Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Logistics
You should submit your prelab assignments on Gradescope before your lab section. This will be
different than the Gradescope page of the course where you submit your homework and you should
already be able to see the page of your lab in addition to the main course in your Gradescope account. If
not, you can email your lab GSI to do that for you.
You will complete the lab assignments during the lab sessions. You should ask your GSI to verify it and
check you off the list at the end of each lab session before you leave.
If you complete your lab at home before beginning of the session, please show up to your lab session
and make sure your GSI verifies that you have completed all the required tasks correctly and checks you
off.
Objectives of Lab 8
For prelab you will be getting familiar with two broad concepts, RLC filters and Analog-to-Digital
Converters (ADC). Below are the tasks you should complete before and during lab 8.
Outline
1. Prelab Assignment
2. Lab guidelines
1. Prelab Assignment
You should complete your prelab assignment and submit it to the Gradescope account of your lab
section before beginning of your lab session.
Your prelab assignment consists of two parts. In the first part you will do a simulation using Multisim
and in the second part you should answer a few intuitive questions about the simulation.
1.1. More on Filters
In this lab we will introduce the application of inductors in filter circuits. The general letter used
to represent the inductors in a circuit schematic is L and, hence, the filters employing
resistors, inductors and capacitors are called RLC filters. As you may recall from Lab 6,
capacitors are components that have a certain behavior depending on the change in voltage
=
current: =
. Please refer to Edge-edx module 4.1 and 5.1 to learn more about capacitors
and inductors. To understand the role of inductors and capacitors in filter circuits we will
consider the dependency of their behavior on frequency. We model the two components as
"frequency dependent resistors", where the resistance of an inductor or capacitor changes with
the frequency of the input (this resistance is also referred to as impedance). Here is a table
comparing the impedance of capacitors and inductors:
Impedance
Resistors
R
Capacitor
1
Inductor
where C is capacitance and L is inductance value. Here j represents the imaginary unit
or 1. Refer to Edge-edx module 4.7 and 5.6 for more information on phasor analysis. It is
recommended to use these impedances to calculate the transfer function of each filter circuit
presented in this prelab to get a better grasp of how they work (but these calculations will not
be graded).
Figure 2: Input signal with 10 KHz interference filtered out by notch filter.
1.3. Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
In this lab you will also learn the intuition behind converting analog signals to digital codes. The
purpose of digitalizing voltage signals is that it allows us to quantify the voltage signal in the
computer with a numerical value. ADC circuits are the bridge between the analog and digital
world. Digital multimeters or oscilloscopes use ADCs to measure the voltage in your circuits and
display their numerical values on a digital screen or send it to your computer unit. But how can
the output of an ADC represent a numerical value? The answer is using binary representation.
ADCs have multiple output pins each represent one bit. An n-bit ADC can represent 2 voltage
levels. The step size between those voltage levels is given by the input voltage range divided by
2 voltage levels. Therefore, the more bits our ADC has, the higher the resolution of our
voltage reading. We have already seen a simple ADC, that is a comparator circuits (Fig. 3). As a
reminder, the comparator circuit shown below behaves as follows:
= {
>
>
S.3 Please run a DC Sweep of the 2-bit ADC. Sweep V1 from 0 to 3.3 V with an increment of
0.01V and select D(Bit0) and V(Bit1) as outputs. Remember to move D(Bit0) from Digital graph
to Analog graph. Include the resulting plot in your prelab write-up.
Q.2: The power plants transmit electricity to the wall outlets at 60 Hz. This strong 60 Hz signal is
a common source of interference in most of our electronic circuits. We want to build a notch
filter like the one in S.2 with its resonance frequency 1() / centered at 60Hz
(2 60 /) to eliminate this interference from our circuit. If we can only use a 1 mH
inductor, what would be the value of our capacitor? Check out some capacitors of this value
online and decide if this is a reasonable size capacitor to use on our breadboard circuit. Report
the physical size of a typical capacitor with this value.
Q.3:
a) In the circuit from simulation (S.3), calculate the voltage value of the nodes in
between all the 1k resistors connected in series (i.e. R1, R2, R3 ad R4). What is the
purpose of this resistor ladder?
b) If 1k the resistors in series were connected to 3.3V as shown in Figure 4, and our
input voltage range was increased from 3.3V to 9V what would be the problem?
Q.4: