The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

The Haggis Field

The Haggis field was discovered in June 1994 in the UK sector of the North Sea in a water
depth of 300 ft. The field was developed using 5 wells and reached peak production in 1996. Since
then, oil production has decreased rapidly due to increased water production.

Reservoir Properties:
The Haggis sand was deposited in a turbidite environment. It is quite homogeneous with an
average porosity and permeability of 22% and 200 mD, respectively. The reservoir sand, however, is
anisotropic with a Kv/Kh ratio of 0.1. The top of the sand was encountered at 6400 ft TVDSS, and
the oil-water contact is at 6500 ft TVDSS.
The reservoir is normally pressured with an initial reservoir pressure of 3300 psia and little or
no aquifer support. Reservoir pressure has declined with production to 2800 psia at present.
Pressure maintenance was not considered when the field was being developed.
Table 1 lists the PVT data for the Haggis fluids at current reservoir conditions.
150 F
Reservoir Temp.
40 deg. API
Oil API Gravity
0.80
Gas Sp. Gravity
550 SCF/STB
GOR
2115 psia
Pb
1.27
Bo
0.66 cp
Oil Visc.
0.0047
Bg
0.022 cp
Gas Visc.
1.023
Bw
0.67 cp
Water Visc.
200000 ppm
Water Salinity
Table 1: Haggis PVT Data

Haggis wells:
The Haggis field wells have an economical limit of 1500 STB Oil/d/well; i.e. producing at lower
rates is not economically feasible.
Haggis-3 was drilled in May 1995. It is taken to be the case study for this field as it has average
parameters for Haggis wells. Figure 1 is the completion diagram for Haggis-3. Above the wellhead,
the well was completed with the same 5 1/2" OD production tubing encased in a mud line (no
insulation). The mud line connects the wellhead (on the sea-bed) to the Xmas tree on the platform.
Results of a recent pressure survey from Haggis-3 are listed in Table 2.
Depth
Pressure

600
555

1500
725

2500
3350
4700
990
1190
1610
Table 2: Haggis-3 Pressure Survey

5600
1930

6480
2240

ft MD
psia

Haggis-3's well parameters, and results from both well testing and production logging are
summarised in Table 3. Table 3 also contains data on Haggis-1. Haggis-3 and Haggis-1 are
___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 1 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

essentially twin wells, except that completion damage has resulted in Haggis-1 being considered the
worst well in the field. N.B. Big Kahuna uses Vogel IPR correlation for all well modelling.
Haggis-3
5000
30
65

Oil Prod. Rate

Water Cut
WH Flowing Temp.
Press. at X-tree
Skin (Well Test)
PI (J) (Well Test)
Relative. Damaged
Zone Perm.
Damage Zone
Thickness
Crushed Zone Skin
Drainage Radius

Haggis-1
3958
28
65
445

2.92
12.35

7.17
9.11

50%

25%
12

0.100
4000
Table 3: Well Data

STB/d
%
F
psia
STB/d/psi

Inches
ft

The Scenario:
The rate of oil production decline in the Haggis field is alarming, and if no action is taken,
Haggis will become uneconomical by the end of this year. The Operators of the field, Big Kahuna
Oil Inc., did not accept this situation and have fired the field's former team leader for improper
management of the field. Big Kahuna has hired you to improve production from the Haggis field.

Your Mission:
Big Kahuna Oil Inc. has asked you to study the fields potential. The report shall outline A) the
model you have used for your study, B) the potential of the base case scenario, C) your assessment of
production enhancement proposals from the Haggis engineers, and D) your recommendation for a
project which will enhance production from Haggis. Include all relevant calculations and graphs in
clearly labelled appendices. Save your well models, named as requied below, on your drive.
The paragraphs below are an elaboration on the sections of the report you will submit to
management.
A) Develop a Well Model for Haggis-3:
Using Haggis-3 as your case study, complete the missing data in figure 2. Next, using the
company approved software (FloSystem WellFLo), develop a model for the Haggis field wells
so that you can use it to fulfil tasks B and C. Determine how detailed the model should be.
Unnecessary detail means longer computing time and higher costs making you inefficient in
managing resources.
1) Identify and list the major components contributing significant pressure drops along Haggis3s completion string. Include only these components in your model.
[5%]
2) Determine the best flow correlation model for Haggis-3 and state the reasons for your choice.
[8.5 %]
B) Base Case Analysis:
As a good manager, the first thing you have to do is evaluate the potential of what you have in
hand at the moment. To achieve that, you must determine what effect the decline in reservoir
pressure and the increase in water cut will have on Haggis-3's production if nothing is done to
___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 2 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

improve its production. In other words, determine the reservoir pressure and the water cut at
which Haggis-3 becomes uneconomical to produce under the current setup.
Table B.1 is designed to assist you with that determination.
PRes.
2800
2700
2600
2500
WC
5000
30%
35%
40%
45%
Table B.1: Haggis-3 Oil Production Forecast

Psia

[5%]
You discuss these figures with the fields engineers. Since artificial lift can not be supported at
present by the production facilities on the Haggis platform, you all agree that you have to start a
water injection scheme to maintain the reservoir pressure at 2800 psia. Determine the
production improvements from the Haggis field with this scheme in place in terms of the
maximum water-cut at which Haggis-3 can produce economically. This will be considered as
the base case scenario for this study, against which all the others will be compared.
[2.5%]
Save this well model as Haggis-B.wfl.
You realise that with water injection, you should expect higher water production from the well,
and thus a shorter field life. To overcome this problem, operators often plug the "watered out"
perforations.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such an operation?
[4%]
C) Further Projects:
You phone management and convince them to fund the pressure maintenance scheme. In
addition, they agree to provide a budget for an extra project to improve Haggiss production. In
this section you must select the best project from your engineers suggestions below.
Since production, and thus revenue, from Haggis is greatly affected by water production form
the field, Big Kahuna Oil Inc. defines the best production enhancement project for the Haggis
field as the one that sustains economical production from Haggis-3 at the highest water-cut.
Therefore, this should be one of the criteria you use to select the project you recommend to
management.

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 3 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

C.1 Production Technology Solutions:

You walk into the teams senior production technologist office, and give him the good news
from management. He congratulates you, and immediately suggests that the project has to be a
production technology project. He goes on to explain that as the Haggis wells are extremely
damaged, acidising all the wells will make the field very profitable.
a) Determine the benefit from acidising Haggis-3 in terms of the maximum water cut at which
the acidised Haggis-3 will sustain economic production if acidising restores the original rock
permeability.
(Use this result to compare the benefits from this project to the other proposed projects, and
as a basis for your recommendations in section D).
[2.5%]
b) Would your answer to a) be different if Haggis-1 was the well in question. What are the
implications of this on the way this project might be carried out if all Haggis wells are to be
acidised in order.
[2.5%]
Save this well model as Haggis-C1.wfl.
C.2 Suggestions from the Drilling Engineer:
The drilling engineer walks into your office and says that he heard that you were going around
the different departments asking for ideas on how to improve the field's production. He says
that he could have saved you all the trouble because he has the perfect solution. "Side-track the
well" he says. He goes on to explain that he would have gone for a horizontal well. However,
since Big Kahuna have recently had bad luck with drilling horizontal sections longer than 400
ft, a 75 deviated well through the reservoir is your second best option.
a) Given the drilling departments recent experience with horizontal wells, should you sidetrack Haggis-3 to a (effective length) 400 ft horizontal well running through the middle of the
reservoir, or a 75 deviated well penetrating the whole of the reservoir. Note that horizontal
well is openhole. Note that the difference in production rates between these two approaches
(horizontal & deviated well) can be explained by the low Kv/Kh ratio.
[5%]
b) How long (to the nearest 50 ft, i.e. check lengths of 400, 450, 500, etc.) would the
horizontal section have to be to match the benefits (oil rate) of the deviated well?
[2.5%]
c) Given the engineering and economic factors and assumptions below, design the optimum
horizontal well (to the nearest 500 ft) to side-track Haggis-3 to. Assess the designed
horizontal well as an acceleration project compared to the original vertical well,
remembering that the latter is now ceases production (i.e. use the difference between the
estimated oil rate and the original value for the economic calculations). Note: Big Kahuna
uses Profit to Investment ratio (PIR) as a decision economic parameter. (PIR = Final Profit/
Initial Investment)
Length of build-up section is:
Evaluation Time:
Side-track cost:
Price of Oil:
Cost of Processing and Shipping:
Assumptions:

2000 ft-MD
6 months
$850 /ft-MD
$15 / bbl of oil
$8 / bbl of oil
1) Economics based on undiscounted
cash flows

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 4 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

2) Production rate is constant for the first

6 months
[15%]
d) Determine the benefit from side-tracking Haggis-3 in terms of the maximum water cut you
can economically produce the well with if it was side-tracked to the optimal horizontal length
determined above.
(Use this result to compare the benefits from this project to the other proposed projects, and
as a basis for your recommendations in section D).
[2.5%]
Save this well model as Haggis-C2.wfl.
C.3 Another Production Technology Suggestion: Artificial Lift
After lunch, Haggiss senior production technologist steps into your office. He says that while
he was having lunch, he remembered that Big Kahuna has been quite successful using Electric
Submersible Pumps (ESPs) in the nearby Tatties field. Additionally, he says that gas lift may
be an option as the well has a high PI and the Big Kahuna has sufficient gas supply from
another nearby field. He says that he is aware of the drilling department suggesting a slanted
well, but installing artificial lift will be quicker and cheaper than side tracking the well. He
suggests investigating the installation of an artificial lift scheme with a target liquid rate of 9000
STB/d (vary your search for 50-150% around this value).
C.3.1: Electrical Submersible Pumps
a) The Big Kahuna has had success with the following Centrilift pumps in the North Sea.
Pump
GC 8200
HC 7000
HC 9000
HC 12000
KC 15000

Motor
562 Series
562 Series
562 Series
562 Series
562 Series

Cable Size
#2
#2
#2
#2
#2

Given the current conditions choose the optimum pump for Haggis-3 given the details and
engineering assumptions below,
Pump Types:
Setting Depth:
Minimum Equipment OD:
Maximum Equipment OD:
Platform Electricity Supply Frequency:
Assumptions:

Centrilift
5000ft
5
6.8
60Hz

1) No wear on Pump or motor i.e. wear

factor is 1.
2) Efficiency of the gas separator is 100%
i.e. separator efficiency is 1.
3) Viscosity corrections are used (from 1
to 2).
4) Tubing below the pump is removed
Explain the reasons for your choice in your report.
[2.5%]

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 5 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

b) As water production is the limiting factor, the production technologist suggests halting water
injection and allowing the reservoir pressure to drop. Determine which pump would be
suitable in these conditions. Table C.3 is designed to assist you with that determination.
PRes.
Psia
2800
2700
2600
2500
Pump
GC 8200
HC 7000
HC 9000
HC 12000
KC 15000
Table C.3: Haggis-3 Oil Production Forecast with ESP installed,
* denotes rate outwith the operating range of the pump (e.g. 5923* - outwith, but 5923 in the range).
Explain the reasons for your choice in your report.
[5%]

c) Using your choice of pump from part b), determine the benefit from installing an ESP in
Haggis-3 in terms of the maximum feasible water-cut at which the optimised pump will
sustain economic production prior to suspending water injection (i.e. no depletion, reservoir
pressure 2800psia).
(Use this result to compare the benefits from this project to the other proposed projects, and
as a basis for your recommendations in section D).
[2.5%]
Save this well model as Haggis-C3a.wfl.
C.3.2: Gas Lift Design
a) Given the current conditions carry out a gas lift design for Haggis-3 with the details and
engineering assumptions below (again the target liquid rate is 9000 STB/d),
Max casing head (and kick-off) pressure:
1200 psi
Gas available for injection:
10MM scf/d
Injected gas gravity:
0.6
Maximum setting depth:
3900 ft
Valve differential pressure:
100 psia
Minimum spacing:
450 ft
Kill brine (static fluid) density:
0.465 psi / ft
Minimum safety factor (Casing closing pressure margin)
50 psi
Assumptions:
1) Production tubing is unaltered.
2) Unload the tubing full of static fluid
against the well head pressure (i.e. static
fluid to 0ft MD).
3) No transfer margin is required.
Show the gas lift design plot in your report, determine the required gas injection rate for the
design production rate and explain briefly the different roles of valves in your design. Should
the unloading valves be open or closed when assessing gas lift capabilities?
[6%]
___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 6 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

b) Determine the technical optimum injection rate as the reservoir pressure declines and
summarise the results in Table C.4 (Answer Form).
PRes.

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000

Psia

Technical
optimum
injection rate
MMscf/day (to the nearest 0.5 MMscf/d)
Table C.4: Technical optimum gas injection rate for Haggis-3.
Explain the reasons for your choice in your report. Why are technical optimum injection
rates not applicable in practice? What other possible factors have you considered in
completing the table C.4? Explain to management the reason why greater gas injection rates
do not result in greater production as the reservoir declines.
[6%]
c) Set the optimum gas injection rate for 2800 psia. Determine the benefit from installing
Gas Lift in Haggis-3 in terms of the maximum water-cut at which the optimised injection
rate will sustain economic production.
(Use this result to compare the benefits from this project to the other proposed projects, and
as a basis for your recommendations in section D).
[2.5%]
Save this well model as Haggis-C3b.wfl.
C.4 Suggestions from the Facilities Engineer:
Walking to your car after a long first day at the new job, the gentleman behind you reintroduces
himself to you as the Haggis field's facilities engineer. He shares with you a very interesting
discovery he made today. He explains that if you agree to provide a dedicated line from the
Haggis wells to the low-pressure separator, you can lower the average Xmas tree pressure to
only 100 psia. He points out that suggestions from the other department have large uncertainties
associated with them since they deal with the subsurface, while his suggestion is simple and
neat, and will solve all of the field's problems.
a) Evaluate the benefits from lowering the Xmas tree pressure, in terms of the maximum watercut you can economically produce Haggis-3 with, after lowering the Xmas tree pressure to
100 psia.
(Use this result to compare the benefits from this project to the other proposed projects, and
as a basis for your recommendations in section D).
[2.5%]
Save this well model as Haggis-C4.wfl.
b) Report the advantages and disadvantages of such a scheme.
[4%]

D) Recommendations to Management:
1) Assess the production enhancement projects proposed by the Haggis field engineers in section C
above and compare them to one another and to the base case scenario. Put in mind that Big
Kahuna Inc. has set the ranking criteria for these projects to be the maximum water-cut at which
Haggis-3 can sustain economic production (i.e. > 1500 STB oil/d).
___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 7 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

2) Based on this assessment, recommend to management a plan of action: either recommending to

maintain the base case scenario, or to execute one of the proposed projects.
[5%]
3) By setting the maximum water cut as the ranking criteria for the above projects, a number of risks
have been overlooked by this assessment, all of which add to the uncertainty of its results and
your recommendation. As the Haggis field team leader it is your duty to report and account for
these risks to management.
Identify three major risks that have been overlooked by this assessment, briefly explain how each
one could add to the uncertainty of this assessment, and prescribe the necessary steps that need to
be taken to account for their effects.
[9%]

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 8 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

Appendix
Further Instructions on The Haggis Field Exercise
Please read and follow the following instructions when carrying out the Haggis Field exercise.

Read the exercise before you attend the tutorial session, and fill-out the missing data in
Figure 2 (for yourself, you do not need to submit Figure 2). With the aid of this appendix,
attempt to carry-out this exercise.

In most sections of this exercise you have more information than you need. This is to help
you verify that the model you are using is correct.

WellFlo data input (input windows from top to bottom):

Choose Tubing flow and vertical IPR models (in Well and Flow Type).
Leave Flow Correlations default for the moment
NOTE 1: Wellhead to Mean Sea Level (in Reference Depths) distance is negative since
the wellhead is located on the sea-bed. Before you enter any other data, make sure that the
data in the Xmas tree node is in accordance with Figure 2.
Enter Fluid Parameters. Decide which, if any, of the correlation model fluid parameters
should be matched to the actual fluid parameters.
Enter Reservoir Data. Remember which IPR model Big Kahuna prefers. Leave Relative
Permeabilities default. In Skin Analysis, use the calculated skin option. Make sure that the
calculated skin matches the one obtained from well-test.
Next, enter well deviation and equipment data.
NOTE 2: Set the last row of data in both well deviation and equipment data to the midperforation depth and not TD (Tag Depth)
NOTE 3: Enter all possible points in the well deviation data table.
NOTE 4: Wellbore Equipment data is assumed to be located below the wellhead.
NOTE 5: Do not forget that you need to connect the wellhead on the sea-bed to the
production platform (How??), i.e. to fill Surface Data.
In Temperature Model use the Calculated Temp. Model with sea-bed temp. of 65F
Nodal Analysis:
NOTE 6: Use Analysis mode instead of Tuning to determine and tune the best correlation.
The top node should be the Xmas tree on the production platform. In this model it is
represented by the Outlet Node.
Determine the best correlation model for flow through the well and riser, then optimise the
L-factor for the best fit to actual data (ideally the total rate should match 50 stb/d).

Choose liquid flow rates corresponding to 5% - 95% of AOF. Try to minimise the number
of flow rates used in calculations without affecting the calculated operating rate. This will
reduce calculation time.

You now have a tuned model that you can use as a base case throughout the exercise.

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 9 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

Example and Notes:

Notes repeated:
1. The spaces provided for answers are sufficient for the length of answers required. If

2.
3.
4.
5.

you MUST write more (strongly not recommended); then continue the answer on an
additional page at the end, indicating in the text that you have done so.
Please keep saving your models as asked along the task you will have to submit
them
Every new optimization scenario you have to apply to the base case model
Water cut values needed should have precision to the first per cent, oil rates to the
first barrel, i.e. NO DECIMALS for them!
Figures size is half a page. Example of a supporting figure and table for the max
economic water cut calculation (along with oil rate @ 30% WC) is provided below:
Figure 9b: A certain scenario, sensitivity to water cut

Operating Pressure Liquid Rate Oil Rate

(psia)
2221.45
2530.64
2548.47

(STB/d)
7146.91
3010.32
2797.74
Scenario
Certain

(STB/d)
5002.84
1505.16
1370.89

Water
Rate
(STB/d)
2144.07
1505.16
1426.85

Gas Rate Water Cut Produced GOR Status

(MMSCF/d) (Fraction)
2.75
0.3
0.83
0.5
0.75
0.51

Maximum Economic
Water Cut
50%

(SCF/STB)
550
550
550

Stable
Stable
Stable

Oil Production Rate @

30% Water Cut
5003

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 10 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

Haggis Field, Well 3

Completion Schematic

Figure 1

Dev

Min

Max

ID"

OD"

5.5", 17 ppf tubing

4.767

5.953

1/4" Encapsulated control line

Flow coupling
SSV: T-5EMS TRDHSV w/ 3.5" AF Profile

4.767
3.500

5.953
9.200

Flow coupling
5.5" Pup Joint
5.5", 17 ppf tubing

4.767
4.767
4.767

6.072
5.953
5.953

5", 18 ppf Tubing

4.151

5.364

1000

1000

5.5" Tubing

4.767

5.953

1500

1500

2700

2695

3944
3950
3957
3972
3988
4000

3989

degs
Tubing hanger
10 3/4" Casing

MD-RKB TVD-RKB
ft
350

ft

850

10 3/4" x 9 5/8" X-over

5-1/2" Flow Coupling

5-1/2"Pup Joint
5-1/2"Pup Joint
Polished Bore Receptacle
5-1/2" Pup Joint
KC1-22 Anchor
9 5/8" SAB-3 Packer
7" MOE (Mill-Out Extention)
X-over, 7" New Vam B x 5" Fox RS P
5" Pup Joint
5" Pup Joint
5" Flow Coupling
4.135" AOF Wireline Nipple
5" Flow Coupling
5" Pup Joint
5" Tubing Joint
5" Pup Joint
5" Flow Coupling
4.125" AOF Wireline Nipple
5" Flow Coupling
5" Pup Joint
5" Tubing Joint
5" Pup Joint - perforated
5" Flow Coupling
4.000" AOF Wireline Nipple
5" Flow Coupling
5" Pup Joint
5" Tubing Joint with centraliser
5" Pup Joint
5" Tubing Joint
Wireline Reentry Guide
7" Liner

Top of the Reservoir

7" Liner (Cemented)

The Haggis Reservoir

8-1/2" Hole

Casing
Size, in
Weight, ppf
Grade
Steel
Thread
MD, ft
Top:
Bottom:
ID, in

Roughness

Liner

Tubing

7
29
L80

5 1/2
17
L 80

EU
350
4000
4.767

EU
4000
5600
4.151

10.75
55.5
N80

9.625
53.5
L80

350
1000
9.604

NVam NVam
1000
5600
5900
6550
8.5
6.059

4.767
4.767
4.767
4.872
4.767
4.884
4.750
6.185
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.135
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.125
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.000
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
4.151
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059

6.072
5.953
5.953
8.125
5.364
6.468
8.150
7.027
7.693
5.364
5.364
6.072
6.050
6.078
5.364
5.364
5.364
6.077
5.950
5.364
5.364
5.364
5.364
6.124
5.950
6.077
5.364
5.364
5.364
5.364
5.451
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512

6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059
6.059

7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512
7.512

4102

4765

5500

5600
5600

5577
5577

6480

6450

6530.5

6500

6581

6550

Perforations:
18
L 80

0.0012 in

Cap (bbls/ft)

6480 to 6581 (MD) 0.38" holes @ 4SPF, 90 Phasing

9" shot penetration

RKB to ...
ML
350 ft
Supervisor:
Engineer:
Drg No.:

Water
MSL Depth
50 ft
300 ft
The Boss
Joe Someone
Rev: 0 Date:

Completion
Date
Long time ago
Rig
Shark Co.
Today

Figure 1: Haggis-3 Completion Diagram

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 11 of 12

The Haggis Field___________________________________________________________ for WellFlo 2010

Depth
ft TVD-RKB
0

RKB / Xmas Tree

MSL

Riser/Mud Line
ft

Seabed / Wellhead

ft

SSV

ft

Top of Reservoir

ft

OWC

Figure 2:

Haggis-3 Well Schematic

___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Version Jan 2012
Page 12 of 12