fi the media access controller (MAC) uses contention access in which all subscriber
stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's
attention on a random interrupt basis.

Physical layer
 The original WiMAX standard (IEEE 802.16) specified WiMAX for the 10 to 66 GHz range.
802.16a, updated in 2004 to 802.16-2004 (also known as 802.16d), added specification for the 2 to
11 GHz range. 802.16d (also known as "fixed WiMAX") was updated to 802.16e in 2005 (known
as "mobile WiMAX"). and uses scalable orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as
opposed to the OFDM version with 256 sub-carriers used in 802.16d

Standards

IEEE 802.16e

IEEE 802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) provides an improvement on the modulation schemes stipulated
in the original WiMAX standard.

• IEEE 802.16d

On the other hand, 802.16 (fixed WiMAX) offers the benefit of available commercial products
and implementations optimized for fixed access. Fixed WiMAX is a popular standard among
alternative service providers and operators in developing areas due to its low cost of deployment
and advanced performance in a fixed environment.

Associations

WiMAX Forum

he WiMAX Forum is "the exclusive organization dedicated to certifying the interoperability of its
products, the WiMAX Forum defines and conducts conformance and interoperability testing to
ensure that different vendor systems work seamlessly with one another."

WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance - WiSOA

 WiSOA is the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum.
WiSOA is focussed on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in
the 2.3–2.5 GHz and the 3.4–3.5 GHz ranges.

 APPLICATIONS
• Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts of the Internet.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile (last km) broadband access.
• Providing high-speed mobile data and telecommunications services (4G).
• Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Providing Nomadic connectivity.
 • Comparison

Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods

Downlink Uplink
Standard Family Primary Use Radio Tech Notes
(Mbps) (Mbps)

Quoted speeds only

achievable at very short
802.16e WiMAX Mobile Internet SOFDMA 70 70
ranges, more practically
10Mbps at 10Km.

WiBro WiBro Mobile Internet OFDM 50 50 Short range (<500m)

iBurst iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet HC-SDMA 64 64 3-12 km

HSDPA downlink widely

UMTS W-
.384 .384 deployed. Roadmap shows
CDMA UMTS/3GSM Mobile phone CDMA/FDD
3.6 5.76 HSDPA up to 28.8Mbps
HSDPA+HSUPA
downstream in the future.
Competing technologies

Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main competition comes from widely deployed wireless
systems with overlapping functionality such as UMTS and CDMA2000.

• Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). Bluetooth
provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones,
laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles .

Technical information
Communication & connection

A Bluetooth device playing the role of the "master" can communicate with up to 7 devices playing
the role of the "slave". This network "group of up to 8 devices" (1 master and 7 slaves) is called a
piconet. A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network of devices using Bluetooth technology protocols
to allow one master device to interconnect with up to seven active slave devices . Up to 255 further
slave devices can be inactive, or parked, which the master device can bring into active status at any
time.
 Setting up connections

Any Bluetooth device will transmit the following sets of information on demand:

• Device Name
• Device Class
• List of services

Air interface

The protocol operates in the license-free ISM band at 2.45 GHz. In order to avoid interfering with
other protocols which use the 2.45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 79
channels (each 1 MHz wide) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second. Implementations
with versions 1.1 and 1.2 reach speeds of 723.1 kbit/s. Version 2.0 implementations feature
Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR), and thus reach 2.1 Mbit/s. Technically version 2.0 devices
have a higher power consumption, but the three times faster rate reduces the transmission times,
effectively reducing consumption to half that of 1.x devices (assuming equal traffic load).

Security

Bluetooth uses the SAFER+ algorithm for authentication and key generation. The initialisation key
and master key are generated using the E22 algorithm. The E0 stream cipher is used for encrypting
packets. This makes eavesdropping on Bluetooth-enabled devices more difficult.

Specifications and Features

Bluetooth is also known as IEEE 802.15.1.

uetooth 1.0 and 1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems and the various manufacturers had great difficulties in
making their products interoperable.
 Bluetooth 1.1

• Many errors found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed.

• Added support for non-encrypted channels.
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)

uetooth 1.2

• Adaptive Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio

frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence
• Higher transmission speeds in practice
• Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire UART
• HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth applications

Bluetooth 2.0

• 3 times faster transmission speed—up to 10 times in certain cases (up to 2.1 Mbit/s).
• 100 meter range (Depends on the class of the device)
• Lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.

Uses

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset A typical Bluetooth USB adapter

Bluetooth is a radio standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power
consumption, with a short range (power class dependent: 1 metre, 10 metres, 100 metres) based
around low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.

Maximum Permitted Power Maximum Permitted Power Range

Class
(mW) (dBm) (approximate)

Class 1 100 mW 20 dBm ~100 meters

Class 2 2.5 mW 4 dBm ~10 meters

Class 3 1 mW 0 dBm ~1 meter

 Applications

• Wireless control of and communication between a cell phone and a hands free headset or
car kit. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
• Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is
required.
• Wireless communications with PC input and output devices, the most common being the
mouse, keyboard and printer.
• Transfer of files between devices via OBEX.
• Transfer of contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices via
OBEX.
• Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers
and medical equipment.
• For controls where infrared was traditionally used.
 CONCLUSION

We conclude that the technologies WI-FI,WIMAX and BLUETOOTH are widely

used in every sector where wireless communications are used . This new technologies
are becoming commercially available. This technology is great for fast customer
service that every one relay on. The process will connect buildings together with fast
and new spreading LAN technology it is convenient to access on-line information