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1. a.

Konduktivitas termal: thermal conductivity, , is the property of a


material's ability to conduct heat. It appears primarily in Fourier's Law for
heat conduction. Thermal conductivity is measured in watts per kelvinmeter (WK1 m 1 , i.e. W/(Km) or in IP units (Btuhr 1 ft1 F1 , i.e. Btu/
(hrftF). Dimension of thermal conductivity = M1 L 1 T 3K
b. Difusifitas termal: thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat
capacity at constant pressure.[1] It measures the ability of a material to conduct thermal
energy relative to its ability to store thermal energy. It has the SI unit of m/s.
c. Kapasitas panas: Heat capacity, or thermal capacity, is a measurable physical
quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to (or subtracted from) an object to the
resulting temperature change.[1] The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin
and the dimensional form is M1L2T21.
d. heat flux: m2.s-1

2. K (metals) > K (insulators) > K (liquids) > K (gases)


3. Newtons law of viscosity and Fouriers law of heat conduction both are
empirical laws, based on the observations. Newtons law of viscosity
describes that momentum flux in any fluid is proportional to the velocity
gradients while Fouriers law describes that heat flux due to conduction is
proportional to temperature gradients where velocity and temperature
gradients are the driving force, respectively.
4. Sxs
5. Thermal conductivity of metals increases with temperature. For gases, it
increases with temperature at low densities while decreases with
temperature for most of the liquids.
It can be seen that the thermal conductivity of a gas approaches a limiting function of T at
low pressures; for most gases this limit is reached at about 1 atm pressure. The thermal
conductivities of gases at low density increase with increasing temperature, whereas the
thermal conductivities of most liquidsdecrease with increasing temperature.
6. For metals (liquids), Prandtl number is very low below 0.1. For non-metal
(liquids), it is more than 1 and varies largely. Examples: 13.4 for seawater
and 40,000 for engine oil. For gases, it is less than one (0.1 to 0.9).
7.

8.
In general specific heat(C) gives us an idea of the amount of energy(heat) we need to
provide to a system in order to bring about a unit rise in the temperature of the system.
It's value may vary depending on the process you are providing this energy. Hence we
have two values of C namely Cv and Cp .
Cv for a gas is the change in internal energy (U) of a system with respect to change in
temperature at a fixed volume of the system i.e. Cv =( U/ T)v whereas Cp for a gas is the
change in the enthalpy (H) of the system with respect to change in temperature at a fixed
pressure of the system i.e Cp = ( H/ T)p.
We know that, H = U + PV (+ VP, P=0 for constant pressure) . So the enthalpy
term is greater than the internal energy term because of the PV term i.e in case of a

constant pressure process more energy is needed, to be provided to the system as

compared to that of a constant volume process to achieve the same temperature rise, as
some energy is utilized in the expansion work of the system. And the relation that
correlates these two is Cp = Cv + R
But since liquids and solids can practically assumed to be incompressible, Cp and Cv for
them have almost same values and hence only a single value of specific heat is used for
them.
The change of entalpy for solid and liquid substances is obtained as a result of a change
just in internal energy regardless the change in pressure or volume so Cv = Cp for solid
and liquid.. but for gases the enthalpy is a function of temperature and pressure
(especially when the change in pressure is higher than few atm.) so the enthalpy is
obtained as the change of internal energy plus the effect of volume & pressure changes.
for that reason the heat capacity for gases defers when the process is undergoing at
P=cost or V=cost .

9.

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