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solution containing 15% (by mass)dissolved solids to 50% solids. The feed
stream enters the evaporator at 291 K with a feed rate of 1.0 kg s 1. Steam is
available at a pressure of 2.4 bar and an absolute pressure of 0.07 bar is
maintained in the evaporator. Assuming that the properties of the solution
are the same as those of water, and taking the overall heat transfer
coefficient to be 2300 W m 2K1, calculate the rate of steam consumption
and the necessary heat transfer surface area. Working in units of kg s 1, the
overall material balance becomes
1.0 = V + L
Substituting into the component material balance for x F = 0.15 and xL = 0.50
gives
0.15 1.0 = 0.50 L
=>
L = 0.3kg s1 , V = 0.7kg s1
from steam tables: (If the steam and condensate remain saturated at 2.40
bar)
hS = 2715kJ kg1 and hC = 530kJ kg1
The feed enthalpy is determined by its temperature. Assuming the feed to be
pure water, hF is equal to hf at 291 K and therefore hF = 75.5kJ kg1.
The enthalpies of the vapour and liquor streams are a function of the
pressure within the evaporator:
hV = 2572 kJ kg1 (hg at 0.07 bar) and hL =
163kJ kg1 (hf at 0.07 bar). The enthalpy balance:
S(2715 530) = (0.70 2572) + (0.30 163) (1.0 75.5)
S = 0.812 kg s1 and
At 200 kPa the steam and condensate enthalpies are h S = 2707 kJ kg1, hC =
505 kJ kg1, Ts=120.2C.
The pressure within the evaporator is 101.3 81.3 = 20.0 kPa at which the
boiling point of water is 60.1C. The evaporator temperature is now 60.1C
plus the boiling point elevation and therefore TE = 65.1C.
=> S = 1.862 kg s1
From steam tables, the feed enthalpy at 15.5C is hF = 65 kJ kg1.
Vapour enthalpy: hV = 2609 kJ kg1 (hg at 0.20 bar) + (1.91 5) kJ kg 1 =
2618.6 kJ kg1
Cp (water vapour at 60.1C)= 1.91 kJ kg1 K1
The enthalpy of the concentrated liquor stream at the evaporator
temperature is hL = 272 kJ kg1 (hf at 65.1C). The component balance
becomes
0.04F = 0.20L => F = 5L , V = 4L
S(hS hC) = 4LhV + LhL 5LhF
1.862(2707 505) = (4L 2618.55) + 272L 325L
L = 0.393 kg s1 and the evaporator capacity is F = 1.97 kg s1
Assume that the temperature of the feed is 18C and that the boiling point of
the solution under the pressure of 77 kPa absolute is 91C. Assume, also,
that the specific heat of the solution is the same as for water, that is 4.186 x
103 J kg-1C-1, and the latent heat of vaporization of the solution is the same
as that for water under the same conditions.
From steam tables, the condensing temperature of steam at 200 kPa (gauge)
[300 kPa absolute] is 134C and latent heat 2164 kJ kg-1; the condensing
temperature at 77 kPa (abs.) is 91C and latent heat is 2281 kJ kg-1.
Mass balance (kg h-1)
Solids
Liquids
Total
Feed
25
225
250
Product
25
58
83
Evaporation
167
Heat balance
Heat available per kg of steam
= latent heat + sensible heat in cooling to 91C
= 2.164 x 106 + 4.186 x 103(134 - 91)
= 2.164 x 106 + 1.8 x 105
= 2.34 x 106 J
Heat required by the solution
= latent heat + sensible heat in heating from 18C
to 91C
= 2281 x 103 x 167 + 250 x 4.186 x 103 x (91 - 18)
= 3.81 x 108 + 7.6 x 107
= 4.57 x 108 Kg J h-1
Now, heat from steam
= heat required by the solution,
Therefore quantity of steam required per hour = (4.57 x 108)/(2.34 x 106)
= 195 kg h-1
Quantity of steam/kg of water evaporated = 195/167
= 1.17 kg steam/kg water.
Heat-transfer area
Temperature of condensing steam = 134C.
Temperature difference across the evaporator = (134 - 91) = 43C.
Writing the heat transfer equation for q in joules/sec,
q = UA DT
(4.57 x 108)/3600 = 1700 x A x 43
A = 1.74 m2
3
Liquids
Total
Feed
12
88
100
Product
12
31
43
Evaporation
57
Heat balance
Area of evaporator tube pDHL
= p x 0.04 x 3
= 0.38 m2
Condensing steam temperature at 170 kPa (abs) = 115C from Steam Tables.
Making a heat balance across the evaporator
q = UA DT
= 6000 x 0.38 x (115 - 57)
= 1.32 x 105 J s-1
Heat required per kg of feed for evaporation
= 0.57 x 2366 x 103
= 1.34 x 106 J
coefficient of 600 and 450 J m-2 s-1 C-1 in the first and second effects
respectively. The evaporator is to concentrate 15,000 kg h -1 of raw milk from
9.5 % solids to 35% solids.Assume the sensible heat effects can be ignored,
and that there is no boiling-point elevation.
[ (a) 1st. effect 94C, 2nd. effect 60C, (b) 5,746 kgh -1, 0.53 kg steam/kg
water (c) 450 m2 ]
Temperature
Pressure(Absolute)
(C)
(kPa)
Enthalpy
(sat. vap.)
(kJ kg-1)
Latent heat
Specific volume
(kJ kg-1)
(m3 kg-1)
2501
2499
206
193
Temperature Table
0
1
0.611
0.66
2501
2503
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
150
160
180
200
0.71
0.81
0.93
1.07
1.23
1.40
1.60
1.82
2.06
2.34
2.65
2.99
3.36
3.78
4.25
7.38
12.3
19.9
31.2
47.4
70.1
101.4
120.8
143.3
169.1
198.5
232.1
270.1
313.0
361.3
475.8
617.8
1002
1554
2505
2509
2512
2516
2520
2523
2527
2531
2534
2538
2542
2545
2549
2553
2556
2574
2592
2610
2627
2644
2660
2676
2684
2692
2699
2706
2714
2721
2727
2734
2747
2758
2778
2793
2497
2492
2487
2483
2478
2473
2468
2464
2459
2454
2449
2445
2440
2435
2431
2407
2383
2359
2334
2309
2283
2257
2244
2230
2217
2203
2189
2174
2160
2145
2114
2083
2015
1941
180
157
138
121
106
93.9
82.8
73.3
65.0
57.8
51.4
45.9
40.0
36.6
32.9
19.5
12.0
7.67
5.04
3.41
2.36
1.67
1.42
1.21
1.04
0.892
0.771
0.669
0.582
0.509
0.393
0.307
0.194
0.127
2485
2479
2473
2468
2464
2460
2452
129
109
93.9
82.8
74.0
67.0
54.3
Pressure Table
7.0
9.7
12.0
14.0
15.8
17.5
21.1
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
2514
2519
2523
2527
2531
2534
2540
24.1
29.0
32.9
40.3
45.8
60.1
75.9
93.5
99.6
102.3
104.8
107.1
109.3
111.4
113.3
115.2
116.9
118.6
120.2
127.4
133.6
138.9
143.6
147.9
151.6
167.8
179.9
3.0
4.0
5.0
7.5
10.0
20.0
40.0
80.0
100
119
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
750
1000
2546
2554
2562
2575
2585
2610
2637
2666
2676
2680
2684
2687
2690
2694
2696
2699
2702
2704
2707
2717
2725
2732
2739
2744
2749
2766
2778
2445
2433
2424
2406
2393
2358
2319
2274
2258
2251
2244
2238
2232
2227
2221
2216
2211
2207
2202
2182
2164
2148
2134
2121
2109
2057
2015
45.7
34.8
28.2
19.2
14.7
7.65
3.99
2.09
1.69
1.55
1.43
1.33
1.24
1.16
1.09
1.03
0.978
0.929
0.886
0.719
0.606
0.524
0.463
0.414
0.375
0.256
0.194